연구논문 : 반빈곤정책: 한국과 미국의 비교연구

송문영 ( Moon Young Song ) 국제헌법학회, 한국학회 2005 世界憲法硏究 Vol.11 No.1

자침시(刺鍼時) 압침(押鍼)의 수기자극(手技刺戟)이 전위변화(電位變化)에 미치는 영향(影響)

송문영 ( Moon Young Song ),심원보 ( Won Bo Shim ),김영태 ( Young Tae Kim ),백대봉 ( Dae Bong Baek ),안성훈 ( Sung Hun Ahn ),김경식 ( Kyoung Sik Kim ),손인철 ( In Cheul Sohn ) 대한경락경혈학회 2005 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.22 No.4

Objective: hypothesis. First of all, there exists electric property in meridian and meridian point. Second of all, energy flowing in meridian is related with electric property. Third of all, there is electronic interaction between the operator who performs acupuncture therapy and the receiver who is given acupuncture therapy. Forth of all, acupuncture effects may depend on the electric capacity which is transferred between the operator and the receiver via acupuncture needle. Methods: Under the hypothesis, I studied the effects of electric charge in ST37(+) and ST39(-) generated by Apchim (押鍼) manipulation which was stimulated at ST36 point. And compared with data on the changes of electric charge from the hand of the operator during acupuncture stimulation. Electric charge induced via acupuncture needle from the operator may be important factor that causes the changes of electric charge in meridian and acupoint in the receiver. Therefore we investigated the changes of electric charge induced by the operator using Maclab 400 by the following methods. The one was in stable electric circle condition and the other was in unstable electric circle condition. In this experiments, the changes of electric charge from the stimulation type of Apchim manipulation performed in our lab condition in acupuncture therapy was induced at least three factor, one was the difference of bio-potentials between the operator and the receiver of acupuncture therapy, another was the depth of acupuncture insertion from the skin of the receiver, the other was an electromyogram of the receiver. Results: The data imply that the first factor should make a capacitance current when the operator touched the acupuncture needle which was inserted in the receiver. Therefore, the results suggest that capacitance currents stimulus in electronic view may be important factor in acupuncture therapy between the operator and the receiver of acupuncture therapy.

TNBS로 유도된 대장염에서 곡지의 구진약침 효과

송문영 ( Moon Young Song ),박상연 ( Sang Yeon Park ),김재효 ( Jae Hyo Kim ),안성훈 ( Sung Hun Ahn ),김경식 ( Kyoung Sik Kim ),손인철 ( In Chul Sohn ) 대한경락경혈학회 2008 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.25 No.3

Objectives: Crohn`s disease (CD) is characterized by a chronic relapsing inflammation of the bowel in which proinflammatory cytokines play an important perpetuating role. Methods: Mice (preventive animal model of gliotoxin) were treated with 5 % 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) at day 1 and day 7. To investigate preventive effects of acupuncture with Gujin at LI11, acupuncture was carried out at day -1, day 1, day 3. And, to investigate therapeutic effects, acupuncture with Gujin was carried out at day 3, day 5, day 7. For the data analysis, we checked weight and width of colon, diarrhea, edema, survival rate, changes of body weight, and myeloperoxygenase (MPO) activity. For analysing protein expression, we carried out immunohistochemical staining and Western blot and we analyzed mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Results: Colon of TNBS treated mice was erosive and shortening compared with the colon of control mice and induced damages of colon epithelial cell Layer and induced infiltration of immune cells in all Layer of colon. Acupuncture of gujin at LI11 in preventive mode suppressed macorscopic damages such as erosive and shortening of colon by TNBS and damages of intestinal epithelial cells and infiltration of immune cells in the colon. The average weight of 5 cm distal colon was increased in TNBS treated mice (758㎍) compared with in control mice (112㎍) and width of distal colon was also increased in TNBS treated mice (4.9mm) compared with in control mice (1.3㎜). Acupuncture with Gujin at LI11 in preventive and therapeutic mode suppressed increase of colon weight and width by TNBS. TNBS induced edema of colon and diarrhea and Acupunctured with Gujin at LI11 in preventive and therapeutic mode ameliorated these symptom by TNBS. In preventive and therapeutic mode, the effects of acupuncture with Gujin at LI11 were increasing the motility, suppressing body weight decreasing, suppressing MPO activity, reducing expressing of TNF-α, IL-1b, and ICAM-1 in colon compared with that by TNBS Conclusions: This study demonstrates that acupuncture with Gujin at LI11 represents a potential therapeutic method of Crohn`s disease.

생쥐의 급,만성 대장염에 대한 곡지의 구진 약침 효과

송문영 ( Moon Young Song ),권오상 ( Oh Sang Gwon ),장재훈 ( Jae Hoon Jang ),장재영 ( Jae Young Jang ),박성익 ( Sung Ik Park ),김재효 ( Jae Hyo Kim ),김경식 ( Kyung Sik Kim ),손인철 ( In Chul Sohn ) 대한경락경혈학회 2007 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.24 No.4

Objectives: The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the effects of herbal acupuncture (HA) with Moxi-tar for the treatment to intestinal disease in mice with 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induced colitis. Methods: Mice were administered with 5% TNBS at day 1 and day 7. To investigate effects of HA with Moxi-tar at LI11, treatments were carried out at day -1, day 1, day 3, day 5, and day 7. It was checked on the weight and width of colon, diarrhea, edema, survival rate, changes of body weight, and myeloperoxygenase (MPO) activity. Furthermore, we carried out immunohistochemical staining and Western blot and analyzed mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Results: HA of Moxi-tar at LI11 in preventive mode suppressed macroscopic damages and damages of intestinal epithelial cells and infiltration of immune cells in the colon by TNBS. HA in early and preventive mode ameliorated various symptoms by TNBS. TNBS injection increased MPO activity in colon while HA in preventive mode suppressed increase of MPO activity. HA down-regulated NF-kB activity and reduced expression of TNF-a, IL-1b, and ICAM-1 in colon of TNBS treated mice. Similar to experiment at colon, HA down-regulated NF-kB activity and reduced expression of TNF-a, IL-1b, and ICAM-1 by TNBS in mesenteric lymph node. HA in therapeutic mode suppressed errosion and shortening of colon and MPO activity by TNBS and suppressed mRNA expression of TNF-a, IL-1b, and ICAM-1 in the colon. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that HA with Moxi-tar at LI11 represents a potential therapeutic method of inflammatory bowel diseases.

구진의 H2O2로 유발된 뇌신경세포 상해에 대한 보호 기전 연구

안성훈 ( Seoung Hoon Ahn ),안영남 ( Young Nam Ahn ),백대봉 ( Dae Bong Baek ),송문영 ( Moon Young Song ),김경식 ( Kyoung Sik Kim ),손인철 ( In Cheul Sohn ) 대한경락경혈학회 2005 Korean Journal of Acupuncture Vol.22 No.2

Objective: This study was produced to examine the effects of moxibustion that had been played important role to traditional oriental medical treatment on disease. Recently, it was reported that moxi-tar which is generated in the process of moxibustion as burning combustibles decreased NO and iNOS generation in C6-glioma and RAW 264.7 cells in our Lab. The purpose of this research was to investigate the protect reaction on cell injury induced by the H2O2 in C6-glioma cells. Methods: C6-glioma cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 with FBS 10% in CO2 incubator. To study the protective effects of moxi-tar, we observed cell viability, DPPH activity, SOD activity, catalase activity and cell morphology after injury with H202. Results: Moxi-tar increased cell viability about twice as much as that of being injury by H2O2 (moxi-tar 40 μg/ml, H2O2 500 μM). And the results of free radical scavenger activity (80 μg/ml: 78.91±4.4%), SOD activity and catalase activity (80 μg/ml: 21.6 unit/mg protein) were increased by moxi-tar as dose-dependent manner. Conclusion: we concluded that the effects of moxibustion which is played important role in Oriental medicine, might be free radical scavenger effects induced by moxi-tar.

PARADIGM SHIFTS IN SOUTH-KOREAN PUBLIC POLICY

宋文永 수원대학교 2006 論文集 Vol.24 No.-

인간의 사고와 행위는 일정한 기간에 걸쳐서 일정한 경향을 보이며 특정유형을 형성한다. 사람으로 구성된 조직도 일정한 기간에 걸쳐서 특정유형을 형성하면서 조직적 사고와 조직해위가 이루 워 진다. 일정 기간을 단위로 하여 국가 정부의 정책형성의 변형 유형을 살펴보는 것은 연구의 실효성을 높여 줄 수 있다. 한국의 공공정책 유형을 파악하기 위하여 두시기로 나누어 분석 한다. 첫 번째는 대한민국 정부 수립 이후부터 1960년대 초엽의 5-16 군사 혁명 시기를 걸쳐서 1970년대의 급속한 경제개발과 1980년대 지속적 경제개발 시대에 걸치는 시기이고, 두 번째는 군사 배경의 정부시대가 지나고 민간 정부시대로 진입하면서 오히려 정치적 민주화가 국가의 지속적 경제발전을 둔화 시키는 역설적 현상이 버러지고 있는 시기이다. 이러한 국가 발전유형의 변화에 적응 하여 분야별 공공 정책 유형도 크게 영향을 받을 수밖에 없기에 이르게 되었다. ‘민주화유보-국가 경제 발전우선 형’ 정책 유형에서 ‘경제 성장 유보-정치발전-분배우선 형’ 정책 유형으로 번질 되기에 이른다. 국내외 상황 변화에 상응한 국가 발전 정책 유형의 적절한 변용이 요청 되는 바 그중 중요한 변수를 중심으로 한 개략화한 도표를 중심으로 국가정책 방향의 과거와 현재를 분석 평가하고 바람직한 미래의 국가발전비젼을 제시해 볼 수 있다. 국가 공공 정책유형의 변용 ◁표 삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요) 바야흐로 무한 경쟁 시대로 치닫고 있는 국내외 정책 환경 하에서 굳건히 생존하기 위해서는 여기에 예외 대응한 국가정책 차원에서 시기 적적한 정책 유형의 변용이 어느 때 보다도 긴밀히 요청된다. 새 정책 유형 하에서 국가역할은 세계화와 이에 수반하는 개방 환경에 부응하기 위해서 경쟁원리에 입각하는 자본주의적 시장경쟁논리에 순응한 국가정책 유형의 방향을 잡아 나가야 한다. 1960년대나 1970년대 형 국가 주도식 직접 통제정책 유형에서 어느 정도 까지는 자유 시장 논리에 따르는 유연정책으로 국가 발전방향을 조절해나갈 것이 요청되는 상황에 우리는 처해 있다. 요컨대 현재의 한국의 정치 현실처럼 실효성 없는 극한대립의 극우 또는 극좌적 이념 논쟁으로서는 국가 생존 역량만 잠식할 뿐이라는 사실을 우리는 명심할 필요가 있다. For our convenient understanding of the developments of public policy paradigm shifts in South Korea, the areas of public policy can be divided into two periods, the first from 1962, the establishment of the first military-originated government in Republic of Korea, until 1992, the second from 1992 onwards until the present days. The first period was characterized by the prevalency of discrete policy paradigm of rapid national economic development initiated by the so-called military-originated governments, especially President Park Jung-Hee government who exercised great leadership for rapid national economic development at that time. On the contrary, the second period was characterized by that of stagnant national development caused by civilian governments' policy paradigm failures, such as two Kim's governments' development policy failures and the incumbent President Roh Moo-Hyun government's tenacious leftist anti-market policy paradigm. On the other hand, from national dimensional 'way of thinking', the late President Park Jung-Hee's state-development vision belongs to a different level from those of the other successive South Korean Presidents. The fomier's mental-attitude world is based upon the so-called 'New-village campaign paean song' philosophy, encouraging strongly the positive, proactive, and dynamic way of thinking to all the South Korean people. On the contrary, the latter's one upon the so-called 'gloomy sunday' style of negative, static, and retrogressive vision. We can make sure how much conspicuously a country leader's philosophical world could turn the national destiny towards either happiness or unhappiness. We can also confirm that there have been a number of significant changes to policy making in South Korea since 1990s, reflected and reinforced by the increased number and range of policy making actors and institutions, and their changing roles. This, in turn, has yielded corresponding changes in the relationships between them. The core changes of policy making paradigm in South Korea which have occurred since the 1960s through to the 1990s onwards are evinced as follows. Main paradigm shifts in the South-Korean policy making process, 1992-2006 ◁표 삽입▷(원문을 참조하세요) In the context of the above policy paradigm shifts in South Korea, the role of the state government has itself undergone a somewhat paradoxical change. The rhetoric of the 1980s related to policy paradigm in the western developed countries proudly Proclaimed that the state was being 'rolled back' and so government intervention greatly reduced. With South Korea also influenced by this global tendencies, it might be expected that South-Korean government would now be weaker, and play a lesser role in the policy making process In the case of South Korea, instead of having been 'rolled back', the state, especially under the leftist political regimes, namely Kim Dae-jung and Rob Moon-Hy-tin governments, has been restructured, and that in many policy areas, government intervention has not so much diminished as manifested itself in different guises. We can easily ascertain that the Quick extrication from the so-called DAP financial crisis led to the positive role of the state as well as the intervention of the South-Korean leftist governments at that time. Moreover, it goes without saying that the 'rolling back' of the state and reinforcement of government interference under the President Roh Moo-Hyun administration was attributable to his governing philosophy of wealth-distribution-oriented policymaking strategy. Yet South-Korean government has remained heavily dependent on the cooperation of various other policy actors to ensure the successful implementation of many policies. Hence the shift from government as traditionally defined to governance, where 'the government' is but one of many actors in the policy process, albeit the key one overall. The transition from government to governance does riot mean that the state is less active and more laissez-faire, but that its activities and mode of intervention are of a qualitatively different character than previously. In the open and changeable global circumstances, the desirable directions of state government will he turned towards the free capitalist market system so that national core policy can be controlled by the competitive marketist rules. The state government will carry out supporting roles such as taking care of outside influencing factors which the market cannot deal with. The policy intervention of state government is, according to circumstances, inevitable for the sustainable national development. In case of need, government policy intervention will be limited to the minimum level by strict requirements so that market system functions will not be distorted, in order to strengthen the sustainable national development.

綜合福祉型 老齡住居 模型의 探索 : 民間企業型 老齡福祉 施設의 制度化를 中心으로

宋文永 수원대학교 1990 地域社會開發 Vol.2 No.-

Human being is a social animal, and so the aged person is also a social animal. why do we live? How do we lead a life? These questions must depend on one's way of life. Each person has his own way of life. Each aged person does his own too. He has lived his own particular life, which has to be influenced by the exogenous forces. An aged person cannot remain in the same life conditions that another. This is why each aged person has his own particular needs, and why their specific satisfaction leads inevitably to a specific life style. According to the theoretical hypothesis: "one lives one's own life style", The strategical way to optimum welfare policymaking for the aged should be able to be established, and the various social problems relating to the aged people in need of social welfare services should also be rationalistically solved. To this end, we have proposed a complex welfare services for the aged generation. This complex facilities is basd upon the premise in which every aged person desires his needs to be met as specifically as possible, and in which the principle of human society evolution may be derived from economic liberalism, or capitalism. The basic tenets of the economic individualism, or capitalism are as follows: The major actor in society is the individual who, using the reason, is best suited to satisfy his needs and interests. The maximization of individual well-being is the driving force of the economy. Consumer demand determines the supply of goods and the inventive entrepreneur provides them. The free market is the most reliable and flexible mechanism for regulating supply and demand through the price mechanism. Change can be brought about through the dynamics of individual effort, competition, and entrepreneurship. The individual is not only an economic man to be left free to act according to his interests; he is also a moral man with a conscience, volition, and reason. To curb the economic efforts of individuals would be to seriously undermine their other freedoms and to deprive them of their right to pursue their own lives according to their individual best judgment. The state must remain out of the market. As the individual is the primary actor who is best suited to meet his needs and interests, the private welfare business should be responsible for the management of the aged welfare services.As the free market system is the most reliable and flexible mechanism for regulating supply and demand through the price mechanism, the free welfare services system has to regulate welfare supply and demand. As development can be brought about through the dynamics of individual effort, competition, and entrepreneurship, the aged welfare service can be improved through the dynamic mechanism of the survival of the most able. In conclusion, we propose that the welfare services management system for the aged generation be specialized into the different prefessional fields: The public welfare service system responsible for the general lower class of the aged, while the private welfare service system for the middle and upper class of the aged generation.

社會體制의 進化와 人本的 國家社會發展模型

宋文永 水原大學校 社會科學硏究所 1989 社會科學論集 Vol.1 No.-

For a goods many years now most people have recognized that humanistic ideology is ubiquitous in human circumstances. Political and economic activity is all around us. Political and economic ideology influences the lives of all of us, regardless of whether or not one participates in the political process. Humanistic society system is a necessary rusult of man's proximity to man and of the scarceness of resources available to meet the needs and desires of human beings. Wherever men perceive the need to organize for the purpose of pursuing material or psychic reward, the humanistic society system plays an essential role. Because this system is everywhere influential in the affairs of men, we can justly regard it as master science. In this view, therefore, the humanistic dimension of man's existence was probably the most important dimension, in that the humanistic system of a society decisively conditions the other circumstances in which we live. Ideology serves as a guide to policymaking and politico-economic behavior. And ideology explains the meaning of our existence and the purposes of our action. The embodiment of the ideologies is the society system. There are a set of society systems; authoritarian socialism, democratic socialism, authoritarian capitalism and democratic capitalism. From a point of view, however, the identification of democracy with capitalism may be more wrong than right : "capitalism" describes a system of economic organization. "Democracy" refers to a type of political organization. Nevertheless, there has never been a truly capitalist system of economic organization, nor a truly democratic system of political organization. The human history of the real world has been written by an endless variety of mixed economics and of mixed democracies. Most governments throughout history, regardless of their economic systems or supporting ideologies, have been marked by the concentration of power in the hands of elites. En tous cas, the humanistic society-development system hypothesis means the individual's welfare aw well as the welfare of the whole society. It may confidently be laid down as a hypothesis that the faster the rate of intended socio-economic development, the more authoritarian the state. To improve our real society, it is justly necessary for us to depend on the model of Humanistic State-society Development in which the construction of an ideal society is the result of the dialectic transformation between material elements and psychic elements.

地方自治制의 內部組織과 政策決定過程

宋文永 水原大學校 社會科學硏究所 1990 社會科學論集 Vol.2 No.-

The main issues involved in the organisation of local authorities are essentially the same as those in any large organisation : they concern division and integration inside the authority. How should the many functions of the local authority be divided into manageable tasks? How should these various tasks be brought together in order to ensure that there is unity of purpose in the overall work of the authority? The former question is about differenciation and the latter about integration. The main features of a local authority organisation are committees and departments, which reflect the division of labour between elected members and officers, respectively. Committees may be divided into subcommittees and still further into panels. The division of labour inside a local authority can be either vertical or horizontal. The former applies where a specific service sector forms the basis of the division : police, education, health, housing, etc., and the latter where the division is based on an activity that embraces the whole of the local authority : staffing, finance, land use. The two major problems of internal organisation should be taken into consideration. One is the fragmentation of the local authority's work. This is true for both officers and members, the former through excessive departmentalism and the latter because of the excessive number of committees in most authorities. The results are that too much time was spent on trivial matters and too little effort is made in planning the overall needs of the local area. Another is the failure to delegate non-controversial matters to paid officers. We have proposed a solution to the problems of local authority management. This model favours a much more clear-cut relationship between councillors and officers in local government, where the councilors would be responsible for deciding broad policy matters, but would leave the dotails and the implementation of schemes to officers. This model is also intended to promote better integration of work on both member and officer sides of the authority. This could be achieved by the creation of a menagement board and the appointment of a chief officer who would act as the general manager of the authority. Unlike this model, our second model stresses the duality of local government. It was a partnership between member and officer and neither should regard any aspect of local authority work as their exclusive work. The central concern of the model is the need to improve integration and coordination across the range of the authority's activities. The integration could be achieved through the establishment of a central co-ordinating team on both member and officer sides: the policy and resources committee on the member's side, the management teams, a chief execntive on the officer side. The former's role is to assist the formulation and carrying out of the overall plan for the community and to aid the authority in setting objectives and priorities, co-ordinating and controlling its implementation and monitoring and reviewing performance. The latter's role is to provide leadership and co-ordination on the officer side of the council. Finally, according to our councillor/officer relationships model, the decisionmaking/scheme implementation process is divided into three sections, although in reality these stages will fuse into a continuous process. At stage Ⅰ, key decisions are taken about objectives, priorties and, therefore, where resources are allocated. At this stage, the main responsibillty belongs to the councillor, although even at this juncture the officer is not entirely excluded. At stage Ⅱ, options and design of programmes might be presented alongside the cost-benefit of the various alternatives. This means the greater involvement of officers in the decisionmaking process. At stage Ⅲ, as the decision reaches its implementation, the involvement of officials becomes greater, but even ar this late stage, councillors might still make a contribution. As we can see, therefore, at every stage both officers and councillors are involved. Our relationships model is based upon the time variable, the nature of the issue and the other variables. The raison d'e^tre of the democratic local government should found on the government of the people, by the people and for the people. In order to be compatible with this rule, The policymaking/implementation function process should be managed.

GOVERNMENTAL INNOVATION PARADIGM FOR SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

宋文永 水原大學校 2007 論文集 Vol.25 No.-

21세기를 살아가고 있는 우리는 지금 이른바 가버넌스(Governance) 시대를 살고 있다. 나라를 다스리는 주체 세력 군이 우리의 경우 대략 20세기중반부 까지만 해도 유독 정부만이였었지만 지금은 정부뿐만 아니라 민간부문(기업체)과 제3부문(시민단체)이 크게 발전하여 나라 다스리는데 있어 큰 몫을 하고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 국가통치권의 실체적 행사 자는 여전히 변함없이 전통적 정부임에 틀림없다. 기업체나 시민단체들은 어디까지나 나라운영의 협력자 역할을 수행할 뿐이다. 국가와 국민의 운명이 걸린 대방략(大方略)을 수립하고 실현하는 주도적인 주체는 여전히 국가정부이다. 1990년대를 거쳐 21세기에 접어들면서 세계화의 강풍이 지구촌 곳곳에 매섭게 몰아치고 있다. 한반도도 예외는 아니다. 이 세계화에 어떻게 지혜롭게 대응하느냐에 대한민국과 국민의 존립과 번영이 달려있다. 이 문제는 일차적으로 대한민국 정부의 대응방략의 문제다. 다시 말해, 정부혁신 Paradigm을 장기적 시간차원에 초점을 맞추고 지속적으로 연구하고 개선시켜 나가야 한다. 정부 혁신 Paradigm의 핵심 골격은 몇 가지 구성요소로 정리해 볼 수 있다. 대한민국의 공공 가치를 어떻게 시대변화에 조화시켜 번영과 발전의 국운을 활성화 시켜나갈 수 있느냐. 이와 같은 국가공공 가치를 현실 정부의 국가 비젼(National Vision)과 사명(Mission)에 어떻게 구현해 나가느냐, 이에 대한 실천적 전략패러다임(Strategic Paradigm)은 어떻게 짤것인가, 등의 과제들을 다음과 같이 도시해 볼 수 있다. 실천적 전략패러다임은 그 주요 구성요소로 국가 안보전략, 정책이념의 조화, 사회주의적 복지 대 자본주의적 복지, 성장우선 대 분배우선의 문제, 발전적 노사관계의 구축, 성장잠재력의 지속적 강화, 그리고 부단히 발전적으로 국민정신(We-can-do National Spirit)을 계발해 나가야 한다. 그렇지만, 본 논고는 주로 다음의 2가지 주요 주제; 즉 국가 성장 잠재력의 지속적 강화 및 강력한 경쟁력과 적극적인 국민정신의 계발을 중심으로 집중적으로 조명한다. 지속적 국가발전을 위한 정부혁신 패러다임 (Governmental Innovation Paradigm for Sustainable National Development) 대한민국의 공공가치 ( Korea State Public Values ) 생명존중, 자유권의 신장, 기회평등, 사회정의 실현, 행복의 추구 국가 비젼과 정부사명 (State Vision & Govermental Mission) 실천적 전략 패러다임 (Pragmatic Strategic Policy Paradigm) 정책이념의 조화 사회복지와 자본주의적 복지 성장촉진과 분배 국가 안보 발전적 노사관계 성장 잠재력의 강화 발전적 국민정신의 계발