Congratulatory Remarks

HyunSub Sim(심현섭) 한국언어치료학회 2016 한국언어치료학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.12

조음장애아동과 비장애아동의 말운동통제 보상능력 비교

송윤경(Yunkyung Song),심현섭(Hyunsub Sim) 한국음성학회 2008 음성과학 Vol.15 No.3

This study attempted to reveal the physiologic etiology or related factors associated with speech processing by comparing the compensation ability in speech motor control in children with and without articulation disorders. Subjects were 35 children with articulation disorder and 35 children without articulation disorder whose age ranged from 5 to 6 years. They were asked to rapidly repeat /p<SUP>h</SUP>a/, /t<SUP>h</SUP>a/, /k<SUP>h</SUP>a/, /p<SUP>h</SUP>at<SUP>h</SUP>ak<SUP>h</SUP>a/ diadochokinetic movement while mandible was free and mandible was stabilized with bite block. The results showed that children with articulation disorder revealed significantly greater difference in elapsed time for diadochokinetic movement between mandible free and stabilized state compared to the without articulation disorder group. But the correlation between the percentage of consonants correct and the compensation ability in speech motor control in the articulation disorder group was irrelevant. These results point out to the fact that children with articulation disorder have poor compensation ability in speech motor control compared to the children without articulation disorder. On the other hand, the poor ability does not have any relation with the severity of articulation disorder. These results suggest either general or individual characteristics of children with articulation disorder.

과제 유형에 따른 경도 지적장애 청소년의 비유창성 특성

배민영(Bae, Minyoung),심현섭(Sim, Hyunsub),박희영(Park, Heeyoung) 이화여자대학교 특수교육연구소 2018 특수교육 Vol.17 No.2

연구목적: 본 연구는 언어적 복잡성이 다양한 발화과제를 이용하여 경도 지적장애(MID) 청소년의 비유창성 특성을 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 15명의 MID 청소년(만12-14세)과 생활연령 및 교육년수를 일치시킨 일반 청소년 13명을 대상으로 읽기, 이야기 다시 말하기, 그림 설명하기의 세 가지 과제에서 집단 간 또는 과제 간 총비유창성(TD)과 정상적인 비유창성(OD), 비정상적인 비유창성(SLD)에 유의한 차이가 있는지 알아보았다. 연구결과: MID 청소년들은 세 가지 과제에서 TD와 SLD의 빈도가 일반 청소년들보다 유의하게 높았으며, OD의 빈도는 읽기를 제외한 이야기 다시 말하기와 그림 설명하기 과제에서 일반 청소년들보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다. 과제 간 비교에서 MID 청소년은 읽기보다 이야기 다시 말하기와 그림 설명하기 과제에서 TD와 OD 빈도가 유의하게 증가하였으나, SLD 빈도는 과제별로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한, OD와 SLD의 하위유형 중 주저, 다음절단어/구반복, 부분낱말반복, 연장, 깨진 낱말에서 집단 간 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결론: 본 연구의 결과들은 MID 청소년들이 읽기를 포함한 발화과제에서 일반 청소년들 보다 비유창하다는 사실을 보여준다. MID 청소년의 구어적 비유창성은 낮은 인지수준에서 언어를 계획하고 형식화하여 산출하는 과정에서의 어려움에 기초할 수 있다. 따라서 MID 청소년들의 비유창성 개선을 위해 언어적 중재를 바탕으로 구어산출의 유창성 증진을 위한 효율적 중재의 고찰이 이루어져야 하겠다. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics of speech disfluency in adolescents with mild intellectual disability (MID). Method: Fifteen MID students and thirteen control students participated in this study. All participants aged 12 to 14 years. They were matched for age and years of education. Speech samples were collected from reading, story retelling, and picture description tasks. Speech disfluency characteristics were classified as other disfluencies (OD) or stuttering-like disfluencies (SLD). Results: MID group produced significantly more total disfluenices (TD) and SLD across the three speech production tasks with more OD on story retelling and picture description tasks than the control group. The frequencies of TD and OD in MID group were significantly increased in story retelling and picture description tasks compared to reading performance, although the frequency of SLD did not differ across tasks. In OD and SLD subtypes, MID group produced significantly more hesitations, multi-syllable/phrase repetitions, part-word repetitions, prolongations, and broken words than the control group. Conclusion: Adolescents with MID have speech disfluencies in speaking performance including reading. This finding suggests that low levels of cognitive and linguistic processing in MID students may negatively influence their disfluent verbal production.

다운증후군아동과 일반아동의 구강운동기능이 자음정확도 및 말명료도에 미치는 영향

강은혜(Kang, Eunhye),심현섭(Sim, Hyunsub) 한국음성학회 2017 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.9 No.2

The current study examines PCC (percentage of correct consonant), speech intelligibility, and oral motor function between the group of typically developing children and the group of children with Down’s syndrome. To 15 children with Down’s syndrome (mean CA: 9;7) and 15 typically developing children on receptive language age, the following tests were administered: K-WPPSI (2001), Picture Vocabulary Test (Kim et al., 1995), Oral and Speech Motor Control Protocol for total oral functional score (Robbins et al., 1987), DDK and Assessment of Phonology and Articulation for Children (APAC, Kim et al., 2007) for PCC and speech intelligibility. Pearson correlation coefficients were computed for the total oral functional score, PCC and DDK of each group. The statistical analysis showed that there is no significant difference in total functional score and DDK when IQ was controlled. There was a significant correlation between total oral functional score and PCC in the Down’s syndrome group and a significant correlation between total oral functional score and intelligibility in the Down’s syndrome group whether IQ was controlled or not. The findings suggest that both cognitive ability and overall oral motor function need to be considered for the intervention to enhance PCC or speech intelligibility of children with Down"s syndrome.

소음 유형과 신호대잡음비가 마비말장애인의 말명료도에 미치는 영향

이영미(Lee YoungMee),심현섭(Sim HyunSub),성지은(Sung JeeEun) 한국음성학회 2011 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.3 No.4

This study investigated the effects of the types of noise and signal to noise ratios (SNRs) on speech intelligibility of an adult with dysartrhia. Speech intelligibility was judged by 48 naive listeners using a word transcription task. Repeated measures design was used with the types of noise (multi-talker babble/environmental noise) and SNRs (0, +10 ㏈, +20 ㏈) as within-subject factors. The dependent measure was the percentage of correctly transcribed words. Results revealed that two main effects were statistically significant. Listeners performed significantly worse in the multi-talker babble condition than the environmental noise condition, and they performed significantly better at higher levels of SNRs. The current results suggested that the multi-talker babble and lower level of SNRs decreased the speech intelligibility of adults with dysarthria, and speech-language pathologists should consider environmental factors such as the types of noise and SNRs in evaluating speech intelligibility of adults with dysarthria.

문장 따라말하기에서 말속도, 발화길이 및 통사적 복잡성에 따른 말더듬 아동과 일반아동의 비유창성 비교

김예슬(Yesul Kim),심현섭(Hyunsub Sim) 한국음성학회 2021 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.13 No.1

요구용량 모델에 의하면 말더듬 아동의 비유창성은 외적, 내적 환경에 영향을 받아 나타나는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 외적 환경 중 언어적인 환경(말속도, 발화길이 및 통사적 복잡성)의 변화에 따른 말더듬 아동과 일반아동의 비유창성 차이를 비교 분석하려고 한다. 연구대상은 4–6세 말더듬 아동 9명, 일반아동 9명이었다. 연구과제로 문장 따라말하기 과제를 실시하여 말더듬 아동과 일반 아동의 비유창성 빈도를 구하였다. 두 그룹의 비유창성 차이를 분석한 결과, 발화길이를 조절했을 때 평균 말속도에서 말더듬 아동은 발화길이와 상관없이 일반 아동보다 비유창성이 더 많이 나타났다. 말속도를 조절 때 말더듬 아동은 빠른 말속도에서 일반아동보다 많은 비유창성을 보였다. 그리고 말속도와 발화길이를 조절했을 시 빠른 말속도에서 말더듬 아동은 발화길이와 상관없이 일반아동보다 높은 비유창성을 보였다. 통사적 복잡성을 조절했을 때는 복문에서 말더듬 아동이 일반아동보다 더 많은 비유창성을 보였다. 말더듬 아동은 말속도, 발화길이 그리고 통사적 복잡성에 따라 비유창성에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 말더듬 아동은 말운동 조절 그리고 언어처리 능력이 일반아동보다 취약한 것으로 보인다. 따라서 임상에서 말더듬 아동 치료 시 치료사와 부모가 말속도와 발화길이를 아동의 수준에 맞춰 진행하는 것이 중요한 것으로 확인되었다. According to Demand and Capacity Model (DCM), external and internal environments influence the disfluency of children who stutter (CWS). This study investigated the effects of simultaneous changes in motoric and linguistic demands on CWS and children who do not stutter (CWNS). Participants were 4–6 years old CWS and CWNS. A sentence imitation task with changes in speech rate, utterance length, and sentence complexity was used to examine their effects on children’s disfluency. When the utterance length changed, CWS showed more disfluency regardless of utterance length and as the speech rate changed, CWS showed more disfluency at fast speech rate than CWNS. When the utterance length and speech rate changed, at fast speech rate, CWS showed more disfluency in both utterances than CWNS. When sentence complexity changed, CWS showed more disfluency than CWNS in complex sentences. Changes in linguistic elements such as speech rate, utterance length, and sentence complexity affect disfluency in CWS, especially when they were exposed to faster, longer, and more complex sentences. This indicates that CWS are vulnerable to fast and complex speech motor control and language processing ability than CWNS. Thus, this study suggests that parents and therapists consider both the speech rate and the utterance length when talking with CWS.

뇌성마비로 인한 마비말장애 성인의 최대 혀 및 입술 강도와 자음정확도 및 말명료도의 관계

최여진(Choi, Yoejin),심현섭(Sim, Hyunsub) 한국음성학회 2013 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.5 No.2

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the strength of the tongue/lip strength and speech production for dysarthric adults with cerebral palsy. The maximal tongue and lip strengths of 22 normal adults, 27 dysarthric adults (10 adults with mild dysarthria, 10 adults with moderate dysarthria, and 7 adults with severe dysarthria) were measured with Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI). The percentage of correct consonants (PCC) and speech intelligibility were calculated from the words and sentences spoken by the subjects. The results of the study are as follows: First, both the maximal tongue and the maximal lip strength differed significantly between the control group and the group with dysarthria. While the group with mild dysarthria did not show meaningful difference in maximal tongue and lip strengths from the control group, the group with moderate and severe dysarthria showed significantly weaker tongue and lip strength than the control group and the group with mild dysarthria. Second, the current study suggests the existence of a significant correlation between the maximal tongue and lip strength and the PCC and speech intelligibility within all subjects with dysarthria. These findings can serve as an effective foundation to diagnose dysarthria quickly and accurately. The results of this study also indicate that in addition to the maximal tongue strength, the maximal lip strength can prove to be an important index in predicting the speech intelligibility of dysarthric adults with cerebral palsy.

말더듬 청소년의 괴롭힘(bullying)에 관한 질적연구

이현경 ( Hyumkyung Lee ),이수복 ( Soobok Lee ),심현섭 ( Hyunsub Sim ),오인수 ( Insoo Oh ) 경북대학교 중등교육연구소 2016 중등교육연구 Vol.64 No.2

본 연구는 말더듬 청소년이 또래 친구로부터 받는 괴롭힘에 대한 경험을 이해하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 총 8명의 중ㆍ고등학생을 대상으로 면담자료를 활용한 사례연구를 실시하였다. 연구에 참여한 말더듬 청소년들은 괴롭힘에 대한 자신들의 생각과 경험에 대해서 이야기를 하였으며, 질적 분석 결과 괴롭힘에 대한 총 4개의 주제가 도출되었다: 1) 말더듬 청소년들이 괴롭힘을 당하는 요인은 개인의 능력과 관계의 취약성으로 인한 ‘힘의 불균형’인 것으로 나타났다. 2) 말더듬 청소년들은 다양한 언어적 괴롭힘을 경험 하였다. 3) 말더듬 청소년들은 괴롭힘에 대해 의존-수동적 대처를 하였는데, 도움추구, 수동적 대응, 그리고 회피형태가 나타났다. 4) 말더듬 청소년들은 괴롭힘의 피해결과로 불안과 분노가 증가하고 자아 존중감이 저하되는 정서적 충격을 경험하였다. 이러한 연구결과는 학교나 치료현장에서 말더듬 청소년을 지원하는 선생님이나 치료사들이 말더듬 장애에 대한 이해와 함께 말더듬 청소년들이 괴롭힘에 취약할 수 있음을 인식해야 함을 제안한다. 또한 청소년기 말더듬 학생을 치료할 때에 괴롭힘 경험 여부와 그에 따른 부정적인 정서적 영향을 확인하고 괴롭힘에 대해 어떻게 대처해 나가야 할지에 대한 내용을 치료 계획에 포함시켜야 함을 제안한다. This study qualitatively explored bullying experiences of adolescents who stutter(AWS). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 middle and high school students. Participants talked about their perception and experiences of bullying. Four major themes were emerged from this study. Individual ability and vulnerability to interpersonal relationships are major factors causing bullying in AWS. The verbal bullying was the most common type of bullying AWS experienced in school. Furthermore, they have few coping strategies to deal with bullying. As a result, they have experienced negative emotional attitudes by being bullied. Results suggest that AWS are more likely to be a target for bullying because of their stuttering, thereby experiencing negative emotions. Thus, school teachers, as well as speech language therapists(SLP) need to understand the nature of stuttering and to identify risk factors which AWS have in terms of school bullying. SLP needs to consider those factors when developing stuttering therapy plans for AWS.

Speech cues를 이용한 반복훈련이 뇌성마비 아동의 자음정확도 및 말명료도에 미치는 영향: 단일대상연구

서새희(Saehee Seo),정필연(Pilyeon Jeong),심현섭(Hyunsub Sim) 한국음성학회 2021 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.13 No.3

본 연구에서는 단일대상연구로서 speech cues를 이용한 반복훈련이 뇌성마비 아동의 자음정확도 및 말명료도에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 연구에는 만 5–8세의 뇌성마비 아동 3명이 참여하였다. 중재는 한 달간 주 4회, 총 16회기 동안 진행하였으며, 한 회기는 30분으로 구성하였다. 훈련과제는 목표 음소가 포함된 1–2음절의 단어와 2어절의 문장을 speech cues의 두 가지 발화유형인 ‘Big mouth’와 ‘Strong voice’로 훈련하였다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 세 아동 모두 자음정확도와 말명료도의 평균이 중재단계에서 증가하였으나, 효과크기는 아동 간 상이하였다. 또한, 자음정확도에 비해 말명료도에서 더 높은 효과가 나타났다. 세 아동 모두 훈련 문항에서 유지 효과도 나타났다. 둘째, 세 아동 모두 비훈련 단어와 문장에서 일반화 효과가 나타났다. 따라서 speech cues를 이용한 반복훈련을 통해 뇌성마비 아동의 자음정확도와 말명료도가 증가된 것을 알 수 있었으며, 임상에서 좀 더 쉽고 간편한 중재로 그 효용성이 있다는 것을 확인하였다. This single-subject study examined the effects of repetitive speech training at the word and sentence levels using speech cues on the percentage of correct consonants (PCC) and speech intelligibility of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Three children aged between 5–8 years with a history of CP participated in the study. Thirty-minute intervention sessions were provided four times a week for four weeks. The intervention included repeated training of words and sentences containing target phonemes using two instructions of speech cues, “big mouse” and “strong voice”. First, the children improved their average PCC and speech intelligibility, but an effect size analysis indicated that the effect was different for each child, and the effect size for speech intelligibility was higher than for PCC. Second, the intervention effect was generalized to untrained words and sentences. Third, the maintenance effects of PCC and speech intelligibility were very high. These findings suggests that repeated speech training using speech cues is an intervention technique that can help improve PCC and speech intelligibility in children with CP.

뇌성마비로 인한 마비말장애 성인의 자음 오류 분석

이영미(Lee, Youngmee),성지은(Sung, JeeEun),심현섭(Sim, HyunSub) 한국음성학회 2013 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.5 No.1

The aim of this study was to analyze consonant articulation errors produced by 90 speakers with cerebral palsy (CP). Phonetic transcriptions were made for 37 single-word utterances containing 70 phonemes: 48 initial consonants and 22 final consonants. Errors of substitution, omission, and distortion were analyzed using a confusion matrix paradigm showing the visualization of error patterns. Results showed that substitution errors in initial and final consonants were most frequent, followed by omission and distortion. Consonant omission occurred more frequently on final consonants. In both initial and final consonants, the within-place errors were more prominent than the within-manner errors. The current results suggest that consonant confusion matrices for dysarthric speech may provide useful information for evaluating speech intelligibility and developing automatic speech recognition system of adults with CP associated dysarthria.