라캉의 대학담론과 자본주의:『세미나 17』을 중심으로

김용수(Yongsoo Kim) 한국비평이론학회 2012 비평과이론 Vol.17 No.2

Jacques Lacan’s theory of the four discourses--master’s discourse, hysteric’s discourse, university discourse, and analyst’s discourse--is a psychoanalytic attempt to account for the discursive structures that constitute a given social formation, and their transformation. Lacan’s detailed discussion and analysis of the four discourses are contained in his Seminar XVII: The Other Side of Psychoanalysis (2007), the collection of his lectures delivered in 1969-70. This seminar reveals that Lacan’s thought on the four discourses holds much profounder theoretical connotations and political insights than have been known since Taesook Kim’s introduction of the theory in 2004. What is most striking about the seminar is, among others, the way Lacan discusses the capitalist political and libidinal economy, especially in terms of the university discourse. The university discourse turns out to be the fundamental discursive structure that constitutes the capitalist social system. In this regard, Lacan’s university discourse provides an important theoretical link that connects Lacanian psychoanalysis to the analysis of capitalism. Jacques Lacan’s Seminar XVII emerges as a seminal text that fills in the gap between psychoanalysis and Marxism.

한국 영문학 비평 이론의 지형도 2

김용수(Yongsoo Kim) 한국비평이론학회 2023 비평과이론 Vol.28 No.2

This paper performs a semantic network analysis of the nouns from the titles of all papers published in The Journal of Criticism and Theory from 1996 to 2020, and attempts an additional citation network analysis for papers from 2016 to 2020, building on the same kind of analysis (1996-2015) in the previous study (2022). Noun networks are composed of the relationships between words with meaning, and thus are helpful in understanding the overall distribution of topics and their interconnections, compared to citation networks only with the names of scholars. These two methods generally show similar results in terms of the global landscape and change of theoretical topology while highlighting different aspects. The noun network from 1996 to 2015 shows outcomes similar to the citation network, but reveals new aspects such as the existence of aesthetic theory centered on “literature,” Derrida’s peripheral status, and the emergence of university discourse. Analysis of papers from 2016 to 2020 suggests that the theoretical paradigm which dominated the previous 20 years is collapsing and that new theories and themes are being sought. The citation network reveals the strong consolidation of the Deleuzian group and the rise of Butler along with the rapid contraction of existing theories while the noun network captures the emergence of scientific and technological discourses such as digital humanities and neuroscience in the context of exploring new possibilities. Drawing the theoretical topography of The Journal of Criticism and Theory is part of the grand task of grasping the knowledge field and history of Korean English literary studies. Hopefully, this research will be extended to other academic journals, leading to a macroscopic view of English literary studies in Korea.

폭력의 근원

김용수(Yongsoo Kim) 한국비평이론학회 2008 비평과이론 Vol.13 No.2

Joonho Bong's Memories of Murder (2003) contains some opaque, apparently meaningless, stains in the peripheral margins of the screen. They remain invisible and insignificant since they elude our visual representation. These stains, however, both conceals and reveals the Lacanian gaze that invites the spectators to look behind the image. As long as trapped in the imaginary identification with a character, viewers cannot come across the gaze of the real. The gaze, once encountered, unveils the dark hollow tunnel, or the female genitalia, as the lack that evokes the castration anxiety on the part of the male subject. The film, then, points to perversion, which disavows the lack of the real and replaces it with a fetish, as the ultimate source of violence. Lacan's psychoanalytic theory, especially the concept of the gaze, turns out to be crucial to illuminating the film's complex portrayal of violence. This paper briefly examines the theory of the Lacanian gaze along with its psychoanalytic meanings and cinematic connotations, and then elucidates the textual signification of the film, focusing mainly on its stains. Joonho Bong's Memories of Murder, I argue, inscribes the traces of the gaze through the ocular stains, and, in so doing, not only displays the prevalence of violence in our daily life, but more importantly discloses the lack of the real as the cause of male anxiety and its disavowal as the source of the evil.

도식적인 내러티브의 연극적 활용 -분단연극의 사례를 중심으로

김용수 ( Yongsoo Kim ) 한국연극학회 2015 한국연극학 Vol.1 No.56

도식적 내러티브는 연극의 창작과 수용에서 매우 중요한 역할을 하면서 주어진 주제를 특별한 방식으로 의미화 시킨다. 이와 같은 전제에서 출발한 본 연구는 도식적 내러티브의 작동방식을 고찰하기 위한 이론적분석틀을 설계하고, 이에 기초하여 분단연극의 의미작용을 논의하였다. 본 연구의 이론적 분석틀에 따르면, 연극의 내러티브는 거시구조와 미시구조 모두에서 익숙한 도식을 사용할 수 있다. 그 도식은 암암리에 역사적 경험을 반영하는 사회극에 기초할 수 있으며, 과거를 특별한 방식으로 이해하는 문화적 기억을 내포한다. 그 기억 속에서 도식적 내러티브는 고유한 사회적 모순 혹은 갈등을 특별한 방식으로 대면한다. 이와 같은 이론적 분석틀을 분단연극에 도입했을 때 두드러지는 원형적 도식중의 하나가 <도발-수난-반격-죽음>의 거시구조였다. 이 죽음의 도식은 다양한 사용방식을 수반하여 개별적인 작품마다 분단을 특별한 방식으로 기억하려 한다. 여기서 가장 핵심적인 사건은 죽음으로, 그것의 처리방식에 따라 원형적 도식은 구국의 희생, 피해의 죽음, 순교적피해의 하위도식으로 다음과 같이 분류된다. The narrative scheme plays a very significant role in theatrical creation and reception, signifying a given subject in a special way. Starting from this premise, the essay attempted to design a theoretical frame of analysis that can investigate the functions of schematic narrative as follows: social drama macro-structure schematic narrative cultural memory micro-structure (story code) social contradiction <theoretical frame of analysis for schematic narrative> The theatrical narrative can employ the familiar schemes on both levels of macro and micro structures. The narrative scheme of macro structure tends to reflect the social drama that arises from the historical experience, thus including the cultural memory that understands the past in a special way. While remembering the past, the schematic narrative is apt to confront the inherent social contradiction. On the level of micro structure, the play is composed of schematic fragment stories that can be defined as ‘story codes.’ On the basis of the above theoretical frame, this essay tried to analyze the plays of national division. The resulting archetypal scheme is the macro structure of “provocation-ordeal-counterattack-death.” This archetypical scheme of death can be divided into the sub-schemes depending on the way of treating death as follows: scheme of sacrificial death provocation-ordeal-counterattack-sacrificial death scheme of victimized death provocation-ordeal-counterattack-victimized death scheme of martyrly victimized death provocation-ordeal-counterattack-martyrly victimized death The scheme of sacrificial death for the national salvation sees the divided nation from the perspective of country``s destiny, thus remembering the past by adopting the historical view ‘from above.’ In contrast, the scheme of victimized death, focusing on the individual damage, reflects the people``s position undergoing the agony of national division in reality, thus attempting to recollect the past from the historical view ‘from below.’ In case of martyrly victimized death that supports indirectly certain ideology by means of dying sees the individual life from the perspective of political history, combining the ‘from below’ view with the ‘from above’ one. As such, there is the change of recognition about the national division which moves from the will of national salvation to the victim mentality. In micro structure, a schematic fragment story named ‘story code’ produces a special meaning in relation to other story code. It seems like a film montage that combines fragments in various ways for the intended effect. One of the results in the plays of national division is the revelation of contradiction inherent in divided country. For instance, the story code of rape maximizes the hostility to the communist forces, while the story code of opposition between brothers makes feel a fraternal love to the communist enemy. The result is the coexistence of contradictory emotions to the communists, thus reflecting the unsolvable contradiction of national division. The contradiction of divided country is also expressed by a story code. Its representative case is the ‘victim/violator story code.’ For instance, the victim who are drafted into a volunteer army of communist by force became the violator who betrayed his country. At this point we need to pay attention to the continuing use of the ‘victim/violator story code’ that functions like a meme in the plays of national division. Another meme maintaining a long life is the ‘violence or plunder story code’ that condemns the communist enemy from the dichotomous thinking. From this we can surmise that the painful insight into the unsolvable contradiction and the dichotomous way of thinking to the divided country pervade almost all of the plays of national division. At the same time the meme dominating the plays of national division at the level of macro structure is the schematic narrative of death that attempts to do certain persuasion by a special treatment of death. In this respect the play of national division depends on the rhetoric of death, endeavoring to break through the problems of divided country in its own way by using death in particular manner.

합성곱 신경 회로망 모델을 활용한 흑색종 피부암 진단

김용수(YongSoo Kim),조우성(WooSung Jo),오승민(SeungMin O),조효은(HyoEun Cho),백용선(YongSeon Baek) 한국지능시스템학회 2023 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.33 No.3

불안, 희열, 분노: 포크너의 「메마른 구월」에 나타난 린칭과 인종혐오

김용수 ( Yongsoo Kim ) 영미문학연구회 2016 안과 밖 Vol.0 No.40

Cultural studies have recently turned its attention to the issue of emotion and/or affect. Critics have come to recognize the importance of emotional politics and the affective economy of social formation and subjectivization. These scholars, however, tend to focus on emotion as a historically specific cultural phenomenon, overlooking the libidinal aspect of feeling. Psychoanalysis, I argue, may well contribute to the cultural study of emotion by illuminating the affect that is deeply involved with sexuality at the level of the unconscious. My paper attends to the feeling of racial hatred painfully rooted in American history and lynching as its radical expression, and reveals the sexual dimension of racist cruelty. This paper examines Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory of castration anxiety in his Seminar X: Anxiety, and reads William Faulkner’s short story, “Dry September” from the Lacanian perspective. Faulkner’s “Dry September” delves into the affective complex tangled in the racial terror of lynching. Lynching is a physical, emotional event as well as a socio-cultural one in the story. While showing the eruption and proliferation of white supremacist sentiment and the process in which it leads to racial atrocity, Faulkner vividly portrays the birth, sporadic expression, and hopeless extinction of the affect that doubts racist assumptions of lynching. The story, however, goes further and comes to grips with the libidinal desire and anxiety at the bottom of racial hatred. “Dry September” subtly pronounces that emotion is not only a historical and cultural phenomenon, but that it is also embedded in the unconscious bodily feeling.

유럽 수출 원전 부지배치 요건 부합성 검토

김용수(Kim Yongsoo) 한국에너지학회 2023 한국에너지공학회 학술발표회 Vol.2023 No.4

한국 영문학 비평 이론의 지형도: 인용문헌 연결망 분석과 <비평과 이론>의 20년(1996-2015)

김용수(Yongsoo Kim) 한국비평이론학회 2022 비평과이론 Vol.27 No.1

학술지 <비평과 이론>은 1996년 창간한 이래 지난 20여 년 동안 서구의 문학 비평이론을 적극적으로 받아들이고 소개하여 한국 학계의 문학 연구를 자극하고 비평 이론 논의를 심화하는 데 중요한 역할을 담당해왔다. 영미권 인문학계를 풍미하던 후기구조주의 경향의 이론들에 대한 한국 학계의 적극적 관심, 그리고 이를 활용하여 새로운 문학 연구의 철학적 기반이나 방법론을 얻으려는 욕구의 폭발적 증가 등에 능동적으로 부응하여 다양한 문학 이론을 소개하고 이에 대한 생산적 토론을 활성화할 수 있는 학술장을 마련하는 데 기여했다고 할 만하다. 이들 이론이 한국 인문학계에서 어떻게 소화되었고 학술 담론의 형성에 어떤 영향을 주었으며 나아가서 문화 전반에 어떤 파급 효과를 일으켰는지 등의 문제는 지식사회학적 입장에서 중요한 질문이다. 이런 맥락에서 <비평과 이론>이 구체적으로 어떤 이론을 얼마만큼 다루었는지, 그들 간의 상호 관계는 어떠했는지, 그리고 시간이 지남에 따라 그 양상이 어떻게 변모했는지 등을 파악하는 것은 매우 긴요한 일이다. <비평과 이론>에 담긴 이론의 전체상, 개별 이론의 특징과 그들 사이의 관계, 그 시계열적 추이를 이해하는 것이 이러한 지성사 작업의 작지만 중요한 출발점이기 때문이다. 이 글은 􋺷비평과 이론􋺸에 실린 논문들의 인용문헌 저자들 간 연결망을 분석하고 시각화하여 하나의 학술지가 품고 있는 이론의 전체 지형과 변화 양상을 드러낸다. The Journal of Criticism and Theory was launched in 1996 by a group of Korean English literary scholars who were deeply invested in literary theory. It was an attempt to introduce new literary theories and to facilitate discussion on them, accommodating growing interest in post-structuralist theories and fulfilling the increasing need to get new literary methodologies. In fact, The Journal of Criticism and Theory has helped forge a dynamic discursive field of literary theory in Korean academia, covering a wide range of topics from postcolonialism to deconstruction to film theory for more than 20 years since its inception. It will be crucial, particularly from the perspective of the sociology of knowledge, to ask such a question as how these “new” theories have shaped the academic discourses and affected Korean culture at large. In this context, it is equally important to understand which theories to what extent The Journal of Criticism and Theory has covered, how they are interrelated, and how their overall contour has changed over time. This sort of research will be a small, but significant first step for an intellectual historical work on literary discourses. This paper draws a topological map of literary theory in The Journal of Criticism and Theory through citation network analysis and visualization to grasp the general constellation of the literary field, the relationship between individual theories, and their temporal transformation.

영미문학과 디지털인문학: 미국 디지털 영문학 연구 동향

김용수(Yongsoo Kim) 한국비평이론학회 2018 비평과이론 Vol.23 No.3

미국 영문학계에서 디지털인문학적 방법론을 활용한 영미문학 연구는 비록 주류 학계의 인정이나 주목을 받지는 못했지만 1960년대부터 꾸준히 전산적 텍스트 분석의 전통을 이어왔다. 디지털 영문학 연구는 새 세기에 접어들면서 디지털 기술의 급속한 진보와 함께 디지털인문학 담론의 부상으로 새롭게 각광을 받기 시작했 다. 이에 따라 영문학계는 디지털인문학적인 방법론을 가장 적극적으로 받아들이면서 이를 연구와 교육에 활발하게 적용하고 있다. 특히 미국의 디지털 영문학 연구는 텍스트 분석의 전통과 멀리서 읽기의 전통이 화학적으로 결합하면서 수많은 문학 텍스트로 이루어진 거대 말뭉치의 통계적 분석으로 나아가 그동안 학술적 시야에 들어오지 않던 영미문학의 새로운 측면들을 밝혀주는 성과를 내고 있다. 분석 기법도 다양해져서 전통적인 텍스트 분석 기법에 더해 메타 데이터 분석, 사회 관계망 분석 및 시각화, 토픽 모델링, 기계 학습, 지리정보 분석 등으로 한층 정교화 되고 있다. 이와는 대조적으로 디지털인문학에 대한 한국 영문학계의 태도는 완전한 무관심과 철저한 외면에 가깝다. 문학을 연구하는 새로운 방법론이 있는데 이를 외면하는 것은 어떤 식으로든 정당화될 수 없다. 누군가는 시도해야 하고 그것의 가치와 타당성에 대해 논쟁해야 한다. 이는 분명 한국 영문학계를 풍성하게 할 것이다. 본고는 인문전산학적인 초기 단계부터 2000년대 이후 지금까지 미국 디지털 영문학의 대표적인 연구 성과들을 검토함으로써 한국 영문학계에서 디지털인문학 적인 접근 방식에 대한 논의가 활성화될 수 있는 초석을 닦는다. Digital literary studies in the United States has developed in the form of computational text analysis since the 1960s. At first it was not properly appreciated by mainstream academia, but it began to draw public attention largely due to the rise of digital humanities discourse along with the rapid progress of digital technology at the turn of the century. English studies was one of the major disciplines that actively adopted digital humanistic methodology and applied it to research and education. Digital literary scholars have shed light on previously unknown aspects of English literature by combining text analysis and “distant reading” and by statistically analyzing large-scale corpora of literary works. They take advantage of such sophisticated methods as metadata analysis, social network analysis and visualization, topic modeling, machine learning, and geographic information system as well as traditional text analysis techniques. In contrast, Korean academics of English literature are completely indifferent to digital literary studies. Ignoring any new methodology to study literature cannot be justified at all. Someone should try it, and we should debate about its value and validity. This will surely enrich Korean academia. This paper examines major research achievements of American digital literary studies from the early years of humanities computing to the present, thus laying the groundwork for discussion on digital humanistic approaches to English literature in Korea.

사회 연결망 분석과 문학 연구 : 영미문학과 한국문학을 중심으로

김용수(Yongsoo Kim) 한국비평이론학회 2021 비평과이론 Vol.26 No.2

사회 연결망 분석(social network analysis)은 20세기 내내 사회과학 분야에서 지속적으로 발전해온 사회구조 분석 이론이자 방법으로서 개체, 조직, 인간, 사물 사이의 복잡다기한 연결을 거시적, 미시적으로 분석하기 위해 관계형 데이터를 구축하고 이를 연결망으로 시각화하여 유동적이면서도 구조화된 전체 장을 파악하고자 하는 분야이다. 이러한 사회 연결망 분석은 최근 인문학 연구 분야에서, 특히 2000년대 이후 디지털인문학이 각광을 받기 시작하면서 그 방법 중 하나로 주목받고 있다. 영미문학 연구 분야에서도 사회 연결망 분석의 이론과 기법을 영문학 자료에 적용하여 그 동안 전통적인 연구 방법으로 파악하기 어려웠던 특정 국면의 문학 관계망을 복원한 성과들이 나타나고 있다. 한국의 국문학 연구 분야 역시 사회 연결망 분석 기법을 적용한 사례가 드물지만 꾸준히 등장하고 있다. 본 논문은 사회 연결망 분석 이론 및 방법이 문학 연구에 지닌 함의와 가능성에 주목하고 이를 체계적으로 소개하여 한국 학계의 디지털인문학적 문학 연구를 활성화하는 데 기여하고자 한다. 먼저 사회 연결망 이론을 소개하며 그 의미와 역사를 되짚어 본다. 그리고 이것이 인문학, 그 중에서도 문학 연구에 어떻게 활용될 수 있는지, 그 가능성은 무엇인지 등을 점검하기 위해 영미문학 분야 연구 성과들을 비판적으로 점검한다. 나아가서 사회 연결망 분석이 국문학계에서는 어떤 성과들을 축적하고 있는지 검토하여 한국에서의 사회 연결망 분석 기법을 활용한 문학 연구의 가능성을 모색한다. Social network analysis has been evolving as a social structure analysis theory and methodology in the social science discipline throughout the 20th century. It strives to understand the complex networked relationships among entities such as objects, individuals, social groups, organizations, etc. by preparing and visualizing their relational data so as to grasp the fluid dynamics of any given field. Many humanities scholars have also paid close attention to social network analysis as a new research method as digital humanities emerges as a formidable discourse in the new millennium. There are quite a few remarkable cases that apply social network analysis concepts and techniques to English literary data and thus manage to delineate literary networks at the particular junctures in literary history, which might have remained opaque otherwise. A similar trend can be observed in Korean literary studies though only a small number of researchers are interested in the method. This paper introduces social network analysis, focusing on its possibilities as a new literary research method and hence facilitating digital humanities approaches to literature in Korean academia. First, it briefly presents social network analysis theory, its history and concepts, and its methodological significance. And then, it goes on to critically review the actual research cases in the fields of English and Korean literature to examine how social network analysis can be employed in literary scholarship and what potentials it contains as a research method. Finally, this paper suggests that social network analysis helps deepen our knowledge and appreciation of literature by engaging literary history with a fresh look.