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호흡기류 계측모듈의 교정과 성능 비교를 위한 실용적인 표준기류 생성 시스템
이인광,박미정,이상봉,김경옥,차은종,김경아,Lee, In-Kwang,Park, Mi-Jung,Lee, Sang-Bong,Kim, Kyoung-Ok,Cha, Eun-Jong,Kim, Kyung-Ah 대한의용생체공학회 2015 의공학회지 Vol.36 No.4
A standard air flow generator system was developed to generate air flows of various levels simultaneously applied to two different air flow transducer modules. Axes of two identical standard syringes for spirometer calibration were connected with each other and driven by a servo-motor. Linear displacement transducer was also connected to the syringe axis to accurately acquire the volume change signal. The user can select either sinusoidal or square waveform of volume change and manually input any volume as well as maximal flow rate levels ranging 0~3 l and 0~15 l/s, respectively. Various volume and flow levels were input to operate the system, then the volume signal was acquired followed by numerical differentiation to obtain the air flow signal. The measured volumes and maximal air flow rates were compared with the user input data. The relative errors between the user-input and the measured stroke volumes were all within 0.5%, demonstrating very accurate driving of the system. In case of the maximal flow rate, relatively large error was observed when the syringe was driven very fast within a very short time duration. However, except for these few data, most measured flow rates revealed relative errors of approximately 2%. When the measure and user-input stroke volume and maximal flow rate data were analyzed by linear regression analysis, respectively, the correlation coefficients were satisfactorily higher than 0.99 (p < 0.0001). These results demonstrate that the servo-motor controls the syringes with enough accuracy to generate standard air flows. Therefore, the present system would be very much practical for calibration process as well as performance evaluation and comparison of two different air flow transducer modules.
환자 분류에 기초하여 입원병동의 적정 간호인력을 산정하는 모델
김경옥,박미정,이인광,박경순,손호선,김경아,서창진,차은종,Kim, Kyoung-Ok,Park, Mi-Jung,Lee, In-Kwang,Park, Kyung-Soon,Shon, Ho-Sun,Kim, Kyung-Ah,Seo, Chang-Jin,Cha, Eun-Jong 대한의용생체공학회 2016 의공학회지 Vol.37 No.2
Nursing staffing is of major interest in hospital management, however, no practical method has been developed. The present study proposed a mathematical model based on the patient classification system for nursing staffing optimization. A few characteristic parameters possibly determined experimentally and/or empirically were introduced followed by systematic calculation of the required number of nurses. An essential concept of the model is the unit work load defined as the amount of nursing work performed on single patient per unit time, where the work load is defined as the number of nursing staffs multiplied by the working hours. The unit work load was considered to vary with the patient classification level as well as the working time during a day, both of which were represented by corresponding parameter values. The number of patients for each class and the number of working hours were multiplied to the unit work load, and added up to obtain the total required work load. As the next step, the averaged number of hours that a nurse could provide per day was formulated considering the degree of nursing practice experience into 3 levels. Finally, the appropriate number of nursing staffs was calculated as the total work load divided by the average working hours per nurse. The present technique has a great advantage that the number of nursing staffs to fulfill the required work load is systematically calculated once the characteristic parameters are appropriately determined, leading to instant and fast evaluation. A practical PC program was also developed to apply the present model to nursing practice.
李仁光(In-Kwang Lee),金盛植(Seong-Sik Kim),張鐘贊(Jong-Chan Jang),金君珍(Koon-Jin Kim),金敬娥(Kyung-Ah Kim),李泰洙(Tae-Soo Lee),車殷宗(Eun-Jong Cha) 대한전기학회 2008 전기학회논문지 Vol.57 No.7
Respiration is induced by muscular contraction of the chest and abdomen, resulting in the abdominal volume change. Thus, continuous measurement of the abdominal dimension enables to monitor breathing activity. Conductive rubber cord has been previously introduced and tested to develop wearable application for respiratory measurements. This study implemented respiratory monitoring system with the conductive rubber cord in the patient's pants in purpose of quantitative estimation of tidal volume. Air mixed with 0~5% CO₂ was inhaled and the respiratory air flow rate, abdominal dimension change, and end tidal CO₂ concentration were simultaneously measured in steady state. CO₂ inhalation significantly increased the tidal volume in normal physiological state with the subject unawared. The tidal volume estimated from the abdominal dimension change linearly correlated with the tidal volume measured by a pneumotachometer with a correlation coefficient of 0.88. Customized calibration for each subject resulted in relative errors less than 10%. Therefore, the tidal volume was accurately estimated by measuring the abdominal dimension change.
李仁光(In-Kwang Lee),金盛植(Seong-Sik Kim),張鐘贊(Jong-Chan Jang),金君珍(Koon-Jin Kim),金敬娥(Kyung-Ah Kim),李泰洙(Tae-Soo Lee),車殷宗(Eun-Jong Cha) 대한전기학회 2008 전기학회논문지 Vol.57 No.1
Abdominal circumference changes due to breathing by the respiratory muscle activity such as diaphragm, which would partially represent the lung volume variation. The present study introduced conductive rubber molded in a cord shape incorporated with a patient's pants. The conductive rubber cord operated as a displacement transducer to measure the lung or abdominal volume changes. Signal extraction circuitry was developed to obtain the volume and its derivative(or the flow) signals followed by wireless transmission based on the Zigbee communication protocol in a size of 65㎜×105㎜ easily put in pocket. Breathing frequency was accurately evaluated and breath pattern analysis seemed feasible, since respiratory behaviours such as maximal inspiration and cough were well identified. Remote wireless receiver module also enabled to monitor both volume and flow signals during resting breathing on a PC terminal.
팔, 손가락, 정맥에서 채취한 혈액의 혈당검사결과 비교 분석
김경아(Kim, Kyung-Ah),이인광(Lee, In-Kwang),신은영(Shin, Eun-Young),김양미(Kim, Yang-Mi),김경옥(Kim, Kyoung-Oak),차은종(Cha, Eun-Jong),박경순(Park, Kyung-Soon) 한국산학기술학회 2012 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.13 No.4
팔부위에서 혈당을 측정하는 것은 모세혈관에서 혈액을 채취하는 동안 느끼는 통증을 줄일 수 있다. 본 연 구에서는 팔부위 혈당검사의 임상적 유효성을 평가하기 위해 팔부위 혈당검사결과를 손가락 및 정맥에서의 혈당검사 결과와 각각 비교하였다. 당뇨환자 61명이 포함된 555명의 피검자를 대상으로 금식 상태에서 휴대형 혈당계로 손가락 과 팔 안쪽 부위에서 혈당검사를 수행하였으며, 1시간 이내에 피검자 514명의 정맥혈액으로 혈당검사를 수행하였다. 측정값들에 대해 선형회귀분석, 급내 상관분석(intraclass correlation), Passing-Bablok 회귀분석 기법으로 다양하게 비교 분석해 보았다. 팔부위 혈당값은 환자군에서 손가락 및 정맥 혈당값과의 상관계수(r)가 0.97(P<0.0001)로 높은 선형관 계를 나타내었으며, 정상군에서도 r값이 약간 작았지만 유사하였다. 채혈 부위에 따른 혈당값의 평균 차이는 두 집단 에서 모두 ±10mg/dL 이내이었다. 급내 상관계수는 r값에 비교하여 약간 작았지만 두 집단이 유사한 수치를 나타내었 다. Passing-Bablok 분석에서 기울기의 95% 신뢰구간과 절편은 각각 <±20%, <±20mg/dL로서 임상 허용범위 이내의 값을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 사용한 세 가지 통계분석 결과 팔부위 혈당값이 손가락과 정맥에서 측정한 혈당값과 충분히 일치함이 입증되었다. 팔부위 혈당검사가 표준방법인 손가락 혈당검사와 높은 일치성을 나타내었으므로 금식 상태에서의 임상적용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. Capillary blood sampling on the forearm reduces pain caused by skin puncture. The present study compared the blood glucose test results performed at different sampling sites of the forearm, finger, and vein to evaluate clinical validity of this alternative site blood sampling technique. Subjects numbered 555 including 61 diabetic patients participated to measure the glucose concentration on the finger (GF) and the forearm (GA) with a portable glucometer under overnight fasting state. Then, the venous glucose concentration (GV) was measured in 514 subjects in less than 1 hour. The test results were analyzed by simple linear regression, intraclass correlation, and Passing-Bablok regression techniques. GA was highly correlated with GF or GV showing the correlation coefficients (r) of approximately 0.97 (P<0.0001) in the normal group. The patient group also resulted similarly high correlation with only slightly lower r value. The mean differences in glucose concentration were less than ±10mg/dL regardless of the sampling sites. Intraclass correlation coefficients were slightly smaller than r but very much similar in value in both groups. The 95% confidence intervals of the slope as well as the intercept in the Passing-Bablok regression analysis were <±20% and <±20mg/dL, respectively, which were within the clinically acceptable ranges. These three statistical techniques introduced in the present study well demonstrated the consistency of GA with GF and GV. Therefore, the forearm blood glucose test could be considered as clinically valid under fasting condition. Key Words : Blood glucose test, Alternative blood sampling, Comparative analysis
Accuracy Evaluation of Respiratory Air Flow Transducer for Artificial Ventilation
이인광(In Kwang Lee),박미정(Mi Jung Park),김경옥(Kyoung Ok Kim),신은영(Eun Young Shin),손호선(Ho Sun Shon),차은종(Eun Jong Cha),김경아(Kyung Ah Kim) 한국방사선학회 2015 한국방사선학회 논문지 Vol.9 No.7
응급상황에서 중환자에게 시행되는 인공호흡 과정 중 호흡기류를 측정할 수 있도록 개발된 센서의 계측 정확도를 평가하였다. 호흡기류 센서의 압력-기류 특성식을 산출하였으며, 인공호흡시에 인가되는 호흡기류신호와 유사한 6가지 파형을 표준기류생성시스템으로 생성하여 호흡기류 센서에 가하면서 기류신호를 측정하였다. 이 기류신호로부터 일회호흡용적과 최대기류값을 산출하였으며, 이를 표준기류생성시스템에 부착되어 있고 물리적으로 오차가 없는 선형변위센서로부터 측정한 용적신호에서 산출한 표준값과 비교하였다. 일회호흡용적의 상대오차는 3% 이내이었으며, 최대기류값은 약 5% 정도로서 충분히 정확한 기류 계측이 가능함을 확인하였다. 따라서 실제 응급상황에서 호흡기류 센서로 적용하여 응급 중환자의 호흡신호와 호흡주기별 진단변수들을 실시간으로 모니터링 할 수 있는 시스템에 활용 가능할 것으로 사료된다. Measurement accuracy was evaluated for the respiratory air flow transducer developed for applications under emergent situations. Pressure-Flow calibration equation was obtained by acquisition of air flow signals from the transducer in response to 6 flow waveforms, similar to those of artificial ventilation, generated by the standard flow generator system. Tidal volume and maximal flow rate were calculated on the flow signal then compared with the error-free data obtained by the linear displacement transducer of the flow generator system. Mean relative error of the tidal volume was within 3% and that of the maximal flow rate, approximately 5%, demonstrating accurate enough measurements. Therefore, the transducer could be applied to emergent situations to monitor the respiratory air flow signal as well as diagnostic parameters in real time.