Distribution of Organic Matter and $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ Contents in Soils Using Principal Component and Multiple Regression Analysis in Jeju Island

문경환,임한철,현해남,Moon, Kyung-Hwan,Lim, Han-Cheol,Hyun, Hae-Nam Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.5

Soil Taxonomy의 새로운 Andisols목 토양의 분류체계에서 토양유기물 함량과 Ammonium oxalate 추출 Al함량과 Fe의 1/2함량의 합은 중요한 기준이다. 제주도는 토양생성환경이 다양하여 Andisols 토양을 포함하여 다양한 토양이 분포하고 있다. 이 논문은 제주도 토양을 대상으로 기후, 식생, 지형 등 여러 가지 환경변수들을 이용하여 토양유기물과 $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$의 함량을 추정할 수 있는 모형을 개발하고, 이를 이용하여 토양특성지도를 제작하기 위하여 수행하였다. 조사대상 지역의 321 지점에서 토양을 채취하여 토양유기물과 $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ 함량을 분석하고, 각 토양시료 채취지점의 온도, 강우, 순일차생산량, 일사량, 증발산량, 해발고도, 토양생성에너지, 지형습윤지수, 주변과의 고도차, 해안과 정상으로부터의 거리 등의 환경변수들을 환경변수 지도를 제작하여 추출하였다. 여러 환경변수 간에는 서로 상관관계가 높게 나타나는 다중공선성을 나타내었으며, 이를 주성분분석에 의한 변수 변환으로 제거하였다. 주성분분석 결과를 바탕으로 변환된 변수들은 산악효과, 식생효과, 복잡 효과 등 3개의 주성분으로 축소할 수 있었고, 이 3개의 변수를 이용하여 토양유기물과 $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ 함량을 예측할 수 있는 다중회귀모형을 구하였다. 이 모형들은 전체 토양유기물 변이의 52%와 전체 $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ 변이의 37%를 설명할 수 있었다. 모형을 이용하여 제작된 토양유기물 지도는 토양도를 바탕으로 한 토양유기물 지도와 전체적인 형태에서 매우 유사한 형태를 나타내었다. 따라서 환경요인은 제주도 토양의 분포에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되었고, 정량화할 수 있는 환경요인을 이용하여 토양특성지도를 제작할 수 있음을 구명하였다. The contents of soil organic matter (SOM) and $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ in soils are important criteria for the classification of new Andisols in Soil Taxonomy system. There are many soil types in Jeju Island with various soil forming environments. This paper was conducted to estimate the contents of soil organic matter and the content of ammonium oxalate extracted Al and Fe ($Al_o+1/2Fe_o$) using various environmental variables and to make soil property maps using a statistical analyses. The soil samples were collected from 321 locations and analyzed to measure the contents of SOM and $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$. It was analyzed the relationships among them and various environmental variables such as temperature, precipitation, net primary product, radiation, evapotranspiration, altitude, soil forming energy, topographic wetness index, elevation, difference surrounded area, and distances from the shore and the peak. We can exclude multi-collinearity among environmental variables with principal component analysis and reduce all the variables to 3 principal components. The contents of SOM and $Al_o+1/2Fe_o$ were estimated by multiple regression models and maps of them were made using the models.

실내 공기 중 일부 알데하이드류에 대한 위해도 평가 - 일부 주택 및 아토피 환자 주택을 대상으로

문경환,변상훈,최달웅,이은일,오은하,김영환,Moon Kyong Whan,Byeon Sang Hoon,Choi Dal Woong,Lee Eun Il,Oh Eun Ha,Kim Young Whan 한국환경보건학회 2006 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.32 No.1

This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of 15 aldehydes in air samples collected from 21 households including 9 atopy patient's homes and to assess the extent of exposure and risk for an individual due to inhalation. Of all the aldehydes identified in both indoor and outdoor environment, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were the most abundant aldehydes, which were occupied $60\%\;and\;17\%$ of total amount, respectively. The geometric mean concentration of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in indoor air were $170.5\pm1.9\;{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;47.3\pm1.5\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. There existed a strong correlation between formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and other aldehydes. And the ratio of indoor and outdoor concentrations (I/O) exceeded 1.0 for almost every measured aldehydes except m-tolualdehyde... No associations were found between the level of aldehydes and either housing characteristics or living habits in most of the samples with only a few exception. And the concentrations of all aldehydes indoor air between atopy patient's homes and control homes were not significant(p>0.05). Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde exposures and risks were estimated by using the inhalation unit risk, mean concentrations and the 95th percentiles, and which were $2.6\times10^{-3}\;and\;1.1\times10^{-4}$, respectively. The mean and the 95th percentile risk estimates were 25 times higher for formaldehyde than for acetaldehyde in homes.

일개 호스피스 병동에서 비타민 D 결핍 현황 및 관련인자

문경환,안희경,안홍엽,최선영,황인철,최윤선,염창환,Moon, Kyoung Hwan,Ahn, Hee Kyung,Ahn, Hong Yup,Choi, Sun Young,Hwang, In Cheol,Choi, Youn Seon,Yeom, Chang Hwan 한국호스피스완화의료학회 2014 한국호스피스.완화의료학회지 Vol.17 No.1

목적: 암환자에서는 비타민 D 결핍이 흔하지만, 생애 말기암환자에서 비타민 D 결핍 현황에 대한 자료는 드물다. 저자는 말기암환자를 대상으로 비타민 D 결핍 현황 및 그와 관련된 인자를 파악하고자 하였다. 방법: 일개 호스피스 병동에 입원하였던 말기암환자 133명을 대상으로 후향적 의무기록 관찰을 토대로 진행되었다. 환자의 나이, 성별, 혈중 비타민 D 수치, 암 종류, 신체기능, 약물, 그리고 혈액검사에 대한 자료를 수집하였다. 잠재적인 혼란변수를 보정한 후, 다변량 분석을 통해 혈청 비타민 D 결핍과 연관된 유의한 변수를 확인하였다. 혈청 비타민 D 수치 20 ng/mL 미만을 결핍, 10 ng/mL 미만을 중증 결핍으로 간주하였다. 결과: 대상자의 95%는 혈청 비타민 D 결핍증 상태였다. 남성, 비폐암 환자, $H_2$ 차단제 사용자, 항경련제 미사용자에서 중증 비타민 D 결핍이 더 흔하였다. 혈중 alanine aminotransferase (ALT) 상승 또한 낮은 비타민 D 수치와 관련이 있었다. 다변량 분석에서 중증 비타민 D 결핍이 있을 가능성은, 남성이 여성에 비해 3.82배(95% CI: 1.50~9.72, P=0.005), $H_2$ 차단제를 사용한 환자가 그렇지 않은 환자에 비해 3.94배(95% CI: 1.61~9.65, P=0.003), ALT상승이 있는 환자는 그렇지 않은 환자에 비해 4.52배(95% CI: 1.35~15.19, P=0.015)였다. 결론: 말기암환자에서 비타민 D 결핍 상태는 매우 흔했다. 남성, $H_2$ 차단제의 사용, 그리고 ALT의 상승이 중증 비타민 D 결핍과 관련이 있었다. Purpose: Although vitamin D deficiency is more commonly found in cancer patient than in non-cancer patients, there have been little data regarding the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in cancer patients at the very end of life. We examined vitamin D deficiency in terminally ill cancer patients and related factors. Methods: This study was based on a retrospective chart review of 133 patients in a hospice ward. We collected data regarding age, sex, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, cancer type, physical performance, current medications and various laboratory findings. We investigated factors related to serum vitamin D levels after multivariate adjustment for potential confounders. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<20 ng/mL was considered deficient and <10 ng/mL severely deficient. Results: Ninety-five percent of the patients were serum vitamin D deficient. Severe vitamin D deficiency was more common in male patients, non-lung cancer patients, $H_2$ blocker users and non-anticonvulsant users. Elevated levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were also associated with low serum vitamin D levels. Multiple regression analysis showed that severe vitamin D deficiency was associated with male gender (aOR 3.82, 95% CI: 1.50~9.72, P=0.005), $H_2$ blocker users (aOR 3.94, 95% CI: 1.61~9.65, P=0.003) and elevated serum ALT levels (aOR 4.52, 95% CI: 1.35~15.19, P=0.015). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was highly prevalent among terminally ill cancer patients. Severe vitamin D deficiency was more common in male patients, $H_2$ blocker users, and patients with elevated ALT levels.

'주류파 언어이론'의 단면도

문경환,Moon, Kyung-Hwan 국제언어인문학회 2005 인문언어 Vol.7 No.-

The main driving force behind Chomskyan theory of language that is gaining ground under the title of the "minimalist program" has been the urge to reduce the variety of natural languages to a minimal number of theoretical concepts and devices and to formulate the strongest possible hypothesis about linguistic structures. This has led to a long series of proposals of ever greater abstractness, with concomitant modifications in a number of theoretical constructs. The minimalist approach is the latest development of these constant changes, for which there is really "only one computational system and one lexicon," the differences among languages being reducible to parametric variation in "nonsubstantive parts of the lexicon"(Chomaky 1995:169-70). Chomsky thus differs, now more than ever, from other linguists by his sweepingly programmatic, rather than empirical, approach to language. The proposals he makes are too complicated to discuss here in any technical details. We rather focus on a series of lectures delivered by an ardent adherent of the minimalist program, with the view to demonstrating how this theory may mislead and distort the whole prospect of linguistic investigation. The rationale of the so-called 'minimalism' per se will be called into question.

바퀴 독먹이제의 살충 효과 및 지속성 검증

문경환,김남진,김영호,Moon, KyungHwan,Kim, Namjin,Kim, Young Ho 한국응용곤충학회 2020 한국응용곤충학회지 Vol.59 No.1

바퀴는 혐오감을 줄 뿐만 아니라 여러 종류의 병원체를 기계적으로 전파하는 주요한 위생곤충이며, 바퀴 방제를 위해 독먹이제를 가장 많이 사용한다. 본 연구에서는 4종류(chlorpyrifos, avermectin, hydramethylnon 및 fipronil)의 살충 주성분이 각각 함유된 국내 유통 독먹이제 3종(Korea Combat Ultra Slim (K-CUS), Korea Combat Power (K-CP) 및 Korea Zaps Dual Bait (K-ZDB))과 미국 유통 독먹이제 3종(US Combat Source Kill Max (US-CSKM), US Hot Shot MaxAttrax Roach Bait (US-HSM) 및 US Raid Double Control Small Roach Bait (US-RDC))의 독일바퀴(Blattella germanica)에 대한 살충효력을 검증하였다. 6종의 독먹이제 중 fipronil을 살충 주성분으로 사용하는 세 가지의 독먹이제(K-CUS, K-CP 및 US-CSKM)가 속효성 및 높은 살충효과를 나타내었다. K-CUS과 K-CP의 살충효력의 지속성을 검정하기 위해 두 제품을 개봉 후 6개월 및 12개월 이후에 추가로 생물검정을 실시한 결과, 두 제품 모두 시간이 지남에 따라 제품 개봉 직후에 비해 살충효과가 감소하는 경향을 보였지만, 40시간 이내 독일바퀴에 대한 사충률이 90%에 도달하는 것을 감안하면 적어도 이들 독먹이제의 옥내 설치 후 1년동안은 살충효과가 유지되는 것으로 판단된다. Cockroaches are a not only nuisance insects but also have medical importance as they mechanically propagate various pathogens. To date, baits have been widely suggested for use in cockroach control. In this study, we investigated the insecticidal effects of three Korean baits-Korea Combat Ultra Slim (K-CUS), Korea Combat Power (K-CP), and Korea Zaps Dual Bait (K-ZDB)-and three US baits-US Combat Source Kill Max (US-CSKM), US Hot Shot MaxAttrax Roach Bait (US-HSM), and US Raid Double Control Small Roach Bait (US-RDC)-on the German cockroach (Blattella germanica). Among the six baits, three (K-CUS, K-CP, and US-CSKM), the main active ingredients of fipronil, showed rapid and strong insecticidal efficacy. In addition, we compared the persistence of the insecticidal effects of K-CUS and K-CP 6 months and 12 months after initial opening. Insecticidal effects of both baits decreased over time, but the mortality rates of cockroaches exposed to 6-month- and 12-month-aged baits were over 90%, suggesting that these baits can maintain their insecticidal effect for at least one year after indoor installation.

알레르기 환자 가정에서 생물학적 유해인자에 대한 노출평가 -세균, 진균, 집먼지 진드기 알레르겐, 내독소를 대상으로

문경환,변상훈,최달웅,김영환,이장희,이은실,Moon Kyong Whan,Byeon Sang Hoon,Choi Dal Woong,Kim Young Whan,Lee Jang Hee,Lee Eun Il 한국환경보건학회 2005 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.31 No.2

To assess exposure of allergy patients to a biological environment, measurements were made of levels of airborne bacteria and fungi, house dust endotoxin and mite allergens in homes of 7 allergy patients and 12 healthy families. Concentrations of airborne total bacteria and the ratio of indoor and outdoor concentrations(I/O) in allergy patient's homes were high compared to non-allergy houses. But no significant differences could be shown for the concentration of spores of viable fungi and staphylococcus in indoor air between the homes of allergic patients and healthy families. The results of investigation on house dust mites, Dermatophagoids farinae were detected in all mattress samples and the levels in the allergy patient's homes were generally high, with individual measurements exceeding $2{\mu}g/g$ dust found in $30\%$ samples. In contrast with, Dermatophagoids pteronyssinus were detected in only $60\%$ samples and the concentrations were very low. The levels of endotoxin in dust samples collected from the allergy patient's home mattresses were higher than those of control houses. There was a positive correlation between the endotoxin levels and the house dust mite allergens.

경안천의 (慶安川) 수질과 주변역의 오염부하

문경환,김영규,정문호 ( Kyong Whan Woon,Young Gyu Kim,Moon Ho Chung ) 한국하천호수학회 1992 생태와 환경 Vol.25 No.4

Kyongan Stream, one of the first stream flowing into the Han River, was investigated in the viewpoint of its pollutants load run-off into Pal`tang Reservoir which is the most important sorurce for the tap water supply to Seoul City. DO, BOD, COD, SS, and pH values were measured at five selected stations in the stream monthly during the period from January 1989 to December 1991. The amount of pollutants load at each station was also computed on the basis of data adopted from Yongin and Kwangju Gun. Stations 1, 2 located in the upstream were revealed to be heavely contaminated by social sewage and breeding activities of the domestic animal. Stations 4, 5 in downstream were, however, measured to become somewhat better in DO, BOD, COD and SS values possibly due to the increase of the flowing amount by the joining of second streams, i. e., Nungwon Stream. Values of pH ranged from 6.9-8.1 all the year round. DO value showed to decreased in summer season, however, BOD and COD values increased in the winter. Decreaseof DO value might be due to the increase of water temperature, since increase of BOD and COD values by the increase of the flowing amount.

환경요인을 이용한 제주도 토양예측의 정량적 연구

문경환(Kyung Hwan Moon),서형호(Hyeong-Ho Seo),송관철(Yeon Kyu Sonn),손연규(Kwan Chul Song),현해남(Hae-Nam Hyun) 한국토양비료학회 2012 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.45 No.3

토양의 생성에는 모재, 기후, 지형, 생물요인, 시간 등의 5가지 요인이 작용하고 있다고 알려져 왔다. 이 연구는 제주도 토양을 대상으로 환경요인만으로 토양통을 예측하는 알고리즘을 이용하여, 정량적인 분석 방법을 이용해 환경요인과 토양분포의 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. 분석을 위한 환경요인으로는 온도, 강수량, 지표지질, 해발고도, 경사도, 경사향, 주변과의 고도차, 지형습윤지수, 해안으로부터의 거리, 산 정상으로부터의 거리, 토지이용현황을 선택하였다. 토양통별로 각각의 환경요인의 평균과 표준편차 또는 면적비를 구하고, 이를 이용하여 토양통이 분포할 수 있는 환경요인의 범위와 확률을 구하였다. 환경요인별 확률을 결합시켜 분포 가능한 토양통의 순위를 제시하는 알고리즘을 작성하였고, 이를 이용하여 토양통을 예측한 결과 1순위 내에 33%, 2순위 내에 62%, 5순위 내에 74%를 정확하게 기존의 토양도와 일치시킬 수 있었다. 알고리즘을 이용하여 제주 전 지역의 환경요인을 이용하여 예측되는 토양도를 토양목, 대군 등으로 분류하여 나타낸 결과 북부 해안가에 Entisols이 분포하고 해발고도가 높아지면서 Alfisols, Andisols이 나타난 반면, 서부지역에서는 해안가의 Alfisols에서 해발고도가 높아지면서 Ultisols, Andisols의 순으로 나타나고 있어, 토양의 생성과 관련되어 모형을 이용한 추가적인 연구가 필요하였다. Parent material, climate, topography, biological factors, and time are considered five soil forming factors. This study was conducted to elucidate the effects of several environment factors on soil distribution using quantitative analysis method, called soil series estimation algorithm in the soils of Jeju Island. We selected environment factors including mean temperature, annual precipitation, surface geology, altitude, slope, aspect, altitude difference within 1 ㎢ area, topographic wetness index, distance from the shore, distance from the mountain peak, and landuse for a quantitative analysis. We analyzed the ranges of environment factors for each soil series and calculated probabilities of possible-soil series for certain locations using estimation algorithm. The algorithm can predicted exact soil series on the soil map with correctness of 33% on 1<SUP>st</SUP> ranking, 62% within 2<SUP>nd</SUP> ranking, 74% within 5<SUP>th</SUP> ranking after estimating using randomly extracted environment factors. In predicted soil map, soil sequences of Entisols-Alfisols-Andisols on northern area and Alfisols-Ultisols-Andisols on western area can be suggested along increasing altitude. More modeling studies will be needed for the genesis process of soils in Jeju Island.

해발고도 및 인접성에 의한 제주도 토양통 분포특성

문경환(Kyung-Hwan Moon),임한철(Han-Cheol Lim),현해남(Hae-Nam Hyun) 한국토양비료학회 2007 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.40 No.3

온도에 따른 난지형 마늘 출현 모형

문경환 ( K. H. Moon ),최경산 ( K. S. Choi ),손인창 ( I. C. Son ),송은영 ( E. Y. Song ),오순자 ( S. Oh ) 한국농림기상학회 2014 한국농림기상학회지 Vol.16 No.4

We developed a simple model to predict emergence time and emergence rate of southern type garlic using the daily mean temperature. Emergence rate of garlic was decreased and emergence time was delayed on higher temperature than optimum temperature of 12.7oC. In the model, firstly daily emergence rate was calculated using a beta function to input daily mean temperature, then the percentage of garlic emergence was calculated using a nonlinear model with accumulated emergence rate. The model was good to describe the experimental data of growth cabinet. Also it can explain well the experimental data using temperature gradient tunnel, designed for verification of model performance. But there are 5 days of deviation between estimated and measured time of garlic emergence on the field experiment. More research is needed to develop an advanced model considering other factors, such as soil moisture.