Prevalence of anatomical alar band

김정석,김철순,차정열,김희진,황충주,Kim, Jung Suk,Kim, Cheol Soon,Cha, Jung Yul,Kim, Hee Jin,Hwang, Chung Ju Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistry 2015 Journal of the Korean Academy of Esthetic Dentistr Vol.24 No.1

Purpose: 입술 주위에는 여러 개의 근육이 모여있기 때문에 여러 근육의 작용에 의해 표정을 지을때, 다양한 표정과 노화에 따른 주름 등의 변화가 나타나게 된다. 동물에서는 이러한 피부 및 근육이 몸 전체에 발달되어 있지만 사람에서는 얼굴에만 잘 발달되어 있고, 다른부위엔 목과 손바닥에 하나씩 있을 뿐이다. 해부학적인 연구에서 확인한 작은광대근의 변이중에 윗입술뿐만 아니라 콧방울로 갈라진 힘살이 콧방울 가쪽 부위에도 닿아서 형성되는 콧방울 가쪽 주름에 대해 alar band라 명명하였으며 이에 대한 임상적인 유병율을 알아보고자 한다. Materials & Methods: 교정 치료를 위해 경기도 개인치과의 교정과에 내원한 780명의 교정신환의 스마일 사진에서 alar band의 여부에 대해 알아보고, 측모두부방사선사진에서 골격의 형태 및 입술의 돌출, 성별, 연령 등과의 상관관계를 평가하였다. Results: 일반적 특성에 따른 alar band의 관련성에 대해서 살펴본 결과 성별에 대해서 남자는 18.5%, 여자는 27.9%로 나타나 남자보다 여자의 경우 더 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 연령에 대해서는 가진 경우가 0-9세는 19.4%, 10-19세는 16.9%, 20-29세는 31.2%, 30-39세가 39.5%, 40-49세가 56.5%로 나타나 20대에서 40대로 갈수록 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.001). SN_NP에 대해서는 normodivergent facial type을 가진 경우가 26.2%, hyperdivergent facial type을 가진 집단이 22.0%, hypodivergent facial type을 가진 경우는 32.2%로 나타나 hypodivergent facial type을 가진 집단의 경우가 더 발생비율이 높게 나타났으나 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. Upper LIP에 대해서는 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 Lower lip에 대해서는 alar band를 보인 경우가 정상하순 안모를 가진 집단은 26%, lower lip protrusion은 14.7%, retruded lower lip은 33.3%로 나타나 retruded lower lip의 경우 발생비율이 높게 나타났으며 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 즉, 성별, 연령, lower lip돌출정도에서 alar band와의 유의한 관련성을 보임을 알 수 있었다. Conclusions: alar band는 해부학적인 연구에서 27.8%에서 보였으며, 본 연구에서는 25.6%에서 확인할 수 있었고, 임상적인 사진에서는 여자, 나이가 들수록, 하순이 함입될수록 유의하게 더 보였으며 향후 심미 치료에서 이 부위에 보톡스 등의 심미치료를 할 때 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. Purpose: Due to the presence of various muscles around lips, variety of facial expression can be made and changes from aging process such as wrinkles can develop on the facial skin by the action of multiple muscles. In animals, skin and muscles are developed in the entire body. On contrast, they are well developed only in the face and just one is present in the neck and the palm. Alar band was defined as outer wrinkle formed by zygomaticus minor muscle, which is common in Koreans. This study aimed to investigate clinical prevalence of alar band. Materials & Methods: Subjects were chosen from 780 new patients who visited private clinic in Gyeonggi province for orthodontic treatment. Presence of alar band was examined from the smile extraoral photos. Correlation among skeletal form, lip protrusion, gender, and age were evaluated. Results: Prevalence of alar band was higher in women (27.9%) than in men (18.5%) with statistical significance (p<0.05). With respect to age, prevalence of alar band was 19.4% in age 0-9 y, 16.9% in age 10-19 y, 31.2% in age 20-29 y, 39.5% in age 30-39, 56.5% in age 40-49. Prevalence was gradually increased from patients in their 20s to patients in their 40s and statistical significance was found (p<0.001). Concerning SN_NP, prevalence was 26.2% in normodivergent facial type, 22.0% in hyperdivergent facial type, and 32.2% in hypodivergent facial type. Hypodivergent facial group had higher prevalence but statistical significance was not observed. Statistically significant difference was not found regarding upper lip. However, prevalence of the alar band was 26% in patients with normal lower lip, 14.7% in patients with pretruded lower lip, and 33.3% in retruded lower lip. The prevalence was higher in patients with retruded lower lip with statistical significance (p<0.05). Conclusions: 27.8% on previous anatomical study and this study showed 27.8% prevalence of alar band in clinical smile photographs. Clinical photograph study showed that alar band was more prominent in women, older people, and people with retruded lips with statistical significance. This will provide valuable diagnostic information for esthetic consideration.

Natural Frequency Evaluation of a Lightweight GFRP Composite Bogie Frame

김정석,이우근,Il-Kyeom Kim,윤혁진 한국정밀공학회 2015 International Journal of Precision Engineering and Vol. No.

A glass-fiber-reinforced plastic (GFRP) composite bogie frame was designed and manufactured in this study. The lightweight GFRPbogie frame was designed to not only sustain heavy static and dynamic loads but also have a suspension function. Therefore, itsdynamic characteristics are an important factor. In this study, its natural frequency was evaluated by means of a modal test and thetest results were validated using a finite element analysis. Given these experimentally obtained dynamic characteristics, the runningperformance of a railway vehicle equipped with the GFRP bogie frame was assessed. The first bending natural frequency of thecomposite bogie frame was 22.8 Hz, which corresponds to 27.7% of the steel frame. The vehicle dynamic analysis results showed thatthe derailment index, dynamic wheel unloading, wheel wear index, and ride comfort satisfied the design requirements.

페라이트기 9Cr 내열강의 크리프-피로손상에 따른 미세조직 및 초음파 비파괴평가

김정석,권숙인,박익근,Kim, Chung-Seok,Kwun, S.I.,Park, Ik-Keun 한국재료학회 2007 한국재료학회지 Vol.17 No.8

The microstructural evolution of ferritic 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel, subjected to creep-fatigue at $550^{\circ}C$, was evaluated nondestructively by measuring the ultrasonic velocity. The variation of the ultrasonic velocity with the fatigue life fraction exhibited three regions. In the first region ($N/N_f$<0.2), a significant increase in the velocity was observed, followed by a slight increase between the fatigue life fractions of $0.2N_f$ and $0.8N_f$, and then a decrease in the final region. The change of the ultrasonic velocity during creep-fatigue was interpreted in relation to the microstructural properties. This study proposes an ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation method of quantifying the level of damage and microstructural change during the creep-fatigue of ferritic 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel.

CaWO₄-Li₂WO₄-Eu₂O₃계 형광체의 PL 특성과 결정구조

김정석,최진호,정봉만,강현주,Kim, Jeong-Seog,Choi, Jin-Ho,Jeong, Bong-Man,Kang, Hyun-Ju 한국세라믹학회 2006 한국세라믹학회지 Vol.43 No.1

Photoluminescence (PL) and crystal structures of the $(l-x)CaWO_4-xLi_2WO_4$ binary system added with $Eu_2O_3$ activator have been characterized. The $CaWO_4\;and\;Li_2WO_4$ have the scheelite and phenakite structures respectively. The $CaWO_4-Li_2WO_4-Eu_2O_3$ phosphors show the red luminescence of 613 nm peak wavelength. The wavelength range of excitation spectral band is $380\~470$ nm with the peak wavelength of 397 nm. The $0.88(0.5CaWO_4-0.5Li_2WO_4)-0.12Eu_2O_3$ showed the most superior luminescence characteristics. The effect of co-doping elements such as $Al_2O_3$ and rare-earth oxides on PL has been characterized. The co-doping elements deteriorated the luminescence intensity except the $Al_2O_3$ and $Gd_2O_3$. The PL characteristics of $CaWO_4-Li_2WO_4-Eu_2O_3$ phosphors have been compared to those of the alkali europium double molybdates (tungstates) of scheelite-related structure such as $LiEu(MoO_4)_2$ and $CsEu(MoO_4)_2$. The crystal structures of $(l-y)[(l-x)CaWO_4-xLi_2WO_4]-yEu_2O_3$ phosphors have been characterized using XRD data and rietveld refinement.

Populus alba × glandulosa 와 그의 양친종의 (兩親種) 형태 , 해부학 , 생리학적 연구

김정석,전상근,황진성 ( Chung Suk Kim,Sang Keun Chon,Jin Sung Hwang ) 한국산림과학회 1980 한국산림과학회지 Vol.49 No.1

The morphological, anatomical and physiological traits were eximined for Populus alba X giandulosa which is an important planting species in Korea. The results obtained are as follows: 1. External characters in the leaf shape and chaff shape in the catkin were inherited as incomplete dominance but nectar gland was inherited as dominance. 2. Among the 15 selected clones, 9 clones were male, 2 clones female and 2 clones monoecious. 3. There were well-developed cork layers and bast fiber bundles in the bark. 4. Primordial leaves composed of 3 layers of cells and those undifferentiated into palisade and spongy parenchymas differed in its origin. 5. Leaf scare consisted of two kinds of tissues; one is connected to vascular bundle and the other not to vascular bundle. Tissues which had been connected to vascular bundle were isolated with only 2 or 3 layers of cork cells from the outside. 6. There was complicated arrangement in the vascular bundle of petioles. 7. Growth of the hybrid was sensitively influenced by external temperature, day-length and amount of light. In particular, it was apparent in height growth. 8. Flatness, loam soils and a 60 x 60㎝ spacing might be best factors for the growth of P. alba x glandulosa. 9. The rooting of 15 clones was dependant upon external factors. 10. The growth of P. alba x glandulosa was best at around 80% of soil moisture content on the basis of plot water capacity. 11. Temperature difference between inside and outside stems below 100㎝ during the winter was the greatest at the south among seasons and among directions. 12. The sap movement was markedly influenced by air temperature, relative humidity in forest stand and moisture content in stem. 13. Total sugars in the cortex changed with season but did not differ in the dircetion of the stem. 14. Isoperoxidase variations in the leaf were different among 15 clones. Thus, it may be useful as a criterium for clonal identification. 15. The rate of soil moisture content decreased at a rapid slope was faster than that at a slow slope. Poor growth of P. alba x glandulosa at the slope was probably due to depletion of soil moisture.

방사성동위체(放射性同位體)를 이용(利用)한 × Populus albaglandulosa의 인산흡수상(燐酸吸收相)에 관(關)한 추적연구(追跡硏究) (I) -고토시용(苦土施用)이 식물체내(植物體內)의 인산함유율(燐酸含有率)에 미치는 영향(影響)-

김정석,이석구,안학수,선순화,Kim, Chung-Suk,Lee, Suk-Koo,Ahn, Hak-Soo,Sun, Soon-Wha 한국산림과학회 1978 한국산림과학회지 Vol.37 No.1

The uptake ratio of supplying $P^{32}$ labelled double superphosphate and the hastening efficiency of the uptake by addition of magnesium sulfate to the fertilizer were studied on the ${\times}Populus $ albaglandulosa planted with 0/1 cutting in 1975. The results are summerized as follows. 1. Average 13% of supplying double superphosphate was absorbed into ${\times}Populus$ albaglandulosa planted on the reddish heavy clay soil in Institute of Forest Genetics. 2. The accumulation of absorbed magnesium was more amount in leaf than in stem. 3. The uptake ratio of supplying double superphosphate was able to increase up to 16%~33% by the addition of magnesium sulfate to the fertilizer. 4. It might be possible to increase the tree growth following the acceleration of photosynthesis due to the increasing amount of magnesium known to be a component of chlorophyll in leaf as well as to hasten the efficiency of uptake of phosphorus by the addition of magnesium to double superphosphate. 1975년(年) ${\times}$ P. albaglandulosa(은수원사시나무) 0/1묘(苗)를 식재(植栽)하고 방사성동위체(放射性同位體) $P^{32}$-표식(標識) 인산질비료(燐酸質肥料)의 흡수율(吸收率)과 유산고토(硫酸苦土)의 첨가(添加) 시용(施用)에 의(依)한 인산질비료(燐酸質肥料)의 흡수이용촉진효과(吸收利用促進?果)를 시시(試試)한바 다음과 같이 간추릴수가 있었다. 1. ${\times}$ P. albaglandulosa(은수원사시나무)는 구내(構內) 적색계(赤色系) 중점토(重粘土)에서 시용인산질비료(施用燐酸質肥料)의 평균(平均) 13%정도만이 흡수이용(吸收利用)하고 있었다. 2. 흡수(吸收)된 고토분(苦土分)은 줄기보다 주(主)로 잎에 많이 축적되었다. 3. 유산고토(硫酸苦土)를 첨가시용(添加施用)하므로써 시용인산(施用燐酸)의 흡수율(吸收率)은 16~33%선(線)까지 증진(增進)시킬수 있었다. 4. 유산고토(硫酸苦土)를 인산질비료(燐酸質肥料)와 병용(倂用)하므로써 인산(燐酸)의 흡수(吸收), 이용율(利用率)을 증진(增進)시킬뿐만이 아니라 엽록소(葉綠素)의 구성성분(構成成分)인 고토분(苦土分)의 엽내(葉內) 축적량증대(蓄積量增大)는 동화량촉진(同化量促進)과 연결(連結)되어 생장량(生長量)의 증대(增大)도 고려(考慮)될수가 있겠다.

고속가공에서 상태 감시를 위한 계측시스템의 신호특성

김정석,강명창,김전하,정연식,이종환,Kim, Jeong-Suk,Kang, Myung-Chang,Kim, Jeon-Ha,Jung, Youn-Shick,Lee, Jong-Hwan 한국기계가공학회 2003 한국기계가공학회지 Vol.2 No.3

The high speed machining technology has been improved remarkably in die/mold industry with the growth of parts and materials industries. Though the spindle speed of machine tool increases, the condition monitoring techniques of the machine tool, tool and workpiece in high speed machining ate incomplete. In tins study, efficient sensing technology in high speed machining is suggested by observing the characteristics of cutting force, gap sensor and accelerometer signal also, machinability of high-speed machining is experimentally evaluated sensing technique to monitor the machine tool and machining conditions was performed.

복합 신경회로망을 이용한 채터진동의 인프로세스 감시(II)

김정석,강명창,박철,Kim, Jeong-Suk,Kang, Myeong-Chang,Park, Cheol 한국정밀공학회 1995 한국정밀공학회지 Vol.12 No.12

The In-process minitoring of the chatter vibration is necessarily required to an automatic manufacturing system. In this study, we constructed a multi-sensing system using tool dynamoneter, accelerometer and AE(Acoustic Emission) sensor for a more credible detection of chatter vibration. And a new approach using a multiple neural network to extract the features of multi-sensor for the recognition chatter vibration is proposed. With the Back-propagation training process, the neural network memorize and classify the features of multi-sensor signals. As a result, it is shown by multiple neural network that the chatter vibration can be monitored accurately, and it can be widely used in practical unmanned system.

Juniperus chinensis 7재배종과 Pinus densiflora 1재배종에 대한 핵형분석

김정석,김영두,정우규 ( Chung Suk Kim,Yeung Du Kim,Woo Gyu Jeong ) 한국산림과학회 1986 한국산림과학회지 Vol.75 No.1

This study was designed to investigate the karyotype analysis of Juniperus chinensis and its seven varieties, and F. densiflora and P. densiflora for. multicaulis. Following results were obtained. 1. Three varieties, J. chinensis v. kaizuka, J. chinensis v. aureo-variegata and J. chinensis v. procurnbens are turned out as tetraploids. 2. Varieties having many long chromosomes and long mean relative length of chromosomes are J. chinensis and J. chinensis v. aureo-globosa, while varieties having short chromosomes are J. chinensis v. horizontalis and J. chinerssis v. globosa. 3. Varieties with high mean ratio of long arm length to short arm are J. chinensis v. globosa and J. chinensis v. kaizuka, while a variety with the low mean ratio is J. chinensis v. aureo-globosa. 4. When chromosomes are arranged according to the Total length, the most similar variety with J. chinensis was J. chinensis v. sargentii, J. chinensis v. horizontalis, J. chinensis v. globosa and J. chinensis v. aureo-globosa, while the least similar one was J. chinensis v. procumbens. 5. Pinus densiflora for. multicaulis has shorter mean relative length of chromosome than P. densiflora, while the arm ratio of the former is higher than the tatter. 6. When chromosomes are arranged according to the total length, six ctuomosomes showed the same order between the two varieties. 7. P. densiflora for. multicaulis has many chromosomes with secondary constriction.

한국산 Juniperus rigida 의 두 산지의 핵형분석

김정석,정우규,안중극,정미정,한창숙 ( Chung Suk Kim,Woo Kyu Chung,Joong Kug Ahn,Mee Jeong Jeong,Chang Sook Han ) 한국산림과학회 1986 한국산림과학회지 Vol.73 No.1

Karyotypes are described for Juniperus rigida Sieb. et Zucc. in two provenances of Gyeong-nam and Choong-puk. Chromosome numbers of two provenances, are 2n=22. The most common feature of mitotic chromosomes was shown at the chromosome 7, which has secondary constriction on the short arm. And the most differential chromosome was shown at chromosome 9 from Gyeong-nam and chromosome 5 from Choong-puk provenance, which bore secondary constriction. The karyotype formulae are as follows; Gyeong-nam, Jinyang pravenance race is K(2n) = 22 = 2 A^m + 2B^m + 2C^m + 2D^(sm) + 2E^(st) + 2F^m + 2^(sc)G^m + 2H^m + 2^(sc)I^t + 2J^(st) + 2K^m Choong-puk, Jechun provenance race is K(2n) = 22 = 2A^(rn) + 2B^m + 2C^m + 2D^(st) + 2^(sc)E^(sm) + 2F^m + 2^(sc)G^m + 2H^m + 2I^m + 2J^(st) + 2K^(sm)