스포츠사회학 : 남북체육교류에 대한 국민외식 조사 연구

이학래(LeeHak-Lae),김동선(KimDong-Sun),임태성(LimTae-Sung),김현석(KimHyun-Suk) 한국체육학회 2000 한국체육학회지 Vol.39 No.4

본 연구는 남북체육교류와 관련된 주요 사항에 대한 국민의 여론을 파악 · 수렴하고, 통일정책에 대한 국민의 인식과 평가를 토대로 정부의 통일정책 수립 및 합리적인 통일방안에 대한 기초자료를 제공하는데 목적을 갖는다.연구의 대상은 1999년 12월 23일 잠실체육관에서 거행된 남한의 현대농구단과 북한의 아태농구단의 통일농구 서울경기대회 관람객을 대상으로 설문에 응답한 700여 명중 통계분석이 가능한 528명을 분석 자료로 사용하였다. 본 연구에서 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다.첫째, 통일문제에 대한 국민들의 관심은 비교적 많은 관심을 갖고 있다(35.8%), 약간 관심을 갖고 있다<34.3%), 매우 많은 관심을 갖고 있다(21.4%)로 나타나 절대 다수인 92.5%가 통일에 대해 조금이라도 관심을 갖고 있음을 알 수 있다.둘째, 언제쯤 통일이 가능할 것인가라는 질문에 5년 이내(9.7%), 10년 이내(34.7%), 20년 이내(32.8%), 불가능하다 (8.7%), 모르겠다(14.1%)로 나타났다. 따라서 전체 응답자 중 77.2%가 향후 20년 이내에 통일이 가능할 것으로 예상하고 있다.셋째, 남북관계 개선을 위한 체육교류의 역할에 대해 대체로 그렇다(71.0%), 전적으로 그렇다(15.0%), 대체로 아니다(7.0%), 전적으로 아니다(2.5%)로 나타났다. 따라서 전체 응답자 중 86%가 남북관계 개선을 위해 체육교류가 견인차적 역할을 하고 있다고 보고 있다.넷째, 체육교류의 범위에 대한 질문에 엘리트체육과 생활체육의 병행 교류(59.1%), 생활체육 위주의 교류(25.9%), 엘리트체육 위주의 교류(7.0%)로 나타났다. 따라서 지금까지는 엘리트체육 위주의 교류가 이루어져 왔으나 점차적으로 생활체육 전반에 걸친 포괄적인 체육교류를 성사시킬 수 있는 방안을 마련해야 할 것이다.다섯째, 체육교류를 활성화하기 위해 가장 중요한 것이 무엇인가에 대한 질문에 국제기구의 활용(43.2%), 북한의 참가 비용부담 최소화(29.4%), 북한에 유리한 종목의 제의(125%), 제3국에서의 경기개최(49%)로 나타났다.여섯째, 체육교류를 하는데 있어 가장 실천가능한 분야가 무엇인가에 대한 질문에 교환경기의 정례화(48.1%), 국제대회를 위한 남북 단일팀 구성(26.1%), 교류를 위한 공동시설의 건설(16.1%), 경기기술 및 학술교류(8.9%), 기타 (0.8%)로 나타났다.일곱째, 체육교류가 한반도 평화통일에 어떠한 영향을 미칠 것인가에 대한 질문에 어느 정도 긍정적(57.0%), 매우 긍정적(29.2%), 그저 그렇다(9.5%), 어느 정도 부정적(3.6%), 매우 부정적(0.8%)으로 나타났다. 응답자의 86.2%가 긍정적인 평가를 하였다는 사실은 곧 남북체육교류가 한반도의 평화통일을 앞당겨 줄 것이라는 기대치가 어느 정 도인지를 가늠하게 하는 지표라 하겠다.마지막으르 체육교류의 주도문제에 대해 체육계 주도 정부의 도움(31.6%), 정부와 체육계의 공동 주도(25.0%), 정부 주도하에 체육계의 도움(19.1%), 정부의 주도(10.4%), 시민사회의 주도(6.4%), 체육계 주도(2.8%), 기업의 주도 (15%), 기타(2.1%)로 나타났다. 즉, 이것은 어떠한 형태이건 정부와 체육계의 긴밀한 협조하에 체육교류가 이루어 져야 한다는 것이고, 특히 체육계의 주도하에 정부가 지원해 주는 방안이 가장 지지율이 높다. The purpose of this study was to survey people's opinions of South and North sports exchanges and their awareness of unification policies and thereupon, provide for some basic data helpful to the government in designing national unification policies and reasonable unification methods.For this purpose, a questionnaire survey was conducted cm the audience who attended the basketball game between South Korea’s Hyundai team and North Korea's Asia and Pacific team held at Jamsil stadium on December 23, 1999. 528 respondents out of 700 were found valid enough to be analyzed. The results of this study can be summarized as follows;First, 35.8% of the respondents were relatively much concerned about the national unification 34.3% were a little concerned, and 21.4% were very much concerned about the unification, In all, the absolute majority(915%) of the respondents were more or less concerned about the national unification.Second, 9.7% of the respondents foresaw the national unification within 5 years, 34.7% within 10 years and 32.8% foresaw it within 20 years. 8.7% of the respondents thought it impossible for our nation to be unified, and 14.1% said that they had no idea. After all, 77.2% of the respondents thought that Korea would be unified within 20 years at latest.Third, 71.0% of the respondents felt that sports exchanges would have more or less impacts on improvement of South and North relation, 15.0% believed in a drastic effect of sports exchanges on South and North relation, 7.0% perceived that sports exchanges would have little effect, and 2.5% thought that sports exchanges would have no effect on South and North relation. Thus, 86% of the respondents thought positively of the sports exchanges in terms of South and North relation.Fourth, 59.1% of the respondents replied that elite sportsmen would need to be exchanged between South and North Koreas along with the life sports exchanges, 25% though that emphasis should be put on life sports exchanges, and 7.0% felt that elite sportsmen exchanges should be promoted first. Such finding suggest that the emphasis needs to be shifted from elite sportsmen exchanges towards package sports exchanges including the life sports.Fifth, 43.2% of the respondents felt it necessary to use the international agencies to activate South and North sports exchanges, 29.4% thought that North Korea's financial burden for sports exchanges should be relieved as much as possible, and 125% perceived that the sports events favorable to North Korea should be suggested to North Korea first, and 4.9% of the respondents opened that South and North sports games should be organized in third nations.Sixth, the challenge perceived most important by the respondents to promote South and North sports exchanges was periodical exchanges of sports games(481%), followed by single Korean teams for international games(26.1%), construction of the public facilities for sports exchanges(16.1%), exchanges of sports techniques and theories(8.9%) and others(0.8%).Seventh, 57.0% of the respondents were positive about the effects of sports exchanges on the peaceful unification 29.2% were very positive, and 9.5% were less positive, and 3.6% were negative and 0.8% were very negative about the effects of sports exchanges on the peaceful national unification. In all, 86.2% were more or less positive about the effects of sports exchanges on the peaceful unification.Lastly, the leader perceived most eligible by the respondents for South and North sports exchanges was sports community as main actor and government as assistant(31.6%), followed by joint efforts of government and sports community(25.0%), government as main actor and sports community as assistant(19.1%), government(10.4%), civic groups(6.4%), sports community(2.8%), private businesses(28%) and others(2.1%). Such a finding suggests that government and sports community should cooperate to promote South and North sports exchanges, and particularly that South and North sports exchanges need to be led by the sports community being supported by the government.

체육사 : 일제하 민중적 체육에 관한 고찰

김재우(KimJae-Woo),이학래(LeeHak-Lae) 한국체육학회 2001 한국체육학회지 Vol.40 No.4

이 연구는 광복 이전에 실시된 민중적 체육의 보급배경과 실체, 그리고 보급과정을 규명하고자 하였다.1931년 9월 덴마크의 닐스 북 일행이 방한하여 모범경기를 펼친 것을 계기로, 체육선각자들은 당시 한국체육의 계층적, 구조적 모순을 극복할 목적과 한국인들의 사기 진작, 기풍 고양, 그리고 협동단결의 강화를 목적으로 민중적 체육을 보급하고자 하였다. 또한 체육선각자들은 부강한 국가가 되기 위한 기초로서 민중적 체육을 보급하고자 하였다.한국에서의 민중적 체육은 닐스 북의 보건체조를 기초로 하여 우리나라의 실정에 맞게 변용되었는데, 이는 민중보건체육법으로 불리었다. 민중보건체육법은 기본운동과 응용운동이 구성되었는데, 기본운동은 목운동, 다리운동, 팔운동, 호흡운동 등의 신체 각 부위를 균등하게 발달시킬 수 있는 종목으로 구성되었으며, 운동순서 역시 준비운동, 휴식운동 등으로 합리적이었다. 그리고 응용운동에는 ‘二人이 組合하야 行하는 運動’과 ‘助木을 要하는 運動’으로 구분되어 있으며, 전자는 12가지의 운동, 후자는 15가지의 운동으로 각각 조합되어 있었다. 특히, ‘二人이 組合하야 行하는 運動’의 경우에는 현재우리들이 부상방지 및 유연성의 증진을 위하여 실시하고 있는 스트레칭이 다수 포함되어 있었다.한편, 민중적 체육은 YMCA, 조선체육연구회, 천도교학우당 등의 사회단체들이 개최한 보건체조강습회를 통하여 보급되었고, 이들 단체들의 강습회에 참가한 강습생들이 독자적으로 체조단을 결성하여 보건체조를 일상화함으로써 뿌리를 내리게 되었다. This study was intended to investigate the background and entity and process of the introduction of popular physical education enforced before Korean liberation from Japanese imperialistic domination. In Sept, 1931, Niels Bukh and his entourage from Holland paid a visit to Korea and demonstrated the model game, which provided an opportunity for athletic pioneers to attempt to disseminate popular physical education with an aim of overcoming the hierarchial and structural conflict in Korean physical education, enhancing Korean morale, elevating the characteristics of Korean people and reinforcing national cooperation and solidarity. And athletic pioneers attempted to disseminate popular physical education as a basis for Korea to become a wealthy nation.Popular physical education in Korea was transformed to suit the Korean situation on the basis of Niels Buch’s health gymnastics(保健體操), which was called the method of popular health gymnastics(民衆保健體操法). This was made up of basic exercise and applied exercise. Basic exercise consisted of events that could evenly develop each region of the human body such as neck exercise, leg warming-up, arm exercise, respiratory exercise and the like. The exercise was reasonable in the sequence of warming-up and cooling-down, And applied exercise was divided into ‘exercise that should be performed with two persons combined’ and ‘exercise requiring the aid’. The former had the combination of 12 types of workout and the latter had the combination of 15 kinds of workout. Especially, exercise that should be performed with two persons combined’ included many bouts of stretching that we currently are perform to prevent injury and increase flexibility.On the one hand, popular physical education was disseminated through such social organizations as YMCA, the Chosun Physical Education Research Institute(朝鮮體育硏究會), the Chondo-kyo Academy(天道敎學友堂) and the like. Popular physical education Trainee attending the workshop sponsored by these social organizations formed the gymnastic company and thereby popularized health gymnastics, which caused it to take root.

자연과학편 : 운동선수(運動選手)의 연령(年齡) , 신장(身長) 및 체중(體重)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) - 한국대표선수(韓國代表選手)와 올림픽대회(大會) 참가선수간(參加選手間)의 비교(比較) -

韓敬熙(HanKyung-Hee),李學來(LeeHak-Lae) 한국체육학회 1981 한국체육학회지 Vol.20 No.2

In this study, the writers of the thesis have studied and differences of age, height and weight between the Korean National Champions and those champions participated in Olympic game, Which, We believe, will contribute to the supply of source of reference for the planning of selection and training and training of the Korean National Champions.We have, therefore, compared and analyzed age, height and weight of 1,603 Champions participated in 22nd Olympic game held in Moscow and 238 Korean National Champions (Total; 1,841 champions) during the same period. Our finding is as follows:1. As to Age1) Average age of the Korean National Champions was 22.4 years old whereas average age of Champions participated in that Olympic game was 24.9 years old, which showed the Korean National Champions with 2.7 years younger.2) No significant difference could be identified in the cases of champions of soccer game, woman basket ball game and woman volley-ball game. In the cases of Judo, Weight-lifting, Wrestling, Basket ball and Hand-ball games of male or female was identified as P<0.001 whereas the cases of boxing and male volley-ball games were identified as P<0.01, which showed older age bracket than the case of the Korean National Champions.2. As to Height1) In the case of Judo, the Olympic champions showed higher height, which was identified as P<0.001 whereas the cases of wrestling and boxing were identified as P<0.01, which made the height of the Korean National Champions higher than those of Olympic Champions. In the cases of Greco-roman style of wrestling and weight-lifting, no significant difference could be identified.2) In the case of ball-games, only female basket-ball champions showed some difference of significance. In short, male basket-ball champions and male and female hand-ball were identified as P<0.01, and the female champions of volley-ball were identified as P<0.05 which showed higher height of the Olympic champions.3. As to Weight1) In the case of light Class of Judo(P<0.01)and Wrestling (P<0.05)as well as wrestling and boxing (P<0.001), the Korean national champions showed heavier weight comparing with those Olympic champions, whereas in the cases of Judo (P<0.01) and wrestling (P<0.05) of heavy class, the weight of Olympic champions were heavier than those of the Korean national champions.2) In the case of female basket-ball champions, no significant difference could be identified, whereas the weight of Olympic champions in the game of female basket ball, female volley-ball, male-female hand-ball (P<0.001) and male volley-ball (P<0.01) where heavier than those of the Korean national champions.

황국신민체상(皇國臣民體?)에 관한 연구

김재우(KimJae-Woo),이학래(LeeHak-lae) 한국체육학회 2000 한국체육학회지 Vol.39 No.1

이 연구는 일제하 말기 조선총독부가 한국 국민을 대상으로 실시한 황국신민체조의 제정과정과 실체 그리고 보급과정을 규명하고자 하였다.조선총독부는 1937년 10월 8일 황국신민체조를 제정하였다. 조선총독부가 당시 조선 내에서 황국신민체조를 제정한 궁극적인 목적은 조선인의 일본인화를 목표로 하여 실시된 황국신민화정책에 귀결된다. 그러나 이러한 목적 이외에도 일본적 체육건설, 그리고 전력증강이라는 제국주의적 체육정책의 일환으로 제정되었다고 사료된다.황국신민체조는 소학교 저학년을 제외한 각급 학교의 학생과 일반대중을 대상으로 실시되었다. 이 체조에서 사용된 목검은 실시대상에 따라 세 종류가 있었으며, 목검 이외에 목도가 있었다. 특히, 황국신민체조에서 사용되는 목검 및 목도는 체조의 일반적인 도구로써가 아닌 일본의 정신으로 간주되어 신성시되었다. 복장은 하의는 빨강, 파랑, 노랑과 같은 현란한 색깔보다는 순백색, 검정색, 감색의 가랑이를 감추는 짧은 바지나 발목까지 오는 긴 바지를 착용하도록 하였다. 그리고 상의는 흰색의 반소매 셔츠가, 겨울철에는 손목까지 오는 긴소매가 장려되었다.황국신민체조를 실시하기 위한 기초훈련으로는 ‘목검에 대한 태도’, ‘자세와 기합’, ‘氣劍體의 일치’, ‘예의’ 둥의 정신적인 측면의 습득이 강조되었으며, 기본태세로서 직립자세, 휴식자세, 준비자세, 그리고 6種의 자세가 있었다. 황국신민체조의 기술로는 치기와 찌르기가 있었는데,치기에는 가격하는 신체의 부위에 따라 얼굴 치기, 손목 치기, 몸통 치기가 찌르기에는 前突, 表突, 裏突가 있었다.황국신민체조를 제정한 조선총독부는 1938년 3월 30일 개정된 학교체조교수요목을 통하여 체조교과의 교재로 도입, 전조선의 동과 학생들에게 보급시키려 하였고, 이러한 계획은 즉각적으로 실천에 옮겨져 각급 학교에서 실시되었다. 한편, 1938년 말에는 관공서 그리고 일반 민중 사이에서도 황국신민체조가 실시되었으며, 1941년에는 일반화되었다. The purpose of this study is to review the background, details and distribution of the "Imperial Subjects’ Gymnastics" which was forced on the Korean people by the Japanese colonists during late colonial periodJapan’s Chosun Governor’s office designed the so-called "Imperial Subjects’ Gymnastics" on October 8, 1937. The ultimate goal of this national gymnastics was to Japanize all the Korean people and thereby, make them subjects of their emperor. In addition to such a goal, they attempted through this sports program to build a foundation for their sports and thereupon, help enhance their military strength for their imperialism."Imperial Subjects' Gymnastics" was forced on ordinary people and students but lower-grade elementary pupils. Three types of wooden sword were used for the gymnastics per group, and a wooden dagger was used, too. In particular, these swords and dagger were deemed holy because they were thought to serve the Japanese spirit not the sports itself. On the other hand, the uniforms for the gymnastics were diverse; such primary colors as red, blue or yellow were avoided for trousers, and instead, pure white, black or brown colors were adopted for the short or long trousens. White short-sleeved shirts were worn during summer, while long-sleeved ones were recommended during winter.The basic training of "Imperial Subjects’ Gymnastics" consisted primarily of such mental aspects as ‘attitude towards wooden sword’, 'posture and spiritual concentration’, ‘integration of spirit and sword’ and ‘manners’. The basic posture comprised ‘erect’ ‘at ease’, ‘prepared’ and other six types. The main techniques were "hitting" and ‘piercing’. The former technique could break down into 'face hitting’, 'wrinkle hitting’ and ‘body hitting’, while the latter one consisted of ‘Senators’(前突), Hyodote’(票突)and lidots’(裏突).Chosun Governor’s office who specified the imperial gymnastics engineered to introduce it into "School Gymnastics Curriculum’ amended on March 30, 1938 in an attempt to distribute it to every Korean students, and thus, the gymnastics began soon to be performed at every level of school in Korea. Subsequently in late 1938, the gymnastics was forced on officials and ordinary people, and after all, it was performed generally throughout the nation.