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박장민 미술사학연구회 2012 美術史學報 Vol.- No.38
본 논문은 신사실파(1947-1953)에서 나타난 추상개념을 서구 기하추상의 주체적 재인식이라는 맥락에서 조망하면서, 창립회원들의 추상이 서구 추상의 문맥에서 이탈하여 자기화한 추상을 지향하였음을 규명하고자 한 연구이다. 신사실파는 해방공간에서 소수의 회원이지만 순수한 조형이념인 ‘신사실’을 표방하는 미술집단으로서 출발하였다. 신사실파는 1948년 창립전을 시작으로 혹독한 한국전쟁기에도 3회전을 가짐으로써 조형성을 우위에 둔 미술집단의 명맥을 유지했다. 그런데 신사실파는 추상작가들로 이루어진 미술집단에서 점차 구상작가들과 공존하는 복합적인 모습으로 변해갔기 때문에 이와 같은 추상과 구상의 양립은 신사실파의 특이점이라고 할 수 있다. 이렇듯 신사실로 전개한 창립회원들의 추상이 구상경향의 회원들에게 공감할 수 있는 새로운 조형의식을 제공했다는 사실은 신사실파가 기존 미술과는 다른 새로운 형식의 미술을 모색한 실험적인 미술집단이었음을 시사한다. 신사실파 창립회원들은 현실의 본질적인 특성을 추구하고 미술의 비공리성을 지지하였는데 이는 이들이 습득한 추상개념을 근간으로 한 것이다. 창립회원들은 1930-1940년대 초에 일본에서 유학을 하였고 전위미술 그룹전인 《자유미술가협회전》(1937-44)에 참여하여 두각을 나타내었다. 이 시기에 창립회원들이 수용한 추상개념은 미술의 자율성을 수호하기 위해 결집한 서구 기하추상 운동에 영향을 받았다. 이를 통해 이들은 기하추상을 다양한 추상경향의 집합으로서 자유를 상징하는 자율적인 형식을 지닌 미술로 인식하였다. 따라서 이들은 미술의 자율성을 바탕으로 각자만의 독자적인 표현을 중시하는 예술관을 공유하게 되었다. 창립회원들이 전개한 추상개념을 이해함에 있어 연관시킬 수 있는 서구 기하추상 운동은 ‘비구상’을 내세워 추상미술에 관한 다양한 미학적 이론과 실행을 통합한 파리의 ‘추상-창조’ 그룹(1931-36)과 《레알리테 누벨 전람회》를 들 수 있다. 신사실파가 기획되고 창립전을 가진 시기에 개최된《레알리테 누벨 전람회》는 추상-창조 그룹의 이념을 공식적으로 계승한 국제 기하추상 전시였다. 이 전람회의 조형이념인 ‘레알리테 누벨’은 서구 추상미술의 진영에서 통용된 새로운 사실주의로서 미술의 자율성을 옹호하는 중요한 근거였다. 신사실로 전개한 창립회원들의 추상개념은 이러한 동시대의 조형이념과 연계된 것이며 전위의 실천으로서 실험적인 미술 형식에 전념하는 이들의 형식주의적 태도 역시 추상운동과 결부된 서구 모더니스트에게서 찾아볼 수 있는 특징이었다. 새로운 민족미술의 수립을 둘러싼 이념분쟁은 첨예했으나 이를 어떻게 표현할 것인가의 문제에 있어서는 성과가 부진했던 해방공간의 특수한 상황 속에서 신사실파 창립회원들은 추상미술의 전위성을 구체적인 현실과 소통하는 추상을 시도하는 실험정신으로부터 담보하고자 하였다. 즉 이들이 신사실로 선보인 추상은 새롭게 인식한 전통과 자연이라는 경험적인 모더니티를 관념적으로 습득했던 추상형식에 주입함으로써 서구 기하추상의 문맥에서 이탈한 새로운 형태의 추상이었다. 이와 같은 이들의 개방적이고 자유로운 발상은 다른 전위경향의 구상 작가들에게 신사실파로의 참여를 이끌어낼 만큼 상당한 설득력을 얻었다고 여겨진다. 김환기와 유영국의 추상은 해방 이전의 ... This study is an attempt to search the concept of abstraction shared among the founders of ‘New Realism Group’(1947-1953) in the view of new interpretation on the western geometric abstraction in order to clarify that their abstract works are conceived in terms of their own perspectives. The New Realism Group was a small art group which formed by the abstract artists including Kim Whanki, Yoo YoungKuk and Lee KyuSang. After its first show in 1948, the group has survived in holding the third one in Busan,a refuge during the Korean war period in 1953. However, it is interesting that the group kept a foot in both abstract and figurative tendencies, by degrees three additional members, Chang WookJin, Baek YoungSu and Lee JoongSup, joined in addition to the three original members. That would imply that the members tried to explore and do experiment with form of art in searching for a new art for a new society. The founders were concerned with essential properties of reality and had the opinion that art should be cut off from social demand. Their attitudes towards art were based on notions of abstraction they have acquired. From 1930s to the early 1940s, they studied in Japan and participated in the avant-garde group, ‘The Association of Free Artists’(1937-44). At this time,their concept of abstraction was influenced by the western geometric abstraction movement, which formed to dedicate to preservation of the autonomy of art in the face of growing totalitarianism. They identified geometric abstraction in its various forms with freedom from political constraint and the concept of geometric abstraction with the pursuit of autonomy or independence. Therefore, they shared with the attitudes and understandings of abstraction which put emphasis on individual expression in terms of the autonomy of art. To understand their concept of abstraction, it can be said that two important western abstract groups were related the New Realism Group. The first one, the association ‘Abstraction-Création’(1931-36) was formed in Paris, which intended to merge the variety of aesthetic theory and practice on abstraction into non-figuative art. The other is 《Le Salon des Réalités Nouvelles》, officially a successor to the association ‘Abstraction-Création’,which held the international exhibitions showing geometric abstraction in post-war when the New Realism Group was formed and held its first show at the same time. ‘Abstract’ took a new name: Réalités Nouvelles by title of the association. This term of Réalités Nouvelles, the new realism, was in common word in the Abstract camps. It became the base of art’s autonomy. Indeed, their concept of abstraction represented ‘New Realism’ was linked to these concepts of geometric abstraction. And also they had two of formalistic characteristics which were a preoccupation with form and a stress on art’s autonomy from other concerns of social life. These characteristics are seen by modernists in abstract art movement. While diversified understandings of a new national art led to the sharp ideological conflict, but the way to express these understandings was lacked. At this time the founders attempted to embody abstract art from practice of the avant-garde linked with actual life. Indeed, merging tradition and nature newly realized as experiential modernities into form of abstraction they suggested a new interpretation on abstraction differing from the western geometric abstraction. However Kim Whanki and Yoo YoungKuk’s the abstract works were different from those under a strong influence of the western geometric abstraction in 1930s and the early 1940s. But they still refused the representation of realism and social role of art, and did experiment with the study of form independent from political constraint. At the same time, they rejected the purity of abstraction and regarded tradition and nature as new painterly modernity. Therefore, their new interpretation on abstracti...
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Multi-dimensional finite element analyses of OECD lower head failure tests
박장민,임국희 한국원자력학회 2022 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.54 No.12
For severe accident assessment of reactor pressure vessel (RPV), it is important to develop an accurate model that can predict transient thermo-mechanical behavior of the RPV lower head under the given condition. The present study revisits the lower head failure with two- and three-dimensional finite element models. In particular, we aim to give clear insight regarding the effect of the threedimensionality present in the distribution of the thickness and thermal load of the lower head. For a rigorous validation of the result, both the OLHF-1 and the OLHF-2 tests are considered in this study. The result suggests that the three-dimensional effect is not negligible as far as the failure location is concerned. The non-uniformity of the thickness distribution is found to affect the failure location and time. The thermal load, which may not be axisymmetric in general, has the most significant effect on the failure assessment. We also observe that the creep property can affect the global deformation of the lower head, depending on the applied mechanical load.
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박장민,차경제 한국기계가공학회 2015 한국기계가공학회지 Vol.14 No.4
Molding technologies for plastic microstructures have been extensively investigated during the last two decades, and theoretical and numerical studies on the micro molding process have provided efficient tools for the development of such molding technologies. In this paper, we present a review of numerical simulation methods for the micro molding process. Basic models for a description of the material property, governing equations of the flow and heat transfer during the molding process, and numerical methods will be described. Particularly, numerical simulations for micro injection molding and hot embossing processes will be presented, and their main features noted and compared to those for conventional molding processes.
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Numerical simulation of hot embossing filling stage using a viscoelastic constitutive model
박장민,강태곤,박성진 한국유변학회 2011 Korea-Australia rheology journal Vol.23 No.3
A finite element analysis system is developed to investigate the viscoelastic deformation of polymer during hot embossing process, employing a nonlinear viscoelastic model as a polymer constitutive model. The interface between air and polymer is captured by a level set method. The viscoelastic flow problem is solved using a discrete elastic-viscous stress splitting (DEVSS) formulation along with a matrix logarithm of the conformation tensor. A discontinuous Galerkin formulation is employed to treat convective problems. The developed method is applied to the filling stage of hot embossing for a two-dimensional cavity. The details of the polymer viscoelastic deformation are investigated in terms of the conformation tensor distribution at the end of the embossing. The embossing speed and the cavity aspect ratio are found to have significant effects on the polymer conformation development in the molded part. As for the difference in filling pattern between the Newtonian viscous fluid and the viscoelastic fluid, the difference grows with time, but not significant in the particular geometry and processing conditions chosen.
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