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임종운 慶星大學校 1999 論文集 Vol.20 No.2
As well known, today's account of globalization focuses on the role and power of transnational firms to operate globally with shrinking role of the national state. This paper is mainly to discuss the world-wide phenomenon of globalization and the recent research trend and character of the theories of international division of labor in a developing country-oriented perspective. My concern here in his paper is two-fold: The first is to survey the theories of international division of labor in connection with the 3rd world economic development. The second is to explore the connection between the phase-changing international division of labor and globalization. In conclusion, the transformation in the accmulation system under globalization trend engenders a whole new type of international division of labor, such as "global division of labor and the new type of international division of labor in the global commodity chains". Although these new forms of international division of labor remains to be studied and tested further, we can tentatively conclude that the following characteristic development in the theories has been found: (1) Even in the most advanced economy such as Germany, the trend of globalization has driven it in fragile condition in traditional industries, such as garment, toy, and steel etc. Namely globalization has made the advanced economies unfavorable in existing international division of labor system. That has made it change its mode of production into more effective form, so called flexible mode of accumulation. Global division of labor and the global commodity chains are major characteristic development in the theories connected influenced by above phenomenon. (2) While the traditional approaches to international division of labor are nation-dimensional as shown in the Constance School and Internationalization of Capital School, the new type of it is in more concrete level sometimes in a firm-level. They are concerned about "Network" between production site and distribution, out - sourcing including value added process around the world. Theoretically speaking, however these firm-oriented trend is apt to elude the important aspect of the contradiction in international division of labor.
임종운 慶星大學校 1999 論文集 Vol.20 No.1
The present-day world economy is under neoliberalism which is rooted on the old liberalism of the early nineteenth century. As far as economic policy is concerned, For the apparently clear general term "neoliberalism" conceals two very different approaches, e.g "A market economy(with no adjective) or ultra-liberalism" and "a social market economy or social order liberalism". This paper is to identify the character of S. Korea's neoliberalism in these IMF era, together with some classification of main characters of those of developing countries. Set aside the so called "Asian contagion", there are also several serious structural problems associated with the crisis. The main internal causes of S. Korea's economic crisis that erupted so suddenly in late 1997 are as follows: <1> S. Korea's high growth strategy had relied heavily on the availability of easy credit in the international financial market. <2> Most Korean banks made loans with too little attention either to the true financial condition of the borrower, the Korean conglomerates-Chaebol or the long- term profitability of the projects being funded. <3> Labor costs were climbing faster than productivity <4> A general lack of transparency throughout the economy had made it more difficult to ascertain the financial condition of Korean corporations and Korean banks. <5> A sluggish increase of foreign direct investment had led to excessive reliance on foreign debt to supplement domestic capital in financing high levels of investment. Much of this foreign debt was relatively short-term but was used to finance long-term invest projects. These factors had driven Korea to the crisis with a sudden loss of international confidence in Korea's ability to service its short-term foreign debt. As well known, Korea had no choice but to accept ultra-liberalistic economic policies by IMF authorities concerned. However the process involves the change of existing economic development strategy --"export driven industrialization strategy" and restructuring and change produce anxiety and pain to the working people as general. As a result, the present economic policies need to be reassessed and to be readjusted to Korean model which is ultimately to aim to value Korean-style social cooperation between labor and capital. In conclusion, Although Korea's national competitiveness under the neoliberalistic economic policies will be decided in the global market which is governed by finance capital itself, most of the effort needed to overcome the crisis can only come from Korean working people. With this in mind the authorities concerned to economic policy should change the ultra liberalistic economic policy to little bit more moderate economic policy, whatever it may be named, which is aimed to increase working people's real economic well-being instead of deceiving GDP growth rate.