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김화자 ( Hwa Cha Kim ) 한국복음주의 기독교상담학회 2013 복음과 상담 Vol.20 No.-
본 연구의 목적은 하나님 이미지, 수치심, 그리고 심리적 적응과의 관계를 백인과 한국인 기독교 대학생들을 대상으로 비교하여 보고자 하였다. 한국인 학생들의 수치심이 미국인 학생들의 수치심보다 높을 것으로 가정되지만, 수치심이 심리적 기능에 미치는 부정적인 영향은 오히려 한국인 학생들에게 더 적게 나타날 것이라고 가설을 설정하였다. 가설을 검증하기 위해 구조방정식(SEM)을 사용하여 분석하였다. 자료 수집은 2008년 10월에서 12월 사이 미국 California 주에 소재한 기독교 대학에 재학 중인 대학생(138명)과 한국에 있는 기독교 대학교에 재학 중이거나 교회에 출석하는 대학생(133명)을 대상으로 이루어졌다. 두 집단 모두 하나님 이미지(GIS)가 수치심(TOSCA-3, KSS)과 심리적 증상(SCL-90; 우울, 불안, 대인관계 예민성)에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 수치심 역시 심리적 증상에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 수치심이 심리적 적응에 미치는 직접적인 영향은 한국인보다는 백인대학생들에게 한국 수치심 척도의 불명예(KSS Disgrace) 영역에 더 크게 나타났다. 그러나 이러한 영향은 수치심 경향성 (TOSCA Shame Proneness)에서는 별 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 두 집단 모두에서 수치심이 하나님 이미지가 심리적인 기능에 미치는 영향을 매개하는 것으로 보인다. The purpose of the present study was to examine and compare the relationships among God image, shame, and psychological adjustment experienced among Caucasian and Korean Christian college students. Toward this aim, it was hypothesized that levels of shame may be higher in Korean students than in Caucasian students; however, shame may have less negative effects on the psychological functioning of Koreans compared to that of Caucasians. This study employed a Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) to test hypotheses. Data were collected from October through December in 2008 with Caucasian(138) and Korean(133) college students from private Christian universities in Southern California and South Korea as well as several Korean churches in South Korea. For both samples, the God image as measured by the God Image Scales(GIS) had a direct effect on shame as measured by the Test of Self-Conscious Affect-3 Short Version(TOSCA-3) and the Korean Shame Scales(KSS) as well as psychological distress as measured by the Symptom Check List-90(SCL-90). Shame also had a direct effect on psychological distress. The direct effect of shame on psychological distress was stronger for the Caucasians than the Koreans for the KSS Disgrace; however, the direct effect of shame on psychological distress was not significantly different across cultures for the TOSCA shame-proneness. Consequently, Shame was found to mediate between God image and psychological functioning for both samples.
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김화자 ( Hwa Cha Kim ) 한국복음주의 기독교상담학회 2014 복음과 상담 Vol.22 No.1
한국의 상담 관련 학회들의 윤리규정들은 미국이나 독일의 윤리규정들을 번역하여 그대로 사용하고 있고, 기독교 상담학회들도 같은 현실에 처해 있다. 이처럼 윤리규정을 빌려와 사용하다 보니, 특히 한국 기독교 상담학회들이 기독교 상담윤리의 원리들을 제시하고 못하고 있다. 윤리규정의 세부사항들도 내용 면에서 구체적이지 못하며, 그 규정들을 실행하는 데도 차이를 보인다. 즉, 미국의 상담자나 심리학자들과 관련된 윤리규정은 매우 구체적이고 주 정부의 법 규정과 대체로 일치하며 강제성이 있는 데 비해, 한국은 학회의 윤리규정이 덜 세부적이고 상담자를 위한 법 규정조차 부족한 실정이다. 한국에서 기독교 상담이 전문분야로 발전하면서 전문적인 교육과 훈련을 받은 기독교 상담자들이 빠르게 배출되고 있는 데 비해, 그들의 활동에 대한 성경적이고 윤리적인 지침을 제공할 윤리원리와 세부 규정의 확립이 시급하다고 본다. 본 연구에서는 기독교 상담자가 윤리적 문제를 다루는 데 필요한 윤리적 원리들을 살펴보고, 윤리적 문제에 직면했을 때 효과적으로 의사결정을 하는 과정과 기독교 상담자로서 윤리적인 성품의 중요성에 대해 살펴보았다. 또한, 상담 장면에서 가장 빈번히 발생하는 윤리적 문제들을 기준으로, 상담자의 유능성, 이중관계 및 성적 관계, 그리고 비밀보장의 문제와 관련하여 각 학회의 규정들을 비교하였다. Many of Korean counseling associations borrowed their ethical standards from either the United States of America or Germany. So did Korean Christian counseling associations. For this reason, Christian counseling associations in Korea have not been able to identify their own Christian ethical principles and standards in counseling appropriate to their cultures. As professional Christian counseling has been developed in Korea, the number of Christian counselors hear also increases. It is evident that they need biblically-oriented ethical Christian counseling principles and standards in order to deal with various ethical dilemmas in the field. This study aimed to review and compare ethical principles and standards between Korean versus the USA as well as Christian versus non-Christian perspectives. For this purpose, several American and Korean ethical principles and standards were compared. American ethics are from American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, Christian Association for Psychological Studies, and American Association of Christian Counselors. Korean ethical principles and standards are from Korean Psychological Association, Korean Counseling Psychology Association, Korean Christian Counseling and Psychotherapy Association, and Korean Pastoral Counseling Association. In comparison with ethical standards in the USA, which are very specific and congruent with legal regulations, those in Korea do not appear to be concrete. In addition, Korean laws and regulations for counselors have not been established well. Biblical and ethical principles were reviewed from several sources. The suggested ethical principles include, but not limited to, God``s words, God``s authority, Jesus Christ as a modeling figure, work of the Holy Spirit, connection with church and community, sanctification, Christian leadership, commitment, social responsibility, and so forth. Christian ethical principles need to be comprehensive enough to embrace secular ethical principles suggested by professional associations. For ethical counseling, therapists need to make an ethical decision at any situation. Several ethical decision-making models were reviewed in order to help Christian counselors develop rational thought process including referencing ethical standards and legal regulations, identify alternative options, evaluate options, consult with others, and reflect outcomes. In addition, ethical characters are necessary for one to be an ethical Christian counselor. It is integral that Christian therapists consider their motivation, integrity, commitment, maturity, and so forth. Moral characters are critically important to Christian counselors which is congruent to biblical teaching. Moral characters are demonstrated by Jesus Christ and continuously emphasized throughout the Bible. Among various ethical issues, the most frequent ones were discussed according to ethical standards. In terms of competence, counselors and psychologists needs to assure their ability to provide psychological services based on their education, training, supervision, and license. It is recommended to maintain their competence through continuing education. It is very important for Christian counselors to keep their competence because they are called to their profession by God. Two critical issues in a therapeutic relationship were reviewed and discussed according to their ethical standards. First, ethical and unethical dual relationships were discussed. Considering cultural differences between Korean and the USA, it can be viewed slightly differently. However, the benefit of clients and objectivity of therapist are considered utmost in dealing with dual relationship issues. Second, sexual relationship between therapist and client was reviewed according to its ethical standards and legal responsibility. Signs of dangerous relationships were reviewed and suggestions were made on how to increase awareness of personal issues and prevent these issues. Lastly, confidentiality and its limits were reviewed with related ethical standards.
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