농촌지역사회개발을 위한 계획안 ( 제1장 ∼ 4장까지의 요약 )

박동호 ( Tong Ho Park ) 한국경제학회 1960 經濟學硏究 Vol.8 No.1

農村地域社會開發의 基本構想에 관한 硏究

朴東浩 서경대학교 사회과학연구소 1972 論文集 Vol.1 No.-

Along with the rapid growth of Korean economy, the gap between urban and rural societies is being expanded gradually in economic, cultural and social fields. Most intellectuals and the rich are concentrating to cieties from rural communities, so it is inevitable that the ignorant and the poor are remaining in the rural area. And yet, the life of the cities is becoming instability and unhealthy, because of confusion, slum and pollution caused by disordered expanding of urbanization. Therefore, it is a important task to keep the balanced development of rural with cities. A survey of Korean rural people sugests following needs ; a. To increase the income of rural people by developing the agriculture and industry in rural area. i. e. Industrialization of rural areas. b. To expect convenient living in rural area as well as in the urban life. i. e. Functional urbanization in the rural area. c. To maintain the superiority of rural area, that is sunlights, fresh air, green field, i. e. Gardening society. The desires of people in rural area are accelerated by advancing educational level of rural people. I propose that the basic model of rural community development should be developed to the industrialization, functional urbanization and gardening society. However, it is necessary for the government, rural people, autherities concerned and university to corporate together, due to the lack of funds, technics, and abilities to develop rural area. I also propose that basic model of rural community development be approached through community development, because of community development is action programme of common-action society and integrated programme for improving all aspects of rural life.

우리나라 關稅制度에 관한 硏究 : with refer to Heavy & Chemical Imdustry Development

朴東浩 서경대학교 1977 論文集 Vol.4-5 No.-

1. In relation to the policy of industrial structure, the present tariff system raises some problems as to tariff exemption system, elastic tariff system, bonded system and tariff rate system. 2. Tariff exemption system concerns tariff exemptions, tariff exemption by agreement as well as tariff exemptions under customs law and other ordinances. Tariff exemption under customs law amounts to 11 items, and under other ordinances amounts to 4 items and that by agreement amounts to 5. And a sum total of the tariff exemption of the latter two occupies no more than 10 per cent of the sum total of the whole tariff exemptions. The present tariff exemption system raises such problems as (1) a diversity of tariff exemption system, (2) decrease in tariff revenues owing to an increase in the amount of tariff exemption, (3) uniform exemption system for key industry and the period of tariff exemption and (4) adjustment as to the fixed drawback rate. (1) In the light of a diversity of tariff exemption system, the effects of exemption can be unreasonably overlapped. Therefore, a single unified system is required. (2) The amount of tariff exemptions exceeds the collected amount of tariffs with its revenue tending relatively to decrease. Owing to the encouragement of import for tax-exempt items and the ever-widening gap between the nominal tariff rate and effective tariff rate, a special meausre is to be taken to reduce the number of tariff exemption items except for the heavy & chemical industry and daily necessities. By improving trade balance and protecting domestic industry and narrowing the gap between nominal tariff rate and effective rate, we must see that resources be reasonalby distributed. (3) Tariff exemption for key industry ranges widely in its scope. Except for petrochemical refineries and resident-firms in the export industry areas, at present 80 per cent tariff exemptions are equally applied to other industries without a consideration given to the priority of growth and the difference of basic of basic tariff rates. Since there is no time-limit to tariff exemption, it is advisable to reduce the scope of tariff exemption and to introduce installment-pay system of tariff. And the tariff rates must be adjusted differently according to the strategic importance of heavy chemical industry. The tariff rates must also be adjusted differently an consideration of each period and stage of the growth of industry. (4) Since the amount of drawback tariff rate exercises a considerable influence on the technological development of each industry, a serious consideration is required as to the exact amount of raw materials. 3. Elastic tariff system comprises anti-dumping, retaliatory tariff, emergency tariff, countervailing-tariff, benificial tariff, tariff quota system and limited mandatory tariff system. At present, 400-odd items are subject to elastic tariff rate. Elastic tariff system is required to cope with such problems as: (1) the scope of the system becomes gretaer and more fixed each year; (2) it is difficult to apply equable elastic rate to each different item; (3) a necessity arises regarding domestic elastic tariff and import-control policy. (1) Elastic tariff serves as a defensive measure rather·than offensive one in the international trade. As it is dynamically subject to the drastic changes of economic situations at home or abroad, the tariff rates are determined inside the framework of law. Therefore, it s proper that the rate should return to normal when the particular situations cease to exist. When a structural change of industry necessitates the application of elastic rate, the tariff rate must be reformed rather than revised to well cope with the situation. (2) In deciding any items to be subject to elastic tariff rate, the following factors are to be considered as a frame of reference such as domestic demand, domestic production qountity, domestic production cost and export price of major rival nations. Nevetheless, in order to secure objectivity on the application of elastic rate, the tariff standard must be decided by mathematical and scientific methods. (3) Occasional disharmony between the direct policy of import restrictions and indirect policy of tariff may produce in efficiency or a decrease in the effect of the policy. Coordination between the two policies are required. 4. Bonded system includes bonded area system and bonded transportion system. Bonded area system concerns designated bonded areas and licensed honded area. In the licensed bonded area are included bonded warehouse, bonded shed, bonded manufacturing warehouse, bonded exhibition ground and bonded construction ground. Bonded manufacturing warehouse, among others, occupies an important position in the light of industrial policy. Bonded manufacturing warehouse includes export bonded manufacturing warehouse, bonded manufacturing warehouse for domestic demand and licensed bonded manufacturing warehouse. Export free trade areas and export industrial areas can also claim their importance. At present, export honded manufacturing warehouse amounts to 330 in number, bonded manufacturing warehouse for domestic demand 28, and resident-firms in the export free trade areas and export industry areas amount to 491 in number. The present bonded system has the following problems to cope with: (1) There is no restirction placed on the conditions to establish bonded manufacturing warehouse; (2) Bonded manufacturing warehouse for domestic demand not only widens the gap between the nomincal tariff rates and effective tariff rates but also create an issue overlapping as to the management of elastic tariff and bonded manufacturing warehouse for domestic demand. (1) With a view to enhancing the processing industry alone, it deems unnecessary in principle to place any restriction on the establishment of bonded warehouse. But from the standpoint of industrial policy, it is necessary, as is the case with other countries including Japan, to restrict the establishment of what may exercise a damaging influences on domestic industry or aim to take advantage of a low tariff rates. (2) Bonded manufacturing warehouse for domestic demand system is convenient regarding assemly imports and customs clearance. But it is hardly conducive to industrial policy as a whole. Therefore, it is recommended that the policy be oriented toward abolishing the system. And then tariff rates for partial goods and finished goods are required to apply to homogeneouse industries. 5. Tariff rate system adopts both the tariff system and compound tariff system. As of June 1, 1975, there are 197 items subjects to GATT conventional tariff rates, 6 items subject to concession on tariff rates among developing countries and other items subject to autonomouse tariff rates. 11 items of those items are subject to provisional tariff, 443 items to elastic tariff and the rest to general rates Also in relation to the bais of tariff, there are 23 items subject to specific tariff, 7 items to alternative tariff and the rest to ad valorem tariff. Under the present tariff rate system, a majority of export-import goods are subject to ad valorem tariff. As a result, the present system tends to weaken the protective function of domestic industry by way of encouraging the importation ofinexpensive foreign commodities with a view to evadingtaxaion. Therefore, it is recommended that the scope of ad valorem tariff be expanded. 6. There are 17 steps in tariff rate system. Financial duties items (5∼20%) occupy 51, 1 percent; protective banned items (50∼80%) 2.8 per cent and the average tariff rates amount to 31, 5 per cent. According to the inter-industrial Relations Table of 1973, the relation between nominal tariff rates and effective tariff rates shows that pig iron amounts to 10 per cent vs. 2, 1 per cent; steel ore, 10∼20 per cent vs. 1, 4 per cent; alloy, 5 per cent vs. 6, 5 per per cent; iron plate, 35∼40 percent vs. 4, 9 per cent; steel bar, 25 per cent vs. 8, 3 per cent, mould steel, 25 per cent vs. 7, 6 per cent; the other iron-steel godds, 25∼35 per cent vs. 5, 2 per cent. Steel pipe, 20∼50 per cent vs. 17, 7 per cent. Plated steel materials, 40 per cent vs. 10,8 per cent; cast-steel, 40 per cent vs. 3, 5 per cent; cast-iron pipe, 40 per cent vs. 1, 4 per cent; wrought steel, 50 per cent vs. 25 percent. Thuse average tariff rate for iron-stell goods stands 27∼30 per cent against 7, 9 per cent, the difference being as much as 19,1∼23,9 per cent. In the case of shipping, the ratio stand 10∼25 per cent against 1 per cent, the differecne being 9∼24 per cent. In machinery, the ratio stand 11,5∼27,5 against 5,6, the difference being 26,3∼36,3 per cent. In electronics goods, the ratio stands 60∼70 per cent against 3,4 per cent, the difference being 56,6∼66,6 per cent. As is clearly shown in the figures above, we can see that from the standpoint of tariff rate structure (1) effective tariff is lower in heavy & chemical industry than in light industry; (2) tariff is imposed more heavily on the finished goods than on parts in the case of machinery; (3) unlike nominal tariff rate applicable to each production stage, effective taniff rate does not show the same tendency as above and (4) the difference between nominal tariff rate and effective tariff rate is much to big. First, from the standpoint of tariff protection, the difference between light industry and heavy & chemical industry will create added value ratio on the light industry, thus promting the preferential ldevelopment of light industry. Therefore it is recommended that effective teriff rate be lowered in ight industry and raised in heavy & chemical industry. Second, advantag given to finished goods over parts may result in encouraging the mere production of intermediate goods. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate each industry for this purpose. Third, through narrowing the gap between nominal tariff rate and effective tariff rate and through systemtizing the effective tariff rate at production stages, we can expect a structural change in industry.