한국 환경농업의 성공적 정착을 위한 정책적 및 기술적 접근과제

손상목 ( Sang Mok Sohn ),정길생 ( Kil Saeng Chung ) 한국유기농업학회 1997 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.5 No.2

This study aims to point out the basic strategy of agrotechnical and -political approaches toward successful settling for the environmental agriculture system in Korea. Although environmental agriculture & forestry strategy toward the 21st century and it's action program were released in 1996, some scientist from environmental agriculture and organic agriculture still argue on the errors of it’s strategy and action program in terms of environmental sound function. Especially it’s strategy and action program of government did not focus the reduction of fertilizer and pesticide as the matters of weight and importance to realize an environmental sound agriculture system. And korean organic agriculture gets a point in dispute, because 1) they do not practice of Basic Standard of IFOAM and FAO/WHO Codex draft, and 2) organic farming is defined quite differently from internationally recognized core aspects of organic agriculture. Organic farming, in Korea, is taken to mean the replacement of chemical fertilizer by organic manure and avoidance of agricultural chemicals. In the paper it is discussed the necessity, purpose, effect and consequence of basic standard for korean organic agriculture. The reformation of the certification system and the direct payment system in environmental agriculture & forestry strategy toward the 21st century and it's action program by government, and on the need of the teaching program and curriculum in high education institution, the breeding program of resistant cultivars, the soil testing for optimum fertilization strategy, the nutrient management program, the declaration for 2020 environmental agriculture are also discussed.

채소 모재료의 종류, 수확시기별, 부위별 혼합비율, 저장조건 및 생산회사에 따른 녹즙의 NO₃^-함량 차이

孫尙穆 ( Sohn Sang-mok ),尹智詠 ( Yoon Ji-young ) 한국유기농업학회 1998 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.7 No.1

After the consumption of green vegetable juice by Korean increase rapidly, the NO₃^- intake through green vegetable juice have been ignored to consider for the calculation of daily NO₃^- intake. It is necessary to collect the basic data on the NO₃^- content in green vegetable juice by different sorts. harvesting time and mixing rate of vegetable, manufacturers and storage conditions for the next calculation of daily NO₃^- intake for Korean. Followings are the research results from monitoring and laboratory experiment related with NO₃^- and vitamine C in green vegetable juice. The NO₃^- content of angelica plant(tomorrow’s leaf) and kale were higher in spring than those in summer and autumn. The highest value of NO₃^- cont ent in tomorrow’s leaf and kale were 4.85 and 2.94 times higher compare to the lowest value. The average NO₃^- content in tomorrow’s leaf and kale are 1,731ppm and 5403ppm respectively. The NO₃^- content in the midribs of tomorrow’s leaf and kale were 7.5 and 2.1 times higher than those in leafblades. It indicate the green vegetable juice made from leadblade of tomorrow’ s 1eaf and kale might be better compare to those from midrib in terms of NO₃^- content. The content of NO₃^- and vitamine C as affected by the timecourse after juice making were decreased rapidly compare to those by storage temperature in case of carrot. kale and cucumber juice. IIt show the positive correlation between the content of NO₃^- and vitamine C in carrot, kale and cucumber juice regardless of room temperature(20˚C) or cold temperature(4˚C). The content of NO₃^- and vitamine C of green vegetable juice by P company were the highest among the manufacturers. The lower content of NO₃^- and vitamine C of green vegetable juice by TW company and GB company compare to P company is due to dilution with water to produce the juice. The content of NO₃^- of green vegetable juice which were available in market showed 143ppm in carrot juice. 506ppm in tomorrow’s leaf juice, 669ppm in wild water celery juice, 985ppm in kale juice, whereas the content of vitamine C were 43ppm in carrot juice, 289ppm in wild water celery juice, 353ppm in kale juice and 768ppm in tomorrow’s leaf juice. It was calculated that people take 253mg by tomorrow’s leaf juice,335mg by wild water celery juice, 483mg by kale juice if they drink 500ml of green vegetable juice per day, and it suggest to excess 1.16, 1.53 and 2.21 times respectively only by green vegetable juice consumption.

배추, 양배추, 양상추의 엽령별 NO₃^-함량 차이에 관한 연구

孫尙穆 ( Sohn Sang-mok ),朴養虎 ( Kim Yang-ho ) 한국유기농업학회 1998 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.7 No.1

Under the visual judgement of consumers, to reduce nitrate intake through vegetables, this experimentation analyzed the content of nitrate, in heading leaf vegetables such as chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. perkinensis (Lour.) Rupr), cabbage(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) and lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.) by the leaf number. And the result is summarized as follows. In the nitrate content change by the leaf number, the nitrate content is increased as it goes by from inner leaf to outer leaf and the nitrate content in leaf midrib is higher than that in leaf blade. ln case of chinese cabbage, the nitrate content in the leaf midrib from the most inner leaf to the most outer leaf changed 40~3,177ppm and in the leaf blade it changed 40~2,887ppm. But the nitrate content in the leaf blade of cabbage from the most inner leaf to the most outer leaf changed 89~2,297ppm and in the leaf blade it changed 25~765ppm. In case of lettuce, the nitrate content change of the leaf midrib by the leaf position was 419~4,349ppm, and in the leaf blade it changed 260~2894ppm. It was concluded that the outer leaf of chinese cabbage, cabbage and lettuce should be removed to keep the lower nitrate intake by population before it is consumed.

수확후(收穫後) 저장(貯藏)과 조리조건(調理條件)에 따른 배추 가식부위내(可食部位內) NO₃^- 함량변화(含量變化)

孫尙穆 ( Sohn Sang-mok ),尹德勳 ( Yoon Deok-hoon ) 한국유기농업학회 1996 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.5 No.1

In order to minimize the daily intake amount of nitrate by Chinese cabbage, the favorate vegetable for Korean, the influences of storage conditions at different temperature and light or dark treatments after post-harvest and effects of cooking temperature and infrared rays on changes of nitrate contents in edible parts of Chinese cabbage were determined. The nitrate contents of midrib and leaf blade in Chinese cabbage during post-harvest were decreased steeply in 2 days and decreased slowly again in 5 days. The temperature treatment to decrease the nitrate contents in midrib and leaf blade of Chinese cabbage were effective as the following of 25℃ > 15°C > -4°C > -10°C. The nitrate contents of midrib and leaf blade were decreased in the timecourse of post-harvest. It is more effective to store in 4°C than in 15 °C, and is more effective in transparent vinyl package than in black vinyl package, but the treatment of light is more effective than the treatment of temperature. The nitrate contents of midrib decreased rapidly by 17.9% in the treatment of 5 days at 15°C. By treatment of 80°C, 90°C, 100°C water, the nitrate contents of midrib were increased slightly, but decreased in leaf blade. It reached 68.5%, 50.6%, 45.9% in the leaf blade respectively by treatment of 80°C, 90°C, 100°C water at 1 min. By infrared rays treatment, the nitrate contents of midrib did not change in 3 min but increased rapidly after 6 min, and in the leaf blade it increased continually after 1 min.

관행농법, 시설재배 및 유기농법 재배지 토양의 화학적 특성과 배추, 상추의 NO₃^-집적량 차이

손상목 ( Sohn Sang-mok ),한도희 ( Han Do-hee ),김영호 ( Kim Young-ho ) 한국유기농업학회 1996 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.5 No.1

In order to get some basic datas on environmental friendly funtion against soil and water pollution and safe vegetable production by organic farming, chemical characteristics of soils cultivated by the conventional farming, greenhouse cultivation and organic farming and acumulation of NO₃^- in Chinese cabbage and lettuce were analysed. The highest value of NO₃^- -N in 0-30cm subsoil of organic farming was found among the 3 different fanning systems, and it was 3.6 and 6.6 times higher than those of conventional farming in Chinese cabbage and lettuce respectively. P₂O₅ also show high accumulation in the rhizosphere of organic fanning compared to convnetional farming. The accumulation of NO₃^- -N and P₂O₅5 in the rhizosphere of organic farming were similar to those of greenhouse cultivation. The NO₃^- accumulation in Chinese cabbage and lettuce by organic farming reach 3224ppm in Chinese cabbage and 2543ppm in lettuce and it were 4.7 and 6.4 times higher than those of convnetional farming. It is urgently necessary to introduce the basic standard of IFOAM, EU and FAO/WHO Codex on organic agriculture into korean organic agriculture for operation of environmental friendly system and production of safe vegetable in terms of NO₃^-.

일반(一般) 관행농법(慣行農法)과 유기농법(有機農法) 배추, 무우의 가식부위(可食部位)내 NO₃^- 집적량(集積量) 차이(差異)

孫尙穆 ( Sang Mok Sohn ),吳京錫 ( Kyeong Seok Oh ),文雨澤 ( Woo Taek Mun ) 한국유기농업학회 1994 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.3 No.1

In the edible parts of Chinese cabbage, the NO₃^- accumulation was higher in the outer leaves than in the inner leaves and it was higher in the leaf midrib than in the leaf blade. In Radish, it was higher in the aerial part of the root than in the underground part of root. NO₃^- accumulation in edible parts of Chinese cabbage of organic farming fertilized with compost 8t/10a was about 4 times higher than those of conventional farming with recommended mineral nitrogen; and was similar to those of conventional farming fertilized with twice the mineral nitrogen rate. But, NO₃^- accumulation in radish of organic farming with 8t/10a compost was lower than those of conventional farming with recommended mineral nitrogen. It showed NO₃^- content in the edible parts of vegetables should be considered one of several parameters to judge a real safety vegetable to be certified by government.

채소 모재료의 종류, 수확시기별, 부위별 혼합비율, 저장조건 및 생산회사에 따른 녹즙의 ${NO_3}^-$ 함량차이

손상목,윤지영,Sohn, Sang-Mok,Yoon, Ji-Young 한국유기농업학회 1998 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.7 No.1

건강식품의 일종으로 알려져 있는 녹즙의 소비가 크게 증가하는 추세에 있기 때문에 이들 식음료를 통한 질산염 섭취량이 일일 섭취량 계산에서 무시될 수 없을 뿐만 아니라 질산염의 일일 섭취량 계산을 위해서도 녹즙종류별 ${NO_3}^-$ 함량에 대한 기초자료가 필요하다. 이에 녹즙의 모재료인 채소의 종류별, 수확시기별, 부위별 혼합지율 및 생산회사, 저장조건에 따른 녹즙의 함량차이에 일련의 실험과 monitoring을 실시하였던 바 그 결과를 이에 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 녹즙의 주요 모재료 채소인 명일엽과 케일의 ${NO_3}^-$ 함량은 봄철이 여름이나 가을에 수확되는 경우보다 훨씬 높은 수준이었다. 명일엽의 경우 년중 최대치는 년중 최저치에 비해 4.85배나 높았고, 케일의 경우 2.9배 높았다. 명일엽과 케일의 ${NO_3}^-$ 함량 년중평균치는 1.731ppm, 5403ppm으로 케일이 명일엽에 비해 3.12배나 높은 수준을 나타냈다. 2. ${NO_3}^-$함량은 중록이 엽신에 비해 명일엽은 7.5배, 케일은 2.1배나 많아 녹즙내 저수준 ${NO_3}^-$ 함량을 위해서는 중록보다는 엽신을 녹즙의 모재료로 사용하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 나타났다. 3. ${NO_3}^-$ 함량과 Vitamin C 함량차이는 저장온도조건에 따른 차이보다는 저장기간에 따른 차이가 뚜렷이 나타났다. 저장기간중의 녹즙의 ${NO_3}^-$ 함량과 Vitamin C 함량은 당근녹즙, 케일녹즙, 오이 녹즙 모두 실온 및 냉장 저장조건에 서정의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 4. 착즙후 ${NO_3}^-$ 함량의 급격한 하락현상은 실온저장의 경우 오이 2시간, 케일 4시간, 당근녹즙 32시간 이후에 나타났으나, 실온 및 냉장보관의 경우 모든 녹즙에서 2시간부터 나타났다. Vitamin C 함량은 ${NO_3}^-$ 함량에 비해 완만히 저하하는 경향이었으나, 당근녹즙의 경우 상대적으로 가장 급격히 낮아졌다. 5. 조사 대상 녹즙회사중 P사의 녹즙이 ${NO_3}^-$ 함량과 Vitamin C 함량 모두 가장 높았고, TW사의 녹즙이 가장 낮았다. ${NO_3}^-$ 함량과 Vitamin C 함량이 GB사 녹즙에서 다함께 P사 녹즙에 비해 같은 경향으로 낮았다는 것은 제조과정에서 일정한 량의 물과 혼합하였기 때문에 나타나는 현상이라고 판단되었다. 6. 녹즙 종류별 ${NO_3}^-$ 함량은 당근녹즙(143ppm) < 명일엽(506ppm) < 돌미나리(669ppm) < 케일녹즙(985ppm) 순으로 많았고, Vitamin C 함량은 당근(43ppm) < 돌미나리(289ppm) < 케일(353ppm) < 명일엽(768ppm)의 순으로 높았다. 7. 일일 ${NO_3}^-$ 섭취량은 500ml의 녹즙을 마시는 경우 명일엽 253mg, 돌미나리 335mg, 케일 483mg으로 녹즙만으로도 이미 WHO/FAO의 일일 ${NO_3}^-$ 섭취허용량보다 1.16배, 1.53배, 2.21배나 초과할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. After the consumption of green vegetable juice by Korean increase rapidly, the ${NO_3}^-$ intake through green vegetable juice have been ignored to consider for the calculation of daily ${NO_3}^-$ intake. It is necessary to collect the basic data on the ${NO_3}^-$ content in green vegetable juice by different sorts, harvesting time and mixing rate of vegetable, manufacturers and storage conditions for the next calculation of daily ${NO_3}^-$ intake for Korean. Followings are the research results from monitoring and laboratory experiment related with ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C in green vegetable juice. The ${NO_3}^-$ content of angelica plaant(tomorrow's leaf) and kale were higher in spring than those in summer and autumm. The highest value of ${NO_3}^-$ content in tomorrow's leaf and kale were 4.85 and 2.94 times higher compare to the lowest value. The average ${NO_3}^-$ content in the midribs of tomorrow's leaf and kale were 7.5 and 2.1 times higher than those in leafblades. It indicate the green vegetable juice made from leadblade of tomorrow's leaf and kale might be better compare to those from midrib in terms of ${NO_3}^-$ content. The content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C as affected by the timecourse after juice making were decreased rapidly compare to those by storage temperature in case of carrot, kale and cucumber juice. It show the positive comelation between the content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C in carrot, kale and cucumber juice regardless of room temperature(${NO_3}^-$) or cold temperature(${NO_3}^-$). The content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C of green vegetable juice by P company were the highest among the manufactuers. The lower content of ${NO_3}^-$ and vitamine C of green vegecable juice by TW company and GB company compare to P company is due to dilution with water to produce the juice. The content of ${NO_3}^-$ of green vegetable juice which were available in market showed 143ppm in carrot juice, 506ppm in tomorrow's leaf juice, 669ppm in wild water celery juice, 985ppm in kale juice, whereas the content of vitamine C were 43ppm in carrot juice, 289ppm in wild water celery juice, 353ppm in kale juice and 768ppm in tomorrow's leaf juice. It was calculated that people take 253mg by tomorrow's leaf juice, 335mg by wild water celery juice, 483mg by kale juice if they drink 500ml of green vegetable juice perday, and it suggest to excess 1.16, 1.53 and 2.21 times respectively only by green vegetable juice consumption.

우리나라 유기농 채소내 질산염 함량의 경시적 추이

손상목 ( Sohn Sang-mok ),김영호 ( Kim Young-ho ),윤지영 ( Yoon Ji-young ) 한국유기농업학회 1999 韓國有機農業學會誌 Vol.7 No.2

After the release of facts that the high nitrate contents in vegetables by Korean organic farming, organic farmers were recommended by Korean Organic Farmer Association to apply 20t/ha compost while they applied before as much as they could, sometimes even more than l00t/ha. This study was aimed to check the safety of Korean organic product in terms of nitrate content. Current nitrate content in leaf and root vegetables by 3 different farming systems(organic farming, conventional farming, greenhouse farming) were monitored and furthermore it was compared with previously published another data in Korea to find out any changes among the monitored years(1993-1999). Current nitrate content in Chinese cabbage, lettuce and kale became less compare to those of the beginning of monitoring, and especially those cultivated organic farming got the lowest value while previous organic vegetables at beginning of 90's showed the higher value than those cultivated in greenhouse. This decrease in organic vegetables was affected by less application rate of organic fertilizer than before at 20t/ha. But the nitrate level by organic farming was still higher compare to those cultivated by conventional farming in open field, since currently monitored organic vegetables were cultivated basically in greenhouse condition. It shows the organic farmer the necessity of transfer their farming site and condition from greenhouse to open field in order to decrease of its high level of nitrate caused long-term application and slow release characteristics of organic fertilizer. It was concluded the adoption of soil nitrate test to recommend a organic farmer the exact application rate for need of crop growth. Additionally the mechanism of lower nitrate accumulation in rice and fruit vegetables were also discussed in the paper.

$No_3$-수준이 Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway와 질산동화작용 효소"Nitrate Reductase, Nitrite Reductase, Glutamine Synthetase$_1$" 및 암모늄재동화작용 주요효소"Glutamine Synthetase$_2$"활성도의 상호관계에 미치는 영향

손상목,Sohn, Sang-Mok,Michael James Emes 한국작물학회 1992 Korean journal of crop science Vol.37 No.5

질소시비수준이 Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway (OPPP)와 Nitrate Rdeuctase (NR), Nitrite Rdeuctase(NiR), Glutamine Synthetase$_1$(GS$_1$) 및 Glutamine Synthetase$_2$(GS$_2$) 활성도의 상호관계에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 암조건하에서 6일간 생육시킨 완두의 부위별 또는 crude extract와 순수분리 한 plastid 별 효소 활성도를 분석 검토한 결과, 1. NR의 root부위의 생체 1g당 활성도와 단백질 1mg당 활성도, NiR의 root 및 shoot부위의 생체 1g 당 활성도는 거의 비슷한 반응을 나타내 NO$_3$$^{-}$ 처리농도가 증가할수록 급격히 증가하여 생체 1g당 NR 활성도, NiR의 root 및 shoot부위의 생체 1g당 활성도는 5mM에서, NR의 단백질 1mg당 NR 활성도는 10mM에서 각각 그 최고치에 각각 도달하였다가, 이후 시비수준이 증가할수록 저하하여 50mM 처리구에서는 무처리구와 비슷한 수준을 나타냈다. 2. NR의 shoot부위의 생체 1g당 활성도와 단백질 1mg 당 활성도, NiR의 root 및 shoot부위의 단백질 1mg당 활성도는 시비수준이 증가할수록 그 활성도가 induction되었으며, NR의 생체 1g당 활성도는 50mM에서 무처리구에 비해 4.8배, 단백질 1mg 당 활성도는 25mM 처리구에서 무처리구에 비해 5.0배까지 상승하였다. 3. Crude extract의 총 GS specific activity가 plastids의 GS$_2$ specific activity에 비해 월등히 많았으며, crude extract의 총 GS specific activity 대 plastids의 GS$_2$ specific activity의 비율은 뿌리의 3.0-4.3에 비해 shoot는 3.2-10.6으로 Shoot에서 NO$_3$$^{-}$ 처리농도에 따라 활성도비율의 차이가 더 컸다. 4. 고수준의 NO$_3$$^{-}$ 처리구에서 과다한 NO$_3$$^{-}$ influx에 의한 NR, NiR, GS$_1$, GS$_2$, 등의 효소활성도가 억제되었다. 5. OPPP만을 통해서도 식물체내의 NO$_3$$^{-}$의 환원이나 동화를 위한 NR, NiR, GS$_1$, GS$_2$ 활성도의 발현에 필요한 환원제와 ATP 충분히 공급될수 있었다. In order to understand more clearly the integration between N-assmilation and C-metabolism in relation to N fertilization, a pot experiment with 5 different level of N fertilization(0, 5, 10, 25, 50 mM NO$_3$$_{[-10]}$ ) was conducted in Manchester, U.K. The peas (Pisum sativum L., cv. Early Onward) were sown in vermiculate (5 cm depth) and cultivated for 6 days under temperature controlled dark room conditions ($25^{\circ}C$). The plants received frequent irrigation with a nutrient solution: it was fertilized every 2 days, 3 times a day at 10h, 13h, 16h respectively. Elevated NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ concentration, the activity levels of NR, NiR, total GS(crude extract), GS$_2$(plastid) in both root and shoot were increased and reached the peak in 5~25 mM, except NiR specific activity which increased its activity continually until 50 mM NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ treatment. Total activities of GS (crude extract) in both root and shoot became higher than those of GS$_2$(Plastid), and the activity ratios of total GS in the crude extract and GS$_2$ in the plastids were 3.0 to 4.3 in root, but 3.2 to 10.6 in shoot. It was concluded that the reductants and A TP from OPPP itself should be enough to achieve the high rate of NR, NiR, GS$_1$, GS$_2$ in plant root and shoot for reduction or assimilation of nitrogen, but these enzyme activities might be inhibited by an excess of NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ influx over the reduction capacity.

窒素施肥量이 배추, 무우 및 오이의 可食部位內 NO<SUB>3</SUB><SUP>-</SUP> 集積에 미치는 影響

孫尙穆(Sang-Mok Sohn),吳京錫(Kyeong-Seok Oh) 한국토양비료학회 1993 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.26 No.1