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유형론적 관점으로 본 중국어 사실성부사 ‘진(真)’과 ‘진적(真的)’의 기능 확장과 그 범주적 특성
박정구 ( Park¸ Jungku ),소영 ( Xiao¸ Ying ),박성하 ( Park¸ Seongha ) 한국중국언어학회 2021 중국언어연구 Vol.- No.95
本文对现代汉语真实性副词“真”、“真的”复杂多样的分布特征进行了深入细致的调查, 并通过比较分析探究真实性副词除情态义外, 还具有的其他范畴的功能, 并揭示这些功能扩展的机制。 本文首先用一个模式展现“真”和“真的”的认识情态, 并在该模式中, 把认识情态设定为区别于现实世界(Real World)的可能世界(Possible World)。认识情态表示说话者的断, 判断被设定于可能世界中的事件或状态与现实世界的符合程度, 而“真”和“真的”这两个副词都表示坚定地确信可能事件符合现实事件。以该模式为基础, 还可解释“真”表示“程度的加强”这一扩展功能, 其扩展机制为认知推理, 即“强调事态的真实性”功能通过认知推理过程, 类推为“状态的程度加强”。 此外, 本文还提出了“真”其他范畴的特征。最值得关注的成果是本文提出“真”具有“示证性”(evidentiality)和“意外性”(mirativity)的范畴属性, 并利用语言类型学来阐释其机制。 “真”的“示证性”特征是指命题所表示的信息不是说话者间接所得, 而是切身体验后直接获取的信息。“真”的“意外性”特征是指说话者所传递的信息是出乎意料的或与预设相悖的新信息, 也表示对意外事件感到惊讶之义。通过这些范畴特征, 可以对“真”所独具的功能从语言类型学的角度进行解释说明。 从语言类型学视角来看, 认识情态、示证性、意外性等范畴在不同的语言中通过不同的手段或方式来呈现。在有些语言中呈现为语法标记, 而在有些语言中则不然;有些语言明确地将各范畴区分开来, 而有些语言则不然。汉语中这些语法标记不发达, 各范畴难以区分。本文证明了这些范畴的属性对汉语真实性副词的功能产生影响, 并且借助所搭配的成分或语境呈现出来, 这具有积极意义。 By closely comparing and analyzing the various and complex distributional properties of Chinese actuality adverbs ‘Zhen (真)’ and ‘Zhende (真的)’, this paper tried to prove what categorical functions the actuality adverbs have in addition to their modal meaning and to reveal what mechanism causes the functional extension. First of all, this paper presents a model of the epistemic modality of ‘真’ and ‘真的’, with two distinct worlds, the possible world and the real world. The epistemic modality expresses the speaker’s judgment on the degree to which an event or state established in the possible world matches the real world, and these two adverbs express his strong convictions about the correspondence between the real event and the possible event. Based on this model, it is possible to explain the extension of the degree-intensifying function of ‘Zhen (真)’. The mechanism reveals that the function of emphasizing the degree of a state was developed from cognitive reasoning inferred by the reinforcement of truth of an event or a state. This paper also suggests a new categorical characteristic of ‘Zhen (真)’. The most notable achievement is that we can suggest that ‘Zhen (真)’ has categorical properties such as evidentiality and mirativity, and explain the mechanism from linguistic typological perspective. The evidentiality of ‘Zhen (真)’ tells us that the information indicated by the proposition is not obtained indirectly, but that the speaker is the direct source of the information. In addition, the mirativity of ‘Zhen (真)’ indicates that the information conveyed by the speaker is unpredictable, new, contrary to the presupposition, and carrying the meaning of being surprised at the unexpected event. Through this analysis, this paper could logically and systematically explain the apparently exceptional and very complex function of ‘Zhen (真)’. The categories such as epistemic modality, evidentiality, and mirativity may or may not be expressed by grammatical markers cross-linguistically, and may or may not be clearly distinguished from each other. It can be said that Chinese is a type of language in which the grammatical markers rarely developed and the categories are not clearly distinguished from each other. This paper has great significance in proving that those categorial properties are involved in the functional development of actuality adverbs in Chinese and the categorial features can be captured by the co-occurring elements or context.
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Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Effect of Astaxanthin Derived from Microalgae
곽태원(Tae Won Kwak),차지영(Ji Young Cha),이철원(Chul Won Lee),김영민(Young Min Kim),유병홍(Byung Hong Yoo),김성구(Sung Gu Kim),김종명(Jong-Myoung Kim),박성하(Seongha Park),안원근(Won Gun An) 한국생명과학회 2011 생명과학회지 Vol.21 No.10
Astaxanthin (ATX)은 다양한 생명체에서 생성되는 카로티노이드 색소이다. 본 연구에서는 ATX가 RAW264.7 cell에서 LPS에 의한 inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), 염증성 사이토카인, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB)와 reactive oxygen species (ROS)의 생성을 억제 시키는 지 또한, superoxide radical 소거능이 있는 지를 조사하였다. iNOS와 NF-κB는 immunoblot analysis로, interleukin (IL)-6와 tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)는 ELISA 법으로 분석하였다. NO 양은 nitrite의 양을 측정하였고, ROS는 2",7"-dichlorodihydro-fluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) 법으로 superoxide radical 소거능은 superoxide radical scavenging activity assay로 검증하였다. 100 μM의 ATX 농도에서 LPS로 유도된 NO, IL-6 및 TNF-α 같은 염증성 사이토카인의 생성 뿐만 아니라 iNOS 및 NF-κB의 발현도 억제되었다. 특히, IL-6 및 TNF-α 생성에 있어 ATX의 최대 억제율은 각각 65.2% 및 21.2% 이었으며 LPS로 유도된 NF-κB의 전사활성을 억제하였다. 이러한 현상은 세포질에서 핵으로 NF-κB의 전위를 억제하는 것과 관련이 있다. 또한, 25-100 μM의 ATX 농도에서 세포 내 ROS 생성을 억제하였으며, 5 mg/ml 농도의 ATX는 동일농도의 α-tocopherol에 비해 superoxide radical 소거능이 1.33배 높았다. 이러한 결과들은 ATX가 대식세포에서 ROS 생성 및 NF-κB 활성을 저해하므로 iNOS의 발현, NO 및 염증성 사이토카인의 생성을 억제하며, 또한 우수한 superoxide radical 소거능을 보유한다는 것을 나타내었다. 결론적으로, ATX가 항염증제 및 항산화제로서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. Astaxanthin (ATX) is a red-orange carotenoid pigment that occurs naturally in a wide variety of living organisms. In this study we investigated the inhibitory effects of ATX on the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), proinflammatory cytokines, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, we tested the superoxide radical scavenging activity of ATX by scavenging assay. iNOS and NF-κB expressions were determined by immunoblot analysis. Interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were assayed by ELISA. NO production was monitored by measuring the amount of nitrite. ROS was examined by using the 2", 7"-Dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) method. At a concentration of 100 μM, ATX inhibited the expression level of LPS-induced NF-κB, as well as the production of LPS-induced NO and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), by suppressing iNOS expression. In particular, the maximal inhibition rate of IL-6 and TNF-α production by ATX (100 μM) was 65.2% and 21.2%, respectively. In addition, ATX inhibited the LPS-induced transcriptional activity of NF-κB, and this was associated with suppressing the translocations of NF-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus. Moreover, at various concentrations (25-100 μM), ATX inhibited the intracellular level of ROS. At a concentration of 5 mg/ml, the superoxide radical scavenging activity of ATX was 1.33 times higher than α-tocopherol of the same concentration. These results showed that ATX inhibited the expression of iNOS and the production of NO and proinflammatory cytokines resulting from ROS production and NF-κB activation in macrophages. Furthermore, ATX was found to be more effective in superoxide radical scavenging activities compared to α-tocopherol. These findings are expected to strengthen the position of ATX as anti-inflammatory medicine and antioxidant.
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