Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010의 근원과 일부 규정의 문제점에 관한 연구

오세창,박성호,Oh, Se Chang,Park, Sung Ho 한국무역상무학회 2013 貿易商務硏究 Vol.57 No.-

The Incoterms which is one of the most useful international instrument for sale of goods provides when a contract goods deliver, risk passes and how costs are allocated between seller and buyer on the contract as long as they agree to use a rule of the Incoterms rules. The Incoterms rules have come into effective to use for an international or domestic trade of goods since January 2011, which have been modified several times since these established by ICC in 1936. The origin of Incoterms rules may had been appeared from English traditional FOB terms that had been affected to American regulations for the sale of goods. The Incoterms rules which had been started from the traditional English FOB terms and American FOB terms have been expanded other trade terms, such as CIF. Although FOB is based on the COD(Cash on Delivery), it is possible replaced COD to CAD(Cash against Delivery) through the use of Bill of Lading and Letter of Credit in the international sale of goods between seller and buyer according to the development of infrastructures on the international commercial transactions. This article exercises the process of transition of the Incoterms rules, being based on the English and American traditional FOB contract form through review literatures, judical precedents and provisions. Then this article provides some feasible alternatives to attempting to resolve some regulation problems of FCA, CPT, CIP, and D-rules in the Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010.

모의 사격 시스템에서 레이저 빔 인식을 위한 영상처리 기법

오세창,한동일,Oh, Se-Chang,Han, Dong-Il 한국정보통신학회 2009 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.13 No.3

모의 사격 시스템은 군사 훈련에 드는 많은 비용과 시간을 줄일 수 있음은 물론이고 사고의 위험을 배제할 수 있다. 특히 레이저를 이용한 모의 사격 시스템은 실탄을 사용한 훈련과 거의 유사한 환경을 제공할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 이러한 시스템을 구현하기 위해서는 레이저빔을 인식하기 위한 효과적인 영상처리기법의 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서 제안하는 방법은 인접한 두 영상에서 차 영상을 구하고 이 차 영상에서 빔을 배경과 구분하기 위해서 쓰레쉬홀딩 방법을 적용하였다. 이때 쓰레쉬홀드 값은 배경을 이루는 점들의 밝기 분포가 정규분포를 이룬다는 가정 하에 결정한다. 이 결과에 잡음제거와 영역분리 과정을 거쳐서 빔의 영역을 정한다. 이 영상처리 방법의 계산 복잡도는 영상의 크기와 잡음제거를 위해 사용한 마스크의 크기를 곱한 값에 비례한다. 실험에서 제안한 방법은 93.3%의 정확도를 보였다. 또한 부정확한 결과가 나오는 경우에도 항상 빔을 포함하여 영역을 잡는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Shooting simulation systems not only reduce a great amount of expense and time for military exercises but also prevent accidents. In particular, the shooting simulation systems using laser beam have an advantage which is very similar to the shooting exercise that uses real bullets. However, real time technique for laser beam recognition in a target image is necessary. The method proposed in this paper takes a difference image from two adjacent image frames. Then a thresholding is applied on this difference image to discriminate laser beam from background. To decide the threshold value the intensity distribution of background points is modeled assuming normal distribution. Then a noise reduction and a region segmentation are applied on the binary image to find the position of a laser beam. The time complexity of this process depends on the size of an image multiplied by the size of a mask used in the noise reduction process. The experimental result showed that the accuracy of the system was 93.3%. Even in the inaccurate cases the beam was always found in the resultant region.

항목 간 선호도 차이를 이용한 영화 추천 방법

오세창,최민,Oh, Se-Chang,Choi, Min 한국정보통신학회 2013 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.17 No.11

영화 추천 문제에 대한 해법으로 사용자 기반 추천 방법과 항목 기반 추천 방법이 연구되어왔다. 그러나 이들은 각각 희박성의 문제와 사용자의 선호도를 반영하지 못한다는 문제를 안고 있다. 이러한 문제들을 해결하기 위해서 유사도의 개념을 이용해 두 가지 방법을 조합하는 연구가 있으나 계산해야 할 파라메타 수가 많아 현실적으로 희박성의 문제에서 자유롭지 못하다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 보완하기 위하여 항목 간 선호도 차이를 이용한 추천 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 계산해야 할 파라메타 수가 적어 희박성의 문제에서 비교적 자유롭다. 또한 파라메타 계산에 사용자들이 평가한 선호도를 반영함으로써 보다 정확한 결과를 얻을 수 있다. 실험 결과 제안된 방법은 초기에는 오류가 크지만 빠르게 성능이 안정화되는 것을 보여준다. 또한 유사도를 이용한 기존의 추천 방법과 비교하여 평균 오류를 0.0538 낮추는 결과를 보였다. User-based and item-based method have been developed as the solutions of the movie recommendation problem. However, these methods are faced with the sparsity problem and the problem of not reflecting user's rating respectively. In order to solve these problems, there is a research on the combination of the two methods using the concept of similarity. In reality, it is not free from the problem of sparsity, since it has a lot of parameters to be calculated. In this study, we propose a recommendation method using rating difference between items in order to complement this problem. This method is relatively free from the problem of sparsity, since it has less parameters to be calculated. And it can get more accurate results by reflecting the users rating to calculate the parameters. In experiments for the proposed method, the initial error is large, but the performance has been quickly stabilized after. In addition, it showed a 0.0538 lower average error compared to the existing method using similarity.

모델 그래프를 이용한 빠른 필기 인식 방법

오세창,Oh, Se-Chang 한국정보통신학회 2012 한국정보통신학회논문지 Vol.16 No.5

Rough classification methods are used to improving the recognition speed in many character recognition problems. In this case, some irreversible result can occur by an error in rough classification. Methods for duplicating each model in several classes are used in order to reduce this risk. But the errors by rough classfication can not be completely ruled out by these methods. In this paper, an recognition method is proposed to increase speed that matches models selectively without any increase in error. This method constructs a model graph using similarity between models. Then a search process begins from a particular point in the model graph. In this process, matching of unnecessary models are reduced that are not similar to the input pattern. In this paper, the proposed method is applied to the recognition problem of handwriting numbers and upper/lower cases of English alphabets. In the experiments, the proposed method was compared with the basic method that matches all models with input pattern. As a result, the same recognition rate, which has shown as the basic method, was obtained by controlling the out-degree of the model graph and the number of maintaining candidates during the search process thereby being increased the recognition speed to 2.45 times. 많은 문자인식 문제에서 인식 속도를 높이기 위하여 대분류 방법이 사용된다. 이 경우 처음에 부류를 잘못 선택하면 대분류에 의해 돌이킬 수 없는 오류가 발생한다. 이러한 위험을 줄이기 위하여 각 모델을 여러 부류에 중복시키는 방법이 사용되지만, 이 또한 대분류 오류를 완전히 배제할 수는 없다. 본 논문에서는 오류를 증가시키지 않으면서도 전체 모델 중 일부를 선택적으로 정합함으로써 인식 속도를 높이기 위한 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법은 모델간의 유사도를 이용하여 그래프를 구성하고, 이 그래프 상에서 특정 모델을 시점으로 그래프 탐색을 진행함으로써, 입력 패턴과 유사도가 떨어지는 모델들과의 불필요한 정합을 줄인다. 본 논문에서는 이 방법을 숫자와 영어 대소문자를 대상으로 하는 온라인 필기 문자 인식 문제에 적용하였다. 실험에서 입력 패턴을 모든 모델과 정합하는 기본적인 방법과 제안하는 방법을 비교해 보았다. 그 결과 모델 그래프의 진출 차수와 탐색 과정에서 유지하는 후보의 개수를 적절히 조절함으로써 기본적인 방법과 동일한 인식률을 얻었으며, 인식 속도는 2.45배의 증가를 보였다.

국제물품판매계약(國際物品賣買契約)을 위한 CISG.PICC.MISC상(上)의 해석원칙비교(解釋原則比較)

오세창,Oh, Se-Chang 한국무역상무학회 2000 貿易商務硏究 Vol.13 No.-

Through the this paper, a conclusion could be derived from CISG PICC MISC made by UNIDROIT, UNCITRAL, ICC of representative system making out a draft for uniform law, convention, trade usages. (1) In short, like most int'l sales rules applicable to commercial contracts, these rules play a supporting role, supplying answers to problems arising from transaction between the parties. (2) Though every one has in its own way a special feature, use of MISC made on the basis of actual facts which the parties are faced with their daily transactions, CISG and Incoterms being now in force, is desirable. (3) In case of use of MISC similar to a system of Incoterms, as PICC, it is necessary for MISC to set forth definitions about important terminology which is possible to give concerned parties confusion. (4) In a sense, PICC has a character complementing problems which CISG can not solve, therefore, if int'l agreement is given, it is desirable to adopt revised PICC adding specials conditions (A) of MISC as appendix of PICC such as Llouyd's Form in an appendix to MIA, as int'l convention.

2차 전자계약예비협약초안에 관한 연구

오세창,Oh, Se-Chang 한국무역상무학회 2003 貿易商務硏究 Vol.20 No.-

On the above, a comparison between preliminary draft conventions and comments by the Int'l Chamber of Commerce, contents of preliminary draft convention, problems and alternative are discussed. The conclusions are as follows thereof : The laws of MLEC and MLES made preparation for electronic era of CISG. But electronic circumstances are more changed than the time of regulation of them. Therefore the business world needs a stand-alone convention dealing broadly with the issues of contract formation in electronic commerce. At last, preliminary draft convention delivered a second round. But the base of the instrument was also MLEC and MLES. The revised preliminary draft convention is much amended beyond preliminary draft convention. At its forty-one sessions, the working group reviewed articles 1-11 of the revised preliminary draft convention presented by the secretariat. The remainder was pending until the time of its forty-two sessions. Therefore, on the base of deliberations and decisions of that sessions and them of thirty-six sessions of UNCITRAL, which will be held on comming november, the draft convention which will be prepared by the secretariate, be re-revised preliminary draft convention. According to review of working group on them, preliminary draft convention will officially be draft convention or revise by secretariate. Under these situations, my points of view on draft convention are as follows : As though e-UCP is used carring out side by side with UCP, after e-CISG making in order to adjust CISG to "on" transaction, it is very easy and prompt for business worked to use CISG with e-CISG. This will facilitate ratification of the CISG. For this case, I already presented contents of e-CISG. It is very important for the preliminary draft convention to deal specially with issues related to electronic contracting or to electronic transaction, because according to which way, its contents and scope of application will be different. But the revised draft convention is regretably compromising both them. Consequently, its contents are very confusing and we could not expect its success. If e-CISG will regulate, it is desirable that, if possible, working group has to make the general rule, and the making of useful, practical, affordable rule for electronic commerce, for example Uniform Customs and Practices for Electronic Commerce(e-UEC) in order to solve the specific practical problems, if any, which business currently faces regarding electronic contracting, has to entrust ICC. If working group want to make e-CISG, it is important not to hesitate and take a significant amount of time.

Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 Rules의 문제점과 대안

오세창,Oh, Se-Chang 한국무역상무학회 2011 貿易商務硏究 Vol.51 No.-

The important and main purpose of revision of Incoterms rules are to adapt it to contemporary commercial practice in world trade, and to contribute to great service to foreign trade. Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 revision basically focuses on trade terms to be used for any mode or modes of transport at compared Incoterms 2000 gouping in four basically different categories, and presents trade terms to be used for traditionally seaborn trade. Therefore the former is for trading in manufactured goods involved in containerization, the latter is for trading in community. This study focuses on a motive of revisions and main features of the Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 rules, an outline, the problems and alternative of them. In conclusion, I would like present as follows; (1) Although they only concerned the models of delivery and critical point, they only say a few of the many factors of a sale contract, that is to say for the devision of fuctions, costs and risks between the contracting parties as supplement law, but the guestion of the legal position of Incoterms rules is various in different countries and scholars. in spite of that, it must focus on the practical application and the wide acceptance of Incoterms rules in world trade. (2) Although they present more simple and clear, unfricative, than Incoterms 2000 rules, in order to help users, the need to unify consistently and fully explanate in contents and expression. (3) Introduction and guidance note of Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 rules basically focuses on the understanding of a motive of revisions as compared Incoterms 2000 rules. But it is well advised to do this on the assumption of understanding the various basic meaning of terms. (4) finally, trade concerned regulations take account of the reflection for the application to domestic and international trade according to formally reconization of availability for both trade.

Incoterms^ⓡ 2010 CIP·DDP·CIF 규정상의 문제점과 대안에 관한 연구

오세창,박성호,OH, Se-Chang,PARK, Sung-Ho 한국무역상무학회 2015 貿易商務硏究 Vol.65 No.-

International Commercial Terms, known as "Incoterms", are internationally accepted terms defining the responsibilities of exporters and importers in the arrangement of shipments and the transfer of liability involved at various stages of the transaction. The latest version of Incoterms rules were revised in 2010, so called Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 which is the eighth set of pre-defined commercial terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce(ICC) in 1936. It has been already past 5 years since Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010 became effective January 1, 2011. At this point, we should examine the latest version of Incoterms whether the rules are not satisfied with the practical commerce because the customs and practices of commerce change constantly. The main purpose of this article is to seek a difference between the present commercial customs and practice and the rules of Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010. In addition, if there is any difference between them, an alternative resolution would be suggested. This article exercises the process of transition of the Incoterms rules, especially CIP, DDP, and CIF among 11 rules of Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010. Then this article provides some feasible alternatives to attempting to resolve some regulation problems of CIP, DDP, and CIF in the Incoterms$^{(R)}$ 2010. For examples, the practical meaning is different between "if customary or at the buyer's request" and "if agreed or customary" in CIF and CIP, especially a negotiable documentary being used. Furthermore, the interpretation of transfer of risks on the afloat goods in string sales in CIF term.

ICC eTerms 2004와 ICC guide to electronic contracting에 관한 소고

오세창(Se-Chang Oh) 계명대학교 산학연구소 2005 經營經濟 Vol.38 No.1

C-terms의 실무적용시의 유의점

오세창(Oh, Se-Chang) 계명대학교 산학연구소 2007 經營經濟 Vol.40 No.1

Basically C-terms are contracts for the sale of goods to be performed by the delivery of documents. Therefore C-terms are not a sale of documents relating to goods but are a sale of goods. The other hand, CPT and CIP contracts are the modern counterparts of older, maritime terms, CFR and CIF, and suitable for all modes of transport as terms of a maximum of flexibility. Therefore there are many important differences between CFR, CIF and CPT, CIP in the view of passing of risk and costs, etc. Nonetheless, in practice these terms are frequently misused by int’l business community. Therefore, although CPT and CIP contracts correspond to CFR and CIF contract which seller has to contract for main carriage, through the other regulation of current variants of Incoterms, or the appropriate revision of C-terms. It should be noted that there are important differences between the oldest and certainly the most widely used traditional trade terms. The modern terms are designed for a maximum flexibility. Therefore businessmen should not misuse these terms.