광양만에서 춘계와 하계 영양염류 첨가가 식물플랑크톤군집의 성장에 미치는 영향

배시우,김동선,최현우,김영옥,문창호,백승호,Bae, Si Woo,Kim, Dongseon,choi, Hyun-Woo,Kim, Young Ok,Moon, Chang Ho,Baek, Seung Ho 한국해양학회 2014 바다 Vol.19 No.1

춘계와 하계 광양만에서 식물플랑크톤 군집구조와 그들의 성장에 영향을 미치는 영양염제한 특성을 파악하기 위해서 만내외측의 20개 정점에서 생물학적 요인과 무생물학적 요인을 조사했다. 또한 식물플랑크톤 군집에 대한 영양염 첨가 효과를 알아보기 위해서 실험실에서 현장 20개 정점의 표층수를 이용하여 생물검정실험을 수행하였다. 전체 식물플랑크톤 군집의 90%이상을 규조류가 차지하였다. 이들 규조류중 Eucampia zodiacus와 Skeletonema costatum-like 종이 춘계와 하계에 각각 우점하였다. E. zodiacus와 S. costatum-like 규조류의 개체군 밀도가 춘계와 하계에 높은 밀도를 유지하게 된 이유를 간단히 설명하면, E. zodiacus 의 성장은 춘계 투명도가 높게 나타나 유광층내 광량의 증가가 원인으로 생각된다. 즉 유광층내 광량의 증가는 E. zodiacus의 개체수를 폭발적으로 증가시킬 수 있는 방아쇠 역할을 한 것으로 판단된다. 하계에 S. costatum-like이 전해역에서 우점한 이유는, 섬진강 담수 유입에 의한 낮은 염분과 함께 공급된 다량의 영양염은 그들 생물의 증식에 중요한 bottom-up 효과를 보였다고 판단된다. 실험실의 생물검정실험에서는 비록 내만(정점 8)과 외해(정점 20)에서 식물플랑크톤 군집의 최대 성장율은 유사하였지만, 인산염에 대한 반포화계수($K_s$)는 내만정점보다 약간 낮았다. 상대적으로 낮은 영양염농도에 적응한 세포는 낮은 인산염농도에서 충분히 성장할 수 있고, 다른 미세조류에 비하여 낮은 영양염농도의 조건에서 경쟁의 우위를 차지 할 것이다. 특히, 하계의 N영양염 첨가군의 효율은 대조군과 P영양염 첨가군에 비해서 높았다. 이는 광양만에서 하계에 N영양염의 공급이 섬진강을 통하여 계속적으로 유입되지만, 빠른 식물플랑크톤의 증식으로 인하여 N영양염 제한이 일어날 수 있다는 것을 시사할 수 있다. 반면, 규산염은 식물플랑크톤의 성장에 영향을 미치는 제한인자로 나타나지 않았고, 규조류의 분해로 인하여 Si의 재순환과 담수로부터 공급된 높은 규산염농도는 광양만에서 규조류 생태계를 유지할수 있는 유리한 조건이라 생각된다. In order to estimate the effect of nutrients addition for phytoplankton growth and community compositons in spring and summer season, we investigated the abiotic and biotic factors of surface and bottom waters at 20 stations of inner and offshore areas in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. Nutrient additional experiments were also conducted to identify any additional nutrient effects on phytoplankton assemblage using the surface water for the assay. Bacillariophyceae occupied more than 90% of total phytoplankton assembleges. Of these, diatom Eucampia zodiacus and Skeletonema costatum-like species was mainly dominated in spring and summer, respectively. Here, we can offer the season why the two diatom population densities were maintained at high levels in both seasons. First, light transparency of spring season in the euphotic zone was greatly improved in the bay. This improvement is one of important factor as tigger of increase in E. zodiacus population. Second, low salinity and high nutrient sources supplied by Seomjin River discharge are a main cue for strong bottom-up effects on S. costatum-like species during the summer rainy season. Based on the algal bio-assays, although maximum growth rate of phytoplankton communities at inner bay (St.8) were similar to those of outer bay (St.20), half-saturation constant ($K_s$) for phosphate at outer bay was slightly lower than those of inner bay. This implied that adapted cells in low nutrient condition of outer bay may have enough grown even the low phosphate and they also have a competitive advantage against other algal species under low nutrient condition. In particular, efficiency of N (+) addition in summer season was higher compared to control and P added experiments. In the bay, silicon was not a major limiting factor for phytoplankton growth, whereas nitrogen (N) was considered as a limiting factor during spring and summer. Therefore, a sufficient silicate supply form water mixing Si recycled from diatom decomposition and river water is favorable form maintaining diatom ecosystems in Gwangyang Bay.

Effects of Extrahepatic Cholestasis on Liver and Serum β-D-Mannosidase Activities in Ethanol Intoxicated Rats

배시우,--,-- THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR BIOMEDICAL LABORATORY SCIEN 2004 Journal of biomedical laboratory sciences Vol.10 No.1

Liver and serum β-D-mannosidase activities were determined in ethanol intoxicated rats with extrahepatic cholestasis induced by common bile duct ligation (CBD) to manifest the biochemical background of alcohol drinking hazard under the hepatobiliary disease. Liver β-D-mannosidase activity and its Vmax value in CBD ligated rats with chronic ethanol intoxication were found to be significantly decreased than that in CBD ligation alone. However, the difference of Km value on above hepatic enzyme was not found between the experimental groups. On the other hand, serum β-D-mannosidase activity in CBD ligated rats with chronic ethanol intoxication was increased more than that in CBD ligation alone. These results indicate that the biosynthesis of the hepatic β-D-mannosidase decreases and the serum β-D-mannosidase activity increases in cholestasis combined with chronic ehtanol intoxication, reflecting damage of aggravated hapatocytic membrane. Accordingly, the resulting data supported the fact that alcoholic drinks were enzymologically harmful to the hepatobiliary disease.

흰쥐의 Toluene 간독성에 있어서 Taurine과 Ginseng의 효과

배시우 ( Si Woo Bae ),윤인숙 ( In Sook Yoon ) 대한임상검사과학회 2003 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.35 No.2

Toluene is mainly metabolized in liver by oxidative pathway. Oxygen free radicals occur through the process of toluene metabolism. Therefore it causes tissue and cell injury by the oxygen free radicals from the metabolism of toluene. Taurine is a nonessential amino acid that is of medical interest for the nutrition of infants. Taurine is known as an antioxidant that prevents organ damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species. Ginseng is one of the most popular herbal remedies and ginseng has been used as a traditional medicine with various therapeutic effects. And there are interesting report that ginseng has antioxidant reaction. To test this hypothesis, toluene hepatotoxicity was induced by an abdominal injection of toluene. To see if taurine and ginseng protect the rat`s liver, taurine and ginseng was administrated orally, at the time of each toluene injection. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), latic dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in serum were measured to estimate hepatic function. Malondialdehyde (MDA), which gives an indirect index of oxidative injury was also measured. Hippuric acid is the last metabolic production of toluene was measured by HPLC. AST, ALT, LDH and MDA levels were significantly higher in toluene group than in control group, but there were no significant differences between taurine and ginseng groups and control group. However LDH and MDA levels were significantly higher in taurine and ginseng groups than in control group. ALP levels were significantly lower in toluene and taurine groups than in control group. Hippuric acid levels were significantly higher in toluene, taurine and ginseng groups than in control group. But there were significantly lower in taurine and ginseng groups than in toluene group. Accordingly, the results suggest a significant hepatotoxicity due to oxygen free radicals through the process of toluene metabolism. Taurine and red ginseng extract treatment significantly protected hepatic function and free radical-mediated injury in the rat`s liver against toluene-induced changes. Therefore, the results in this experiment suggest that taurine and red ginseng extract are effective in preventing the toluene-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model.

가을철 광양만 식물플랑크톤의 수평 분포와 추가 영양염 공급이 식물플랑크톤 성장에 미치는 영향

배시우 ( Si Woo Bae ),김동선 ( Dong Seon Kim ),김영옥 ( Young Ok Kim ),문창호 ( Chang Ho Moon ),백승호 ( Seung Ho Baek ) 한국환경생물학회 2014 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.32 No.1

2010년과 2011년 추계 광양만에서 식물플랑크톤 군집구조와 그들의 성장에 미치는 환경요인을 파악하기 위해 만내외측의 19~20개 정점에서 생물학적 요인과 무생물학적 요인을 조사하였다. 또한 식물플랑크톤에 대한 영양염 첨가 효과를 알아보기 위해 2010년 현장 10개 정점의 표층수를 이용하여 생물검정실험을 수행하였다. 2010과 2011년의 영양염 수평적 분포특성은 내만해역I (정점1~9)과 섬진강의 영향을 직간접적으로 받을 수 있는 해역II (정점10~14)에서 상대적으로 높게 나타났고, 해역III (정점15~20)으로 갈수록 점차적으로 감소하여 해역별 차이가 명확하였다. 반면, 크기별로 분획된 Chl. a함량은 영양염농도가 낮은 해역으로 갈수록 극미소(Nano와 Pico)크기의 생물량이 상대적으로 증가하였다. 이와 같은 양상은 2010년보다 2011년이 두드러졌다. 2010년 은편모조류가 대부분의 정점에서 85% 이상으로 우점하였고, 2011년에도 은편모그룹이 전체 식물플랑크톤 군집중 대부분의 정점에서 50% 이상의 높은 비율을 차지하였으나, 2010년의 출현개체수의 1/10 수준에 머물렀다. 은편모그룹 다음으로 높은 비율을 차지한 생물군이 규조류 Chaetoceros spp.와 Skeletonema spp.로 나타났다. 생물검정실험에서는 전 해역에서 N첨가군과 NP첨가군의 효율이 대조군과 P첨가군에 비하여 높았고, 특히 현장 영양염농도가 낮게 기록된 정점8과 20의 NP영양 염첨가군에서 약 2배의 높은 효율을 보였다. 결과적으로 광양만에서 추계 갑작스럽게 높은 영양염이 공급될 경우 Skeletonema spp.와 같은 영양염 흡수능이 뛰어난 생물이 우점할 수 있을 것이며, 성층붕괴와 같은 일정량의 지속적인 영양염공급은 세포크기가 작은 기회성 특징을 가진 은편모그룹의 성장에 유리한 조건이라는 것을 알 수 있었다. In order to estimate the effect of additional nutrients on phytoplankton growth and horizontal phytoplankton community distribution during the autumn season in 2010 and 2011, we investigated the abiotic and biotic factors of surface and bottom waters at 20 stations of inner and offshore areas in Gwangyang Bay, Korea. Also, nutrient additional experiments were conducted to assess additional nutrient effects on phytoplankton assemblage using the surface water. In both years, the total nutrients were high at the enclosed inner bay and the mouth of Seomjin River, whereas it was low at the St.15~~20 where in influenced by the surface warm water current from offshore of the bay. On the other hand, nano- and pico-sized Chl. a were gradually increased towards the outer bay and their trends were significant in 2011 than in 2010. The cryptophyta species occupied more than 85% of total phytoplankton assembleges in 2010, whereas their abundance in 2011 remainds to be 1/10 levels of 2010. Following the cryptophata species, the diatom Chaetoceros spp. and Skeletonema -like spp. were found to be dominant species. Further the biosaasy experimental results shows that the phytoplankton biomass in the +N and +NP treatments was higher compared to control and +P treatments and its trend was significant at St.8 and St.20 where nutrient concentration were low. Based on the bioassay and field survey, providing the high nutrients may have stimulated to phytoplankton growth such as S. costatum-like spp.. In particular, opportunistic micro-algae such as Cryptomonas spp. were able to achieve the high biomass under the relatively mid nutrient condition from bottom after break down of seasonal stratification in the Gwangyang Bay.

흰쥐의 톨루엔 간독성에 었어서 Vitamin C 와 E의 효과

배시우 ( Si Woo Bae ),윤인숙 ( In Sook Yoon ) 대한임상검사과학회 2002 대한임상검사과학회지(KJCLS) Vol.34 No.2

툴루엔은 주로 간에서 산화적 경로에 의해서 대사 된다. 활성산소는 톨루엔 대사과정에서 발생된다. 그러므로 툴루엔 대사과정에서 발생되는 활성산소에 의해 조직 및 세포상해를 야기 시킬 수 있다. Vitamin C와 E는 항산화제로 활성산소에 의한 손상으로부터 세표플 보호하는 데 고효율로 활성산소를 제거하는 역할을 한다. 툴루엔의 간 독성에 대한 가섣판검정하기 위해 툴루엔을 쥐의 복강에 주사하였다. 그라고 vitamin C와 E가 쥐간을 보호하는지를 알아보기 위해 쥐에게 톨루엔 주사와 함께 vitamin C와 E룰 경구 투여하였다. 간기능검사로 혈청 AST, ALT, LDH, ALP를 측정하였다. 산화적 손상의 간접지표인 MDA도 측정하였다. 툴루엔의 최종대사산물인 마뇨산은 매LC로 정량하였다. AST, ALT, LDH, MDA와 마뇨산은 툴루엔군이 대조군에 비해서 현저하게 높았다. 그러나 vitamin C와 E군에서는 ALT와 마뇨산을 제외하고는 현저한 차이는 없었다. ALP는 툴루엔군에서 현저하게 낮았으나 vitaminC와 E군에서는 현저한 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 툴루엔이 대사 될 때 활성산소에 의해 간 독성이 야기되었음을 알 수 있다. 그리고 vitamin C와 E를 투여했을 때 툴루엔으로 인한 간의 손상을 방어해 줌을 알 수 있다. 따라서 이 연구는 vitamin C 와 E 가 툴루엔에 의한 급성 간 중독시 간 손상을 방어하는 데 도움이 된다고 사료된다. Toluene is mainly metabolized in the liver by the oxidative pathway. Oxygen free radicals occur through the process of toluene metabolism. Therefore, tissue and cell injury occurs by oxygen free radicals from the metabolism of toluene. Vitamin C is a water-soluble antioxidant that maintains many metal cofactors in the reduced state. Vitamin E( -tocopherol) acts as an antioxidant, breaking free-radical chain reactions as a result of their ability to transfer a phenolic hydrogen to a peroxyl free radical of a peroxidasised polyunsaturated fatty acid. Therefore vitamin C and E act as highly efficient free radical scavengers that protect cells from damage by oxygen free radicals. To test this hypothesis, toluene hepatotoxicity was induced by an abdominal injection of toluene. To see if vitamin C and E protects the rat``s liver, vitamin C and E was administrated orally, at the time of each toluene injection. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), latic dehydrogenase (LDH) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in serum were measured to estimate hepatic function. Melondialdehyde (MDA), which gives an indirect index of oxidative injury was also measured. Hippuric acid, the last metabolic production of toluene, was measured by HPLC. There were significantly higher values in AST, ALT, LDH, MDA and hippuric acid in the toluene group, but the values were mostly lower in vitamin C and E groups than in toluene group. There were significantly lower values in ALP in the toluene group, but there were no significant differences between the vitamin C and E groups, suggesting a significant hepatotoxicity due to oxygen free radicals through the process of toluene metabolism. Vitamin C and E treatment significantly protected hepatic function and free radical-mediated injury in the liver against toluene-induced changes. Accordingly, this study shows that vitamin C and E is helpful in protecting against liver injury by acute toluene intoxication.

The Effects of Extrahepatic Cholestasis on Serum α-D-Mannosidase Isozyme Activites in Ethanol Intoxicated Rats

Bae, Si-Woo,Kwak, Chun-Sik,Yoon, Chong-Guk 대한의생명과학회 2002 Biomedical Science Letters Vol.8 No.4

Serum α-D-mannosidase isozyme activities were measured in rats with ethanol intoxication combined with extrahepatic cholestasis induced by common bile duct ligation for the manifestation of the biochemeical background of drinking hazards under the hepatobiliary disease. When chronic ethanol intoxication was combined with extrahepatic cholestasis, the activities of the rat's serum cytosolic, lysosomal and Golgi α-D-mannosidase isozymes increased at a more significant rate than those of the cholestasis alone. However, when acute ethanol intoxication was combined with extrahepatic cholestasis, the activities of the above isozymes were seen in the cholestasis alone. The results suggested that the elevated activities of these isozymes in chronic ethanol intoxication with cholestasis rather than in cholestasis alone were indications of increased hepatic damages, which caused these isozymes to leak into the blood in great quantity. Accordingly, the resulting data supported the fact that alcoholic drinks were enzymologically harmful to the hepatobiliary disease.

Effects of Extrahepatic Cholestasis on Hepatic α-D-Mannosidase Activity in Chronic Ethanol Intoxicated Rats

Bae, Si-Woo,Kwak, Chun-Sik,Yoon, Chong-Guk 대한의생명과학회 2003 Biomedical Science Letters Vol.9 No.1

Hepatic subcellular α-D-mannosidases activities and its Km and Vmax values were determined in chronic ethanol in toxicated rats with extrahepatic cholestasis induced by common bile duct ligation to manifest the biochemical background of alcohol drinking hazard under the hepatobiliary disease. In case of extrahepatic cholestasis, chronic ethanol intoxication in animals led to the increased activities of liver Golgi and microsomal α-D-mannosidase as well as the Vmax values of these enzymes. However, the difference of Km values on hepatic subcellular enzymes were not found between the experimental groups. Therefore, the results indicate that the liver Golgi and microsomal α-D-mannosidase may be more induced in chronic ethanol intoxication animals in case of cholestasis. Accordingly, the resulting data supported the fact that alcoholic drinks may led to enhancement of the hepatobiliary liver damage.

흰쥐에게 내독소의 비경구 투여가 혈청 및 간의Alcohol Dehydrogenase Catalase및 Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 활성변동에 미치는 영향

곽춘식,배시우,문교철 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1993 계명의대학술지 Vol.12 No.4

The activities of the alcohol dehydrogenase(ADH), catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase(ALDH) which are detoxifying enzymes in the liver were measured in order to evaluate the detoxifying ability of the liver to endotoxin. For administration of endotoxin, a dose of 5mg of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide E. coli 026 :B6, from Sigma chemical company, USA) per kg of body weight was administered through a right external jugular vein. Then the rats were killed after 3, 8 and 24 hours of injection with endotoxin to measure the activities of the above enzymes in serum and their liver. The activity of the serum ADH showed a statistically significant increase between 3 and 24 hours after endotoxin administration, but that of the cytosolic ADH in the liver showed a significant decrease throughout the experiment. The activity of catalase in the liver showed a significant decrease throughout the experiment. The activity of the cytosolic ALDH in the liver showed a significant increase between 3 and 24 hours after endotoxin administration. The activities of the microsomal and mitochondrial ALDH in the liver showed a significant decrease between 8 and 24 hours after endotoxin administration respectively. According to the resultd, cytosolic ADH and catalase leak into the blood through the damaged membrane of hepatocyte. Microsomal and mitochondrial ALDH leak into the cytosol through their damaged membranes. And it is suggested that the synthesis of the microsomal ALDH in the liver is decreased.