조선시대 움집과 그 안에 살던 사람들

이경복(Lee, Kyeong-Bok),전경아(Chun, Kyong-Ah) 백산학회 2004 白山學報 Vol.- No.69

This study is a report about the dwelling site in Chung-cheong province during the Yi-dynasty. The habitation during the period was usually located in a slope of hill areas and the habitation comprise of square and circular forms. The house was constructed first by setting up a pillar in the middle of the house and then the house rafters were put up beside the pillar. The main material for the wall was clay and the material for the roof was a weed. Only 10㎡ was the usual dimensions for the floor space. The heating system in the habitation can be classified into two major systems, a furnace and a korean under-floor heating system. The first type of the habitation - a furnace - was the majority during the period and these types of houses were usually small. The furnace was located on the wall and the fire on the stove was used for heating and also for illumination. The second type of the habitations - a korean under-floor heating system - was the functionally better developed construction in this period. This system was good for heating, especially in the winter. The heat from the fire in the kitchen would go straight into the under-floor and the heat would then come into the room and wall for heating. The dwelling sites during the Yi-dynasty are classified into four periods according to the excavated remains. The first period is from the late 14th century to the early 15th century based on findings of fragments of celadon green porcelain. The second period is from the early 15th century to the late 16th century. In recording chronologically, during this second period there are increasing findings of fragments of Boon-Cheong porcelain. The third period is from the late 16th century to 19th century. In this period there are findings of two kinds of fragments which are Boon-Cheong porcelain and white porcelain (Beakja). From the 17th century to the late 18th century, the Boon-Cheong porcelain gradually vanished and the white porcelain appeared instead. The under-floor heating system appeared in the third period(the early 15th century to the 16th century). During the 16th century, there was a significant spreading of the uner-floor heating system. The reason of this could be due to the migrants who had started to settle down after the invasion of Japan(1592). The settlers after Japan’s invasion started to construct the under-floor heating system house. These settler were the poor regardless their social status. They lived in a slope of hill areas in a community including more than five families. The poor usually didn’t have anything except their manpower. On the one hands, they could only afford to live by being hired as farm by the neighbors and government. On the other hand, they brought wastelands under cultivation in order to make them their living grounds. Some poor people afforded their living with both farming and fishery. The remains of farming tools and fishing net sinkers which were found in a riverside near the habitation support this fact. Actually, they made their living by selling fish and marine products or eating them by themselves. And other poor people could survive through selling charcoal or pieces of earthenware. Sometimes they gave the vessel to their neighbors which had been made in their own pottery kiln.

475년 백제 웅진천도와 서천 봉선리 재지세력의 변화

이경복(Lee, Kyeong-bok) 한국고대사탐구학회 2019 한국고대사탐구 Vol.33 No.-

봉선리 제사시설은 금강 하구에 자리하고 있다. 그 지리적 조건은 한성 도읍기 때보다 475년 웅진천도 후 중요해졌다. 금강하구의 재지세력 중 하나가 서천 봉선리 재지세력이다. 서천 봉선리 재지세력은 청동기시대 형성되기 시작하여 원삼국~백제시대까지 지속적으로 금강하구인 서천지역 대표적 재지세력이었다. 서천 봉선리 재지세력은 한성도읍기 백제 문화를 받아들이면서 크게 성장하였다. 이 시기 서천 봉선리 재지세력이 성장하게 된 이유는 두 가지이다. 첫 번째, 인근 지산리 유적에서 확인된 제철유구에서 확인되었듯이 이 일대는 철의 유통과 관련된 지역이다. 서천 봉선리 수혈식석곽묘에서 군사적 집단으로 추정될 만큼 다수의 철기류가 출토되었다. 이 다수의 철기류는 봉선리 재지세력이 철의 유통과 관련하여 성장하였음을 알 수 있게 한다. 이들은 다른 지역보다 빠르게 백제 문화를 수용하였다. 그러나 475년 백제의 웅진천도 후 상황이 급변하게 되었다. 백제 중앙 정부는 대외교섭 창구인 금강 하구를 통제하고자 하였다. 그러기 위해 기존의 재지세력에 대한 개편이 필요하였다. 반면 봉선리 재지세력은 그 위기를 극복하고자 하였을것이다. 이 시기 봉선리 제사시설이 주목된다. 동성왕은 금강 하구 지역으로 사냥을 자주 나가면서 이 지역을 순수하였는데, 그때 하늘과 산천에 제사를 지내는 행위도 동반하였을 가능성이 있다. 이를 통해 동성왕은 재지세력을 중앙 정부로 통제하고자 하였다. 반면 봉선리 재지세력은 중앙정부와 밀접하게 연결되고자 하였을 것이다. 그 노력의 흔적이 봉선리 제사시설로 나타났다. 제사시설은 동성왕의 사냥행위와 관련이 있다. 동성왕은 이곳에서 하늘과 산천에 제사를 드림으로써 금강하구 일대의 재지세력을 통제하고자 하였다. 하늘과 산천제사는 동성왕의 사냥행위와 관련한 일시적 제사행위였다. 본래 봉선리 제사시설은 바닷물이 가까이 들어와 기항지로서 역할을 할 수 있다는 점으로 보아 바다 안전 항해를 기원하는 성격을 지녔다. 봉선리 재지세력은 중앙정부와 밀접하게 연결되어 기존 세력을 유지하고자 하였으나, 동성왕은 기존의 재지세력을 통제하여 그 세력을 쇠퇴시키고자 하였다. 그로 인해 봉선리 재지세력은 점차 그 세력이 쇠퇴하고 말았다. One of the main forces at the mouth of the Geumgang River is the Seocheon Bongseon-ri. The ruins of Jisan-ri, near the Three Kingdoms Period, rose rapidly from the lower reaches of the Baekje Kingdom, becoming the most powerful force in the Seocheon area. The reason why the Jaeji forces in Bongseon-ri, Seocheon, grew during this period was that they embraced Baekje culture more than other regions. And as confirmed by the steel basin identified at the nearby Jisan-ri site, this area is an area related to steel facilities. However, the situation changed rapidly after Baekje had transferred its capital to Woongjin in 475. The central government of Baekje wanted to secure the mouth of the Geumgang River, a channel for foreign negotiations. To do so, it was necessary to restructure existing landowners. On the other hand, the Bongseon-ri Jaeji faction have might tried to overcome the crisis. During this time, the relics of Bongseon-ri"s ancestral rites appeared. King Dong-seong often went hunting in the mouth of the Geumgang River, possibly accompanied by sacrificial rites in the sky and in the mountains. By doing so, the king wanted to rally the wealth of the people to the central government. On the other hand, the Bongseon-ri Jaejik faction might have wanted to be closely linked to the central government. The stone chamber tomb is a figure of the Bongseon-ri Jaeji forces that want to be closely associated with the central government. Heaven and Sanchon Temple were the characteristics of the king"s own ritual, and the relics of Bongseon-ri changed after the reign of King Dongseong. The ritual site in Bongseon-ri may have been converted to wish for a sea safe voyage, such as the Jukmakdongjeok, because the sea water comes near and serves as a port of call. However, in the course of the realignment of the army, the forces of Bongseon-ri have declined.

발굴유적으로 본 고려~조선시대 내포신도시의 역사적 성격

이경복(kyeong bok Lee),이호경(ho kyoung Lee) 충청남도역사문화연구원 2023 충청학과 충청문화 Vol.34 No.1

圓眞國師 承逈의 活動과 崔忠獻

이경복(Lee Kyeong-bok) 호서사학회 2003 역사와 담론 Vol.36 No.-

백제의 태안반도 진출과 서산 부장리 세력

이경복(Lee Kyeong-Bok) 한국고대사탐구학회 2009 한국고대사탐구 Vol.3 No.-

3~4세기대 태안반도 유역에는 서산 명지리ㆍ기지리ㆍ언암리 등과 당진 채운리ㆍ석우리ㆍ가곡리 등의 유적에서 확인되듯이 다양한 재지세력들이 존재하고 있었다. 이들 세력은 마한의 전통이 강한 주거형태인 4주식 주거지와 토광묘, 분구묘를 조성하고 있었다. 이중 서산 명지리ㆍ기지리 세력은 소문환두대도가 출토되고 있어 다른 지역의 세력보다 높은 위상을 지니고 있었다. 그리고 태안반도 유역에서도 환두대도가 출토되는 서산 지역은 백제계 유물이 출토되는 당진 지역보다 백제의 영향력을 적게 받고 있었다. 그런데 5세기에 들어 서산 부장리 세력이 다른 세력을 압도하였다. 서산 부장리 세력은 태안반도가 충남 유일의 철 생산지란 점, 풍부한 소금 생산지라는 점과 더불어 태안반도 동쪽의 바닷길인 험난한 안흥량을 거치지 않고 내륙을 통해 아산만과 천수만을 이어줄 수 있는 교통로라는 이점을 배경으로 부상하였다. 백제에서는 서산 부장리 세력에게 금동관모와 금동신발, 그리고 은상감환두대도 등 위세품을 하사하여 통제하고자 하였다. 그러나 금동관모가 출토된 천안 용원리, 공주 수촌리, 익산 입점리 등은 주로 백제계 수혈식 석곽묘와 횡혈식 석실분에서 확인되었는데, 서산 부장리에서는 마한계 전통이 강한 분구묘에서 출토되고 있어 다른 지역보다 상대적으로 독립성을 지녔을 것이라 여겨진다. 서산 부장리 세력은 백제로부터 위세품을 하사받아 태안반도 지역의 맹주로 인정받았고, 철과 소금 등 공납의 의무를 수행하였을 것이다. 그러나 475년 백제의 한성함락으로 인해 태안반도 일대를 거치는 바닷길이 고구려에 의해 차단되어 서산 부장리를 중심으로 하는 재지세력들은 큰 타격을 받아 쇠퇴하고 말았다. 태안반도 일대 발굴유적을 살펴보면, 5세기 이후 더 이상의 마한계 분묘가 확인되지 않다. 반면에 백제계 분묘로 알려진 수혈식 석곽묘가 확인되고 있으며, 특히 4~5세기에 아무런 유적이 확인되지 않던 태안 지역에 6~7세기에 이르러 횡혈식 석실분이 존재하는 점을 보아 태안반도 재지세력의 쇠퇴로 말미암아 백제가 이들 지역을 직접 지배하였음을 알 수 있다. In the area of Taean Peninsula in 3rd~4th century, diverse local powers existed as they were checked in the remains of Seosan Myeongjiri, Gijiri, Eonamri, Danjin Chaeunri, Seokuri and Gagokri. They made pit tomb and Punku tomb as well as four-stand house with strong tradition of Mahan. The study could see that the powers of Seosan Myeongjiri and Seosan Gijiri were stronger than powers in other areas since simple-pattern swords with ring handle were excavated in the areas. And in the area of Taean Peninsula, the Seosan area where swords with ring handle got smaller influence from Baekje than the Dangjin area where Baekje remains were excavated. By the way, in the 5th century, the Seosan Bujangri power overwhelmed other powers. The Seosan Bujangri power was distinguished with merits that Taean Peninsula was the unique area of iron production in South Chungcheong and a production area of abundant salt and was a traffic route connecting Gyeonggi Port with Cheonsu Port through inland, not passing through rough Anheungryang which was a sea route in the east side of Taean Peninsula. Baekje attempted to dominate Seosan Bujangri power by giving them Royal gifts such as gold-made crown, gold-made shoes and swords with ring handle inlayed by silver. However, Cheonan Yongwonri, Gongju Suchonri and Iksan Imjeomri where gold-made crown was excavated were checked in Baekje-style stone chamber tomb and stone chamber with tunnel entrance. However, in Seosan Bujangri, it was excavated in Punku tomb with strong tradition of Mahan. Therefore, the Seosan Bujangri power had relatively stronger independence than other areas. It is guessed that the Seosan Bujangri power was recognized to be the leading power of Taean area by being granted Royal gifts from Baekje and paid iron and salt to Baekje. However, in AD 475 years, a sea route passing through Taean Peninsula was intercepted by Koguryeo since Hanseong, the capital of Baekje, was fallen by Koguryeo. After that, local powers focused on Seosan Bujangri were dwindled by getting a large impact. Examining remains excavated in the area of Taean Peninsula, Mahan-style tombs were not checked more after 5th century. On the other hand, the study could check the aspect since stone chamber tombs known to be a Baekje-style tomb were checked. Especially, stone chamber with tunnel entrance exists in the Taean area where any remains were not checked in 4th~5th century. Therefore, the study could see that Baekje dominated the areas directly since local powers of the Taean Peninsula were fallen in 6th~7th century.

弓裔와 闍崛山門

李璥馥(Lee, Kyeong-bok) 백산학회 2003 白山學報 Vol.- No.66

This essay is about Buddhism in the period of Kungye's reign. Researches concerning the idea of Maitreya in that period are still in the centre of everyone's attention. The results of research show the oppression of Zen Buddhism by Kungye. But The Mount Dogul school(闍崛山門) can be called an exception. The Mount Dogul school is the most important exponent of Buddhism power in the period after Kungye has left for Sedal temple(世達寺) and during his centralized reign. All the researches have been made can be summarized as the following. Kungye has left for Sedal temple. Sedal temple is a Buddhist temple which belongs to The Mount Dogul school and teaches Buddhist doctrines such as Zen(禪)과 Hua-yen belief(華嚴思想) and Maitreya belief(彌勒思想). So Kungye had a chance to study the theory of Maitreya. In Sedal temple, Kungye gained his influence and invaded two temples i. e. Hengryeong temple(興寧寺) where/with Jeoljung(折中) and Sedal temple. After that Kungye marched into Myŏngju(溟州). At that time inside of the The Mount Dogul school there was a confrontation between Gaecheong(開淸) and Haengjeok(行寂). Among main discords of Gaecheong and Haengjeok there were such as origin, growth, disciples and etc. but the problem of master's Beomil(梵日) came to the fore. Gaecheong of Sagul temple(闍崛寺) didn't want to acknowledge Haengjeok as the master's Beomil successor. Gaecheong thought he was the only inheritor of Beomil as he also carried out the funeral ceremony of the master. Using these discords Kungye captured Chunchen area where Haengjeok had been dwelling. Kungye did that in order to start relations with Gaecheong. After getting military support from Gaecheong Kungye became an independent general. And he also got some military bases for advancing into west territories. Kungye undertook marches into the territories of P'aesŏ provinces. Especially, Kungye tryed to repel Yang gil(梁吉) and to collaborate with The local gentry of P'aesŏ(浿西豪族) and Wang kŏn(王建) family clans. But after Kungye has finished the process of centralizing his power, the existence of those clans became menacing. So Kungye started to watch carefully the influence they had on Buddhism. Kungye suppressed the power of Zen Buddhism, Wang kŏn clans connected with Zen Buddhism. But Gaecheong in The Mount Dogul school is shown as maintainer of Kungye's Buddhism policy. The power of Gaecheong is seen as the most important support of Maitreya-centralized Buddhism policy of Kungye.

국내 도로터널내 차량항력계수 관련 연구

이창우,이경복,Lee, Chang-Woo,Lee, Kyeong-Bok 한국터널지하공간학회 2005 터널기술 Vol.7 No.4

터널환기력 중 중요한 비중을 차지하고 있는 교통환기력을 추정하는데 있어서 항력계수는 중요한 설계인자이다. 현재 국내 도로터널 환기시스템 설계시 적용하고 있는 항력계수는 국내 차량특성을 고려하지 않은 외국자료의 인용, 폐색율 만에 기초하며 슬립스트리밍효과를 고려하지 않고 있는 문제를 가지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 국내 터널내 교통환기력의 정확한 추정에 목표를 두고 (1) 현재 운행 중인 국내차량 특성을 고려한 전면 투영면적를 추정하고, (2) 도로서비스 수준별 차량배치상황을 CFD분석하여 슬립스트림밍 효과를 분석하여 차량 1대당 저항계수인 $K_{blockage}$와 항력계수를 분석하였다. Drag coefficient is one of the critical design factors to quantify the piston effect in vehicle tunnels. Several problems are raised on the drag coefficient currently applied for the ventilation system design; unverified adoption of the projected frontal area of the vehicle from the foreign study in the past, and lack of consideration for the slip-streaming effect. This study aims at better estimation of the traffic-induced ventilation force in the local tunnels. Values for the projected frontal area of the vehicles running on the local roads at present are proposed and results of an extensive CFD study are studied on the slip-streaming effects in various traffic conditions to quantify $K_{blockage}$ and the drag coefficient in the domestic tunnels.

자기부상열차 제3궤조 집전장치 개발 및 성능검증 연구

김지찬(Ji-Chan Kim),이경복(Kyeong-Bok Lee),마상견(Sang-Kyeon Ma),박종일(Jong-Il Park),양성용(Seong-Yong Yang) 한국철도학회 2017 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.05

자기부상열차는 전자석의 힘으로 차륜과 레일 사이를 부상하여 선형유도 전동기에 의해 추진하는 시스템으로 소음과 진동, 차륜 마찰에 의한 분진이 거의 없는 친환경 교통수단이다. 선로 구조가 고가 방식으로 차량 운영에 필요한 전력 공급은 일반적인 카테나리 가공선 방식이 아닌 제3궤조 방식을 사용하고 있다. 차량 개발 당시 제 3궤조 측면 접촉 방식으로 제작되어 사용되었으나, 동절기 전차선 결빙 등 우리나라 기후환경에 대응하고자 기존 전차선을 하면 접촉방식으로 변경하였으며, 그에 따른 집전장치를 개발하였다. 본 논문에서는 개발된 하면 접촉 방식 집전장치 개발 과정과 성능 및 효율을 전동차 실증 시험 결과를 통해 입증하고자 한다. A maglev train is a system driven by a linear induction motor that floats between a wheel and a rail due to the power of an electromagnet. It is an eco-friendly means of transportation with little noise, vibration or dust caused by wheel friction. The power supply for the operation of the vehicle with the elevated structure uses the third rail system instead of the general catenary line system. However, in order to cope with the climatic conditions such as freezing in the winter, the contact type of the existing power line was changed and the current collector device was developed accordingly. In this paper, we will demonstrate the development process and performance of the developed bottom contact type current collector device through the field test result of the maglev.

운영비 예측을 위한 자기부상차량 중정비 인공분석에 관한 연구

마상견(Sang Kyeon Ma),이경복(Kyeong Bok Lee),이희선(Hee Sun Lee),황재하(Jea Ha Hwang),박도영(Doh young Park) 한국철도학회 2014 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.5

2006 년 자기부상열차 실용화 사업 추진 이래 차량개발과 시범노선구축은 상용화 기반을 마련하고, 향후 신 교통시스템으로 대국민 서비스 제공과 수출기반 확대로 국부창출을 기대하고 있다. 현재 실용화를 위해 인천공항 자기부상시스템 시범노선 시설물 및 차량성능 등 종합시험을 진행하여 실용화와 더불어 국내 지자체에서 상용화를 검토하고 있는 실정이다. 하지만, 자기부상열차 상용화를 위해 시스템 운영에 대한 정확한 운영비용 산출 근거가 없는 실정으로 국내 현실에 맞는 객관적인 근거자료가 전무한 상태이다. 본 논문은 자기부상열차 운영비 예측을 위해 차량특성을 고려한 정비 대상별 인공을 차량측면에서 분석하였고, 또한 현재 운영중인 경량전철 중정비 인공 비교를 통한 자기부상열차의 유지보수 특성을 제시하였다. Since 2006, commercialization Maglev vehicle development and demonstration projects are new transportation system providing public service and expected to national wealth based on exports in future. However, given that there is no precedent for how to maintain maglev system, we need to estimate normal operation cost suitable for a domestic methods of maintenance for Maglev commercialization. This paper has calculated operation costs in order to work overall cost of Maglev operation out according to each type of maintenance studied mainly with Maglev vehicle. also, it suggests objective data and the characteristic of methods of Maglev heavy maintenance on the basis of practical cases.

도시형 자기부상 차량시스템의 운영비 산출에 관한 연구

마상견(Sang Kyeon Ma),이경복(Kyeong Bok Lee),이희선(Hee Sun Lee),박도영(Doh Young Park),신병천(Byung Chun Shin) 한국철도학회 2012 한국철도학회 학술발표대회논문집 Vol.2012 No.10

최근 대도시의 교통혼잡과 환경오염으로 인한 신교통시스템의 개발과 건설이 활발이 진행되고 있는 가운데 기존 도시철도의 과중한 건설비 및 운영비를 절감할 수 있는 경량전철 건설에 대한 적극적인 정책을 각 지자체에서 수립하고 있는 실정이다. 특히 자기부상시스템은 한국기계연구원의 실용화 사업과 인천공항 시범노선에 적용함으로서 차세대 신교통시스템의 대안으로 주목받고 있다. 본 연구는 자기부상시스템에 대한 운영비를 차량측면에서 분석하고 산출하였다. 운영비 산출을 위해 자기부상식 차량 특성에 따른 각 부품별 검사방법, 유지보수내용 및 비용, 인건비 등을 분석하였고, 그 결과를 기존 운행중인 철제차륜(대전도시철도 1 호선)과 경전철 시스템과의 운영측면에서 비교, 분석하였다. In recent years, local government have been established active policy for light rail construction to reduce heavy construction expenses and operating cost. Also development and construction of new transportation system caused by traffic congestion and environmental pollution of metropolis is actively progressing. Especially, maglev system is regarded as a next generation transportation system applied to incheon international airport line by commercialization business of KIMM. This paper is about maglev operating cost in terms of vehicle. The maintenance and labor cost were analyzed in order to calculate operating cost. And then the result were compared and analyzed with light rail and steel wheel (Daejeon line#1) in terms of operation.