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맹문재(Munjae Maeng) 한국동서비교문학학회 2020 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.54
While studying in the U.S., poet Han Heukgu realized democracy and pursued it as a work. His idea of democracy is to pursue politics in which the people own and exercise power, which means the general concept of politics by the people, for the people, and for the people. The concept of democracy can be ambiguous because it is so commonly used as a concept of freedom or progress that it can be seen as indispensable to human life as it is so routine and universal. However, the situation was impossible during the time when Han Heukgu, a universal democracy, studied abroad. In other words, democracy was not even mentioned to Koreans because it was a colonial situation of Japan. Therefore, what the poet Han Heukgu recognized and pursued for the value of democracy can be seen as his pursuit of independence movement. Han heukgu thought that learning and realizing American mechanical and scientific civilization and democracy was necessary for the liberation of his country and the formation of a modern state. The democracy pursued by Han Heukgu is to maintain popular consciousness first. The concept of the people can be identified in various ways according to their views, but generally refers to the subcontrolling classes, such as workers or peasants or urban poor. They are those who have contributed to the creation of history and have not become masters of history. However, the people are members of the social movement, realizing the contradictions of the ruling class and having the potential to fight against oppression. It was a matter of racial discrimination that Han realized that democracy was necessary in studying in the U.S. Looking at social discrimination against blacks, especially in the white-dominated U.S., he recognized the need to overcome it. Thus, he accused racial discrimination through Langston Hughes’ “I. Too”. Han heukgu’s such perceptions were eventually aimed at pursuing Joseon’s independence. It was seen as a pursuit of the independence movement to realize true democracy against the contradictions of the social evolution theory that Japan used to rationalize its colonial policy after invading Joseon. Of course, pursuing the independence movement was also the way to realize democracy. Therefore, Han heukgu presented works against the oppression and persecution of Japanese imperialism and acted in action.
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박인환의 시에 나타난 엘리엇과 스펜더의 시론 수용 양상
맹문재(Munjae Maeng) 한국동서비교문학학회 2017 동서 비교문학저널 Vol.0 No.41
Park Inhwan pursued modernism poetry actively accepting Eliot and Spender’s poetics. Kim Kirim had tried to reflect the modernism sprit and movement in the 1930’s to his poems but Park Inhwan felt that it was not enough to represent the new and different environment of the post-colonial situation of Korea after liberating from the Japanese oppression. Furthermore, it needed to overcome the tradition of Korean lyrical poems that was indifferent to reality and isolated from it. In this context, Eliot and Spender’s poetics became the useful foundation to overcome this limit of Korean poetry of that post-liberation period. Park Inhwan adopted Eliot’s poetics as the principle of modernism literature and regarded Spender’s poetics as a model of modernism literature in his poetic pursuit. Park agreed Eliot both on the rejecting the traditional poetry and reflecting contemporary society in the poetry through the modernism technique. Park, however, did not agree with Eliot in the idea of pursuing human salvation in the religious perspective, but follow Spender who tried to overcome it through the social perspective. As a poet, Spender typically presented a social role of poetry in Europe under the severe economic crisis and Park Inhwan agreed with his perspectives and attitudes because he were pursuing the same kind of solution in his poetry amid the confused situation of post-Japanese colonial period and Korean War. Park Inhwan, in this respect, regarded and pursued persistently modernism poetry as the proper direction of his poetry with standing fast on Spender’s belief that literature can not be separated from the time and society.
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