이온교환수지를 이용한 고구려 고분벽화의 백색오염물질 제거에 관한 연구

임권웅,정성윤 동북아역사재단 2012 東北亞歷史論叢 Vol.- No.38

A wall painting is composed of the structure that forms the ancient tomb, lime-plastered wall, and colored layer and is painted on the wall of a tomb room built underground or semi-underground. The structure is covered with earth even if the ancient tomb with a wall painting is built above ground so that the wall painting is exposed to low temperature and high humidity like those in the ancient tombs built underground or semi-underground. In those environments, a wall painting in an ancient tomb is damaged by water-soluble salt. Salt with high solubility causes the lamination or exfoliation of the colored layer or wall, and the salt with low solubility is accumulated on the surface of the wall painting as contaminants, thus making it difficult to recognize the contents of the wall painting. However, they are eventually laminated together with the colored layers or the wall. This study examined the results of the existing studies on the water-soluble salt and surface contaminants that appear on the wall paintings of Koguryo, reviews the results of pigment analysis, and selects the measures that can be applied practically based on the review and consideration of existing studies and the related cases with respect to the removal of surface contaminants Specimens were designed on the basis of the results of the study pertaining to the surface contaminants and pigment, and the selected processing method was applied to the specimens. From the test of the washing power ability, conducted by using AB57 (distilled water, (NH4)HCO3, NaHCO3, Desogen, and Carboxil methyl cellulose mixture) and ion exchange resin, which was effective in removing surface contaminants and proven effective in the existing studies, it was found that SR7 and CNP80, the anion exchange resin,were confirmed to be the most effective. If processed for a long time, however, ion exchange resin was found to give damage to the lime-plastered wall, which includes lime, as well as containments. Therefore, special care needs to be taken in using the ion exchange resin. However, it was found that ion exchange resin may have a positive effect in removing contaminants if the processing time is adjusted appropriately and the processing is carried out together with the method of physical removal. 고구려 고분벽화에 나타나는 표면오염물질은 갈색과 백색을 띠고 반투명에서 불투명한 형태로 벽화의 표면에 형성되어 있다. 진파리 4호분에서 수습된 시료를 SEM-EDX로 구성성분을 조사하여 백색오염물질의 주성분이 석회인 것이 확인되었다. 선행연구를 바탕으로 제작한 시편을 대상으로 5종의 이온교환수지와 벽화의 표면세척용으로 사용되는 AB57을 이용해서 백색오염물질을 제거하는 적용실험을 실시하였다. 적용실험 결과 안료층위에 형성되어 있는 백색오염물질을 제거할 경우에는 안료층이 손상되지 않도록 적용시간에 대한 조절이 필요한 것으로 확인되었다. AB57은 이온교환수지들과 비교할 때 월등한 세척력을 보이지 않았을 뿐만 아니라 안료와의 반응성을 고려할 때 안료층 위에 형성되어 있는 백색오염물질의 제거에는 적절치 않음이 확인 되었다. 적용실험에 사용된 이온교환수지인 SR7과 CNP80이 제거효과가 큰 것으로 확인 되어 피각의 완전 제거를 전제로 하지 않고 물리적인 제거 방법과 병행해서 처리한다면 안전하고 효과적인 제거작업을 할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

아크릴 수지를 함유한 에틸실리케이트의 석조문화재 강화처리 적용과 특성연구 : 독일 퀼른 대성당 사례를 중심으로

임권웅 慶州大學校 慶州文化硏究所 2007 慶州文化硏究 Vol.9 No.-

본 연구는 에틸실리케이트(Ethylsilicate)에 아크릴 수지를 중합 반응시켜 젤의 특성변화를 통해 적합한 강화처리제를 제작하여 중세 때 독일의 쾰른 대성당 건축에 사용된 Drachfels-Trachyt(드라헨펠스-트라히트 : 독일 본 인근 라인강변의 드라헨펠스 지역에서 채석되는 조면암)에 강화처리한 후 변화된 석재시편의 물성과 역학적 특성과 상용화된 에틸실리케이트로 처리한 시편의 물성, 그리고 역학적 특성의 변화와 비교 분석하여 적합한 강화처리제를 선정하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 기존의 에틸실리케이트 강화처리제는 화강암, 응회암, 석회암, 대리석 등과 화산암에 대한 강화처리 때 불안정한 처리 효과를 보이거나 강도감소가 나타나기도 한다. 이러한 한계를 극복하기 위해서 에틸실케이트에 아크릴 수지를 첨가한 하이브리드(Hybrid) 형태의 강화처리제는 1980년대부터 본격적으로 연구되었지만 제작된 젤의 특성이 강화처리 용도로는 부적합한 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 상용화된 에틸실리케이트에 아크릴 수지를 중합 반응시켜 형성된 젤을 관찰한 결과, 에틸실케이트 단량체(Monomeric Ethylsilicate, 이하 MKSE)에 아크릴 수지를 중합반응 시켰을 때 강화처리제로 적합한 특성을 지닌 젤이 형성되는 것으로 확인되었다. MKSE 그리고 시판중인 에틸실리케이트 시판제품 4개와 이것에 아크릴 수지를 첨가하여 제작한 6개의 변형 에틸실리케이트를 이용해 드라헨펠스-트라히트로 제작된 시편에 함침 처리하여 시편의 물성과 역학적 특성의 변화를 측정하였다. 아크릴 수지를 첨가하지 않은 MKSE, Funcosil 300, Funcosil 300E로 처리된 시편들의 경우 강도가 감소했다. 아크릴 수지를 첨가한 Funcosil 300와 Funcosil 0H는 아크릴 수지의 첨가량 증가에 따라 불안정한 증가 경향이나 감소 경향을 보였다. 물성변화에 있어서도 아크릴 수지를 혼합한 MKSE로 처리된 시편들은 수증기확산저항도와 탄성파속도, 탄성계수에서 극미한 증가나 변화가 없었지만 아크릴을 혼합한 Funcosil 300와 Funcosil 300E의 경우는 급격한 증가 등을 보여 강화처리제로 적합하지 않은 것으로 확인되었다. 물흡수도에서는 아크릴 수지가 첨가된 Funcosil OH의 경우 급격한 증가를 보여 강화처리제로서 부적절하지만 Funcosil 300와 MKSE의 경우는 상승된 물흡수도가 허용 임계점에서 많이 벗어나지 않았다. 10개의 에틸시리케이트계 강화처리제의 특성과 처리된 시편의 물성과 역학적 특성변화를 연구한 결과 아크릴 수지를 첨가한 MKSE가 드라헨펠스-트라히트의 강화처리에 적합한 것으로 확인 되었다. The purpose of this study is to select proper consolidant by mixing Ethylsilicate and acrylic resin in order to consolidate Drachfels-Trachy, which is used for the construcion of Cologne Cathedral of Germany in the middle age, manufacturing proper consolidant through characteristic change of jell and comparing physical property and dynamic characteristic of changed stone sample to those before treatment and those treated with common Ethylsilicate. Existing Ethylsilicate consolidant shows unstable treatment effect or shows strength decrease when consolidating effusive rocks such as granite, tuff, lime and marble. In order to overcome the limit, hybrid consolidant that acrylic resin is added to Ethylsilicate has been studied from 1980s but it was found that the characteristic of jell was not proper for consolidation. As a result of observing the jell, which is acquired by mixing acrylic resin with common Ethylsilicate, it is found that the jell, which is proper as a consolidant, is generated when acrylic resin is mixed with and reacts on Monomeric Ethylsilicate(MKSE). Physical property and dynamic characteristic of sample are measured by using 6 modified Ethylsilcatedhks, which are made by adding acrylic resin to MKSE and commonly used 4 Ethylsilicat products and treats infiltration in the sample made of Drachenfels-Trachyt. In case of the samples, which are treated by MKSE, Funcosil 300 and Funcosil 300E that do not contain acrylic resin, strength decreases. In case of Funcosil 300 and Funcosil OH containing acrylic resin shows the tendency of increase or decrease depending on the added amount of acrylic resin. In the change of physical property, the samples treated by MKSE containing acrylic resin showed timid increase or did not show change in degree of vapor diffusion resistance, elastic wave velocity and elastic coefficient. However, Funcosil 300 and Funcosil 300E containing acrylic resin showed rapid increase so it was found that they were not proper for consolidant. In case of water absorption, Funcosil OH containing acrylic resin showed rapid increase so it was not proper for consolidant but in case of Fncosil 300 and MKSE, its increased water absorption was not too much out of allowable critical point. From the result of studying characteristics of 10 Ethylsilicate consolidants, Physical property and dynamic characteristic change of treated sample, it was found that MKSE, to which acrylic resin is added, is proper for the consolidation of Drachenfels-Trachyt.

고구려 고분벽화 회벽체의 재료학적 특성에 관한 연구 - 진파리 4호분의 회벽체를 중심으로 -

임권웅 동북아역사재단 2009 東北亞歷史論叢 Vol.- No.23

The purpose of this study is to define chemical substance and constituent mineral of lime plaster of Jinpari Tomb No. 4, which is a Goguryeo ancient tomb wall painting manufactured in the middle of the 6th century, measure physical property and dynamic feature of lime plaster and enable it to be used for study on preservation method, manufacture of preservation agent and experiment of appropriateness. In experiment, white lime plaster layer(M01) sample made of lime and sand and brown lime plaster layer(M02) sample made of clayish soil of weathered rock and lime. By observing the use of FE-SEM and EDS in detail area and analyzing their substances, it was found that there were lump-typed clayish soil of weathered rock, lime and shell in M01 and M02. It was also found that M01 consisted of Ca and Si and M02 consisted of Ca, Si and elements organizing clayish mineral such as Al and K. Although very fine charcoal was observed, it seemed that it was mixed in the process to manufacture quicklime. XRD analysis was performed in order to define the constituent mineral of lime plaster. It was found that M01 consisted of lime and quartz sand and M02 consisted of lime, quartz sand, muscovite and clayish minerals such as illite and clinochlor. In order to analogize constituent minerals through qualitative analysis on chemical substance of lime plaster, XRF analysis was performed by melting lime plaster sample at the temperature of 1400℃ and manufacturing glass disk. The analysis result showed that it was same as the result of EDS and XRD. From the result of performing qualitative analysis on ionized soluble salt contained in the lime plaster sample by using IC and ICP-OES, it was found that Ca2+ and Cl- were contained as the largest ratio of positive ion and negative ion respectively. Through physical property of sample, the researcher measured particle size analysis, water vapour permeability, capillary water absorption coefficient, capillary water absorption speed coefficient and total water absorption degree in air & vacuum status. Regarding water vapour permeability, it was measured that the porosity of M02 was larger than that of M01 but the permeability of M02 was better than that of M01. Regarding capillary water absorption coefficient and capillary water absorption speed coefficient, M01 was higher than M02 but regarding absorption degree in air & vacuum status, M02 was higher. In the result of particle size analysis, it was found that M01 mainly contained inorganic additive, whose diameter was 0.063mm and M02 contained inorganic additive, whose diameter was less than 0.063mm. In the analysis on dynamic feature, the researcher calculated compressive strength by measuring point load strength index. It was found that the compressive strength of M01 was higher than that of M02.

수용성 염에 의한 암석의 강도와 수증기확산저항도 변화에 관한 연구

임권웅,도진영 한국문화재보존과학회 2009 보존과학회지 Vol.25 No.2

경주지역 석조문화재의 주요 부재로 사용된 화강암과 응회암을 대상으로 수용성 염에 의한 풍화초기 암석의 강도와 수증기확산저항도 변화를 연구하였다. 수용성 염으로는 석조문화재에서 자주 검출되며, 용해도가 다른 Na2SO4 와 CaSO4 ? 2H2O를 사용하였다. 휨강도는 응회암시편에서는 염종류와 무관하게 증가했으며, 화강암에서는 감소하였다. 일축압축강도는 응회암을 CaSO4 ? 2H2O로 처리 했을 때 증가하였고, Na2SO4로 처리 했을 때 감소하였으며, 화강암은 CaSO4 ? 2H2O 처리 시 약간의 감소가, Na2SO4 처리 때에는 증가경향이 나타났다. 수증기확산저항도는 응회암에서 염 종류와 상관없이 증가했고, 화강암은 CaSO4 ? 2H2O로 처리했을 때 증가했다. 연구결과, 염의 집적에 의한 풍화의 초기단 계에서는 기계적 강도와 수증기확산저항도가 증가될 수 있음이 확인되었다.

포항 칠포리 암각화의 보존과 활용

임권웅 한국암각화학회 2011 한국암각화연구 Vol.15 No.-

고구려 오회분 오호묘 벽화의 조벽지(粗壁地)기법에 대한 연구- 옻칠기법의 적용 가능성에 대한 검토

임권웅(LIM Kwon-woong),이종헌(LEE Jong-hun) 고구려발해학회 2008 고구려발해연구 Vol.30 No.-

Studying the manufacture techniques of ancient Goguryeo tomb mural is not just to define and succeed traditional manufacture techniques but because it can be a clue to distinguish that from other cultural areas. It offers basic data needed to choosing the method of preservation and its material. In this study, I would like to see Sobyuksi manufacture techniques through the 5th tomb of 5-helmet shape tomb, which hasn’t been treated. Especially I see the possibilities that lacquering would be one of method to make ancient Goguryeo tomb mural. Most papers about ancient Goguryeo tomb mural up to now from the view of art history or archeology. Even for papers about the manufacture techniques of mural paintings have treated how to paint it or used material, which means paper about Sobyuksi manufacture techniques is none. Those papers only explain about the manufacture techniques by the principle of lime film of cave paintings. For lacquering in Northeast Asia, it was already technically completed in China 7000 years ago, and you can see it through various relics made at that times. In Korea also, you can see its fineness and splendidness from lacquer ware of B.C. 200∼300, which was unearthed in Daho-Ri, as well as from wooden props for dead king or queen’s head and feet, in the royal tomb for King Mu-nyeong of Baekje. The painting in lacquering and coloring on the bark of white birch, seen on ‘A Thousand Horses’in A Thousand Horses Tomb which was excavated about the year 600, is another good example of ancient painting with lacquering. Lacquering was not only for wood but also for porous mineral terra-cotta and stone surface. You can see lacquer coloring or vestige of lacquering on arms and war horses made of terra-cotta, at the royal tomb for first emperor of China Qin Shi Huang. Besides, you can another case on Sukhyeyoungjo Sakyamuni Gilt Stone Statue made in the southern Chinese country Yang in A.D. 546. Especially Sukhyeyoungjo Sakyamuni Gilt Stone Statue was made in the 6th century, the time of manufacturing the 5th tomb of 5-helmet shape tomb, which shows a little chance of using lacquer for the tomb. In spite of tough environment of the ancient tomb to preserve murals, the 5th tomb of 5-helmet shape tomb has been well kept, displaying the following traits. 1. Black and color pigments are thick. 2. Black line has the same gloss as lacquered surface. 3. Murals on dewy part are clear. (Image clarity of lacquering) 4. The overall wall is coated in brown, and colors are remarkably different between left out granite and un-left part. 5. Brown adhesives are used on the joint of granite boards, and some pigment or adhesives are seen as fallen down. 6. Gold, pine stone, and jade were used, which are the most widely used materials for lacquer work. 7. Colors of some pigments are smeared, and as a slippery phlegmatic temperament, that is somewhat oily. The above is specialties of lacquer paintings, which displays a little chances that the 5th tomb of 5-helmet shape tomb may be made by lacquering. This traits were also confirmed at Gangseo Great Tomb located in Sammyo-Ri, Gangseoguyeok, Nampo-city, North Korea. Possibly those are special traits of the third period (A.D. 550∼650) ancient Goguryeo tomb mural. In a situation where picking sample ore is impossible, study by similar sample ore is required, as well as comparative study with murals painted directly on the surface of the stone, among existent ancient tomb mural in South Korea. This would be a clue to clarify painting manufacture techniques of ancient Northeast Asia, and would be a starting point of rational and scientific plan for preservation and management of other ancient tomb murals which were made by similar manufacture techniques.

고구려 고분벽화 오염물질 제거에 관한 연구

한경순,임권웅 한국문화재보존과학회 2008 보존과학회지 Vol.22 No.-

본 연구는 고구려 벽화고분인 진파리 1, 4호분 벽화의 표면에서 관찰되는 백색과 흑갈색 오염물제거 방안수립을 위해 진행되었으며, 현장 적용실험을 실시하였다. 사전조사에서 금속현미경과 SEM/EDX를 이용하여 백색과 흑갈색 오염물질 시료의 관찰과 성분분석이 실시되었다. 시료에 대한 연구 결과 백색 오염물질은 CaSO4 3로흑갈색 오염물질은 황산칼슘화합물 혹은 CaCO 3와 토양침적물로 추정되며, 백색과 흑갈색 오염물질 제거를 위해 음이온교환수지와 Ammonium bicarbonate를 처리제로 선정하였다. 두 가지 모두 각각의 처리 대상에 대해 양호한 효과를나타냈으며, 일부 피각형태로 고착화된 오염물질에 대해서는 물리적인 처리법의 병행이 필요한 것으로 확인되었다. This research aimed to provide a scientific methodology for removing white and black/brown colouredstains on the wall paintings of tombs of Jinpari No 1 and No 4. in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. Forthe analysis of chemical composition of stains of the samples from the wall paintings, a microscope and SEM/EDXwere used. The analysis confirmed that the fomula of white coloured stains should be CaSO4 or CaCO3 and theblack/brown coloured stains should be CaSO4 or CaCO3 with soil deposition. Because of the difficulties of testingseveral cleaning solutions on sample patches of large area of the painting, the author considered a risk-free cleaningsolution as being the most appropriate one, with Ammonium bicarbonate and Anion exchange resin showing satis-that physical cleaning should be followed by applying a cleaning solution.

수용성염이 석조문화재 표면 박리현상에 미치는 영향

도진영,임권웅 한국문화재보존과학회 2008 보존과학회지 Vol.22 No.-

석조문화재에서 나타나는 박리현상의 발생메커니즘과 염수용액에 의한 화학적 풍화와 관련된 그 원인을연구하였다. 박리편에 대하여 화학적, 광물학적, 물리적 분석을 수행하여 함유하고 있는 대표적인 염이 석고임을 밝혔다. 염의 작용을 이해하기 위하여 석고와 더불어 용해도가 상이한 황산나트륨을 공극율이 다른 응회암과 화강암에 처리하였다. Na2SO4 처리와 인공풍화를 거친 암석시료들의 모세관물흡수율은 약간 증가하였는데 이는 이 염에 의해 암석의 표면가까이에만 변화가 있었음을 의미한다. Na 2SO4는 암석의 표면공극내에서 결정화가 일어나 수화압과 결정압을 발생하여 얇은 박리를 형성하는 것으로 보인다. CaSO 42H 2적되므로 집적되는 양이 Na 2SO4 보다 더 많고, 표면에 집적되는 양보다 내부에 집적되는 양이 많아 물흡수량이 증가하는 결과를 보이는 것이며, 이러한 성질로 인하여 암석에 두꺼운 박리가 야기될 것으로 판단된다. 암석종에 따른 변화에서는 응회암의 경우, 큰 공극율과 높은 모세관물흡수율로 인하여 암석 내부의 깊이까지 들어가서 염이 집적하게로 보인다. 이에 비해 공극율과 모세관물흡수율이 낮은 화강암에서는 표면부위에서 집중적으로 염의 집적이 일어나서얇은 박리가 발생하는 것으로 판단된다. The mechanism of stone exfoliation and its cause in relation to chemical weathering by soluble salt werestudied. Chemical, mineralogical and physical analysis was performed in exfoliation samples from stone monuments.The representative salt is gypsum in the exfoliation samples. In order to understand the salt reaction, stonesolubility. The capillary water uptakes are slight increased in impregnated with Na2SO4 and weathering simulation oftwo rock types. It means that the rock is deteriorated in the near of the surface by Na2SO4. CaSO42H2O bring out thethicker exfoliation than Na2SO4 because it is penetrated into the deeper zone and amount of accumulated salt is more30cycle of weathering simulation, but there are not significant symptoms of exfoliation in the granite by same condi-tion. This result was caused by the different capillary water uptakes and porosity of the rocks. In the tuff, salt solu-tions are penetrated into the inner part due to its high capillary water uptakes and porosity but the granite, which haslow value relatively, can be formed thinner exfoliation.

수용성 염에 의한 암석의 물성 변화에 관한 연구

도진영,임권웅 한국암석학회 2008 한국암석학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.- No.-