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WRF-CMAQ 모델링 시스템을 활용한 PM<sub>2.5</sub> 농도변동 원인 분석: 2016년과 2017년의 가을철을 중심으로
남기표 ( Ki-pyo Nam ),임용재 ( Yong-jae Lim ),박지훈 ( Ji-hoon Park ),김덕래 ( Deok-rae Kim ),이재범 ( Jae-bum Lee ),김상민 ( Sang-min Kim ),정동희 ( Dong-hee Jung ),최기철 ( Ki-chul Choi ),박현주 ( Hyun-ju Park ),이한솔 ( Han-sol 한국환경영향평가학회 2018 환경영향평가 Vol.27 No.2
본 연구에서는 지상 기상 및 PM<sub>2.5</sub> 농도, GOCI 위성의 AOD 등 다양한 관측 자료와 WRF-CMAQ 모델링을 통해 2016년과 2017년의 우리나라 가을철 PM<sub>2.5</sub> 농도변화 원인을 분석하였다. 지상에서 관측된 2017년 전국 평균 PM<sub>2.5</sub> 농도는 2016년에 비해 약 12.3% (3.0 μg/㎥) 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 두 해간 PM<sub>2.5</sub> 농도 차이는 10월과 11월의 두 사례(사례1: 10월 11일~10월 20일, 사례2: 11월 15일~19일) 기간에 주로 발생하였으며, 2017년의 기상조건이 2016년에 비하여 국외로부터 대기오염물질의 장거리 수송이 어렵고, 국내의 대기환기 효과를 증가시키는 방향으로 변화한 것이 주요한 원인으로 분석되었다. WRFCMAQ 모델링 시스템을 이용하여 기상조건 변화가 PM<sub>2.5</sub> 농도에 미치는 정량적인 영향을 평가한 결과, PM<sub>2.5</sub> 모의농도는 2016년 대비 2017년의 사례1 기간에는 64.0% (23.1 μg/㎥) 감소, 사례2 기간에는 35.7% (12.2 μg/㎥) 감소한 것으로 나타나, 관측 농도 기반 감소율인 53.6% (사례1)와 47.8% (사례2)에 상응하는 감소율을 보였다. 따라서 기상조건 변화가 우리나라 가을철 PM<sub>2.5</sub> 농도 변화에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었다. 기상조건 변화로 인한 우리나라 PM<sub>2.5</sub> 농도 감소에 미친 국내외 기여율은 사례1 기간에 국외로부터의 장거리 수송영향이 52.8% 그리고 대기환기 효과에 따른 국내영향이 47.2% 로 국내외 영향이 유사하게 나타나지만, 사례2 기간에는 국외영향이 66.4% 그리고 국내영향이 33.6%로서 국외영향의 감소효과가 더 크게 나타났다. It was analyzed to identify the cause of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentration changes for the fall in 2016 and 2017 in South Korea using ground measurement data such as meterological variables and PM<sub>2.5</sub>, AOD from GOCI satellite, and WRF-CMAQ modeling system. The result of ground measurement data showed that the PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations for the fall in 2017 decreased by 12.3% (3.0 μg/㎥) compared to that of 2016. The difference of PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations between 2016 and 2017 mainly occurred for 11 Oct. - 20 Oct. (CASE1) and 15 Nov. - 19 Nov. (CASE2) when weather conditions were difficult to long-range transport from foreign regions and favored atmospheric ventilation in 2017 compared to 2016. Simulated PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations in 2017 decreased by 64.0% (23.1 μg/㎥) and 35.7% (12.2 μg/㎥) during CASE1 and CASE2, respectively. These results corresponded to the changes in observed PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations such as 53.6% for CASE1 and 47.8% for CASE2. It is implied that the changes in weather conditions affected significantly the PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations for the fall between 2016 and 2017. The contributions to decreases in PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations was assessed as 52.8% by long-range transport from foreign regions and 47.2% by atmospheric ventilation effects in domestic regions during CASE1, whereas their decreases during CASE2 were affected by 66.4% from foreign regions and 33.6% in domestic regions.
광주 지역에서 2018년 1월 측정한 초미세먼지의 오염 특성
유근혜,박승식,정선아,조미라,장유운,임용재,김영성,Yu, Geun-Hye,Park, Seung-Shik,Jung, Sun A,Jo, Mi Ra,Jang, Yu Woon,Lim, Yong Jae,Ghim, Young Sung 한국입자에어로졸학회 2019 Particle and Aerosol Research Vol.15 No.3
In this study, hourly measurements of $PM_{2.5}$ and its major chemical constituents such as organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC), and ionic species were made between January 15 and February 10, 2018 at the air pollution intensive monitering station in Gwangju. In addition, 24-hr integrated $PM_{2.5}$ samples were collected at the same site and analyzed for OC, EC, water-soluble OC (WSOC), humic-like substance (HULIS), and ionic species. Over the whole study period, the organic aerosols (=$1.6{\times}OC$) and $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations contributed 26.6% and 21.0% to $PM_{2.5}$, respectively. OC and EC concentrations were mainly attributed to traffic emissions with some contribution from biomass burning emissions. Moreover, strong correlations of OC with WSOC, HULIS, and $NO_3{^-}$ suggest that some of the organic aerosols were likely formed through atmospheric oxidation processes of hydrocarbon compounds from traffic emissions. For the period between January 18 and 22 when $PM_{2.5}$ pollution episode occurred, concentrations of three secondary ionic species ($=SO{_4}^{2-}+NO_3{^-}+NH_4{^+}$) and organic matter contributed on average 50.8 and 20.1% of $PM_{2.5}$, respectively, with the highest contribution from $NO_3{^-}$. Synoptic charts, air mass backward trajectories, and local meteorological conditions supported that high $PM_{2.5}$ pollution was resulted from long-range transport of haze particles lingering over northeastern China, accumulation of local emissions, and local production of secondary aerosols. During the $PM_{2.5}$ pollution episode, enhanced $SO{_4}^{2-}$ was more due to the long-range transport of aerosol particles from China rather than local secondary production from $SO_2$. Increasing rate in $NO_3{^-}$ was substantially greater than $NO_2$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ increasing rates, suggesting that the increased concentration of $NO_3{^-}$ during the pollution episode was attributed to enhanced formation of local $NO_3{^-}$ through heterogenous reactions of $NO_2$, rather than impact by long-range transportation from China.
이민도(Mim-Do Lee),김소영(So-Young Kim),임용재(Yong-Jae Lim),서석준(Seok-Jun Seo),김영환(Young-Hwan Kim),조기철(Ki-Chul Cho) 한국환경관리학회 2010 環境管理學會誌 Vol.16 No.1
본 연구는 다환방향족탄화수소류에 대하여 매체간 거동 및 물리ㆍ화학적 변환 등을 파악하여 대기, 수질, 토양에 대한 평가방법을 구축하고 기초자료를 확보하고자 하였다. 미국 EPA가 개발한 구획모형인 CalTOX 모델을 사용하여 주요 다환방향족탄화수소류의 다매체 거동 및 매체별 분포 특성을 예비모사하였다. 그 결과 run-off 지점의 PAHs 농도 분포 결과, 4개 지점의 총 PAHs 농도는 표토에서 2.34 ~ 49.09 ㎍/㎏, 심토에서 5.96~42.67 ㎍/㎏으로 다양한 농도 범위를 보여주었으며, run-off 지점의 특성을 고려하여 대기 중 PAHs 결과와 함께 수질 및 퇴적토와의 연관성을 고려하여 평가되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 아산호와 삽교호 인근지역의 8개 매체(대기, 나뭇잎, 표토, 뿌리지역 토양, vadose-zone 토양, 지하수, 지표수, 퇴적물)에 대한 CalTOX 모사결과, 매체별 분포율은 뿌리지역 토양으로 축적되는 것은 40.4~91.0%로 나타났고, 표토층에 축적되는 것은 2.2~5.5%로 나타났다. CalTOX에 의한 일별 매체간 이동량을 모사한 결과, PAHs는 주로 대상지역에 존재하는 석유정제시설로부터 대기로 유입되어 대기중 이류에 의한 모사구간 외부 유출, 매체 내에서 반응기작 및 반감기에 따른 소멸, 뿌리부근토양으로의 침적 등으로 거동되는 것으로 나타났다. This study was carried out to establish the diagnostic method of multi-media fate of pollutants and to monitor the pollutant distribution as a basic study for assessment of environmental toxicity of pollutants. CalTOX model, which is developed to study the multi-media transportation, inter-media production, and sink mechanism of chemicals by U.S. EPA, was used to predict the multimedia characteristics of PAHs in Lake Asan and Lake Sapgyo region. The mean concentration of total PAHs, calculated by summing up gaseous and particulate PAHs in the atmosphere, is Phenanthrene (3.87 ng/㎥) > Fluoranthene (1.48 ng/㎥) > Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (1.45 ng/㎥) > Benzo(a)pyrene (0.23 ng/㎥) > Benzo(a)antracene (0.15 ng/㎥), in order of concentration. Dry deposition flux, serving as an index for PAHs in the atmosphere, were Phenanthrene(1.48㎍/㎡/day) > Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene(0.31 ㎍/㎡/day)> Fluoranthene(0.28 ㎍/㎡/day) > Benzo(a)pyrene (0.25 ㎍/㎡/day) > Benzo(a)anthracene(0.23 ㎍/㎡/day) in order of high flux. The order of five PAHs compounds in water was Fluoranthene> Phenanthrene> Benzo(a)pyrene> Benzo(a)anthracene, Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. Concentrations are ranged from <1.0 ng/L to 11.0 ng/L for Phenanthrene, <1.0 ng/L to 13.2 ng/L for Fluoranthene, <0.5 ng/L to 1.0 ㎍/L for Benzo(a)anthracene and <1.0 ng/L to 1.9 ng/L for Benzo(a)pyrene, <0.5 ng/L to 0.8 ng/L for Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. The ranges of average concentration of PAHs in forest soil, upland soil, and road soil with land use were as followed by soil depth: ND~92.90 ㎍/㎏ for Phenanthrene, 2.15~97.86 ㎍/㎏ for Fluororanthene, ND~32.01 ㎍/㎏ for Benzo(a)anthracene, ND~10.69 ㎍/㎏ for Benzo(a)pyrene, and ND~22.74 ㎍/㎏ for Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. PAHs concentrations in surface soil were mainly higher than those in subsurface soils. CalTOX model, As a result, accumulations of PAHs into the root-zone soil were about 40.4~91.0%, with 2.2~5.5% of PAHs accumulated on the ground soil. CalTOX simulation showed that the flux of PAHs transported between media flowed mainly in the atmosphere, 7.7~38.9% of which flowed out, 57.4~87.2% of which disappeared, and 0.7~4.3% of which were deposited into the root-zone soil.