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김보한 일본사학회 2014 일본역사연구 Vol.40 No.-
In modern Japan, the first researcher on the sea is Kume Kunitake. He argued that Japan was at the center of East Asian waters and that the main group was Japanese pirates, the Waku. Koto Hideo claimed that the Waku is divided into Sunku(Real Waku) and Sangku(Merchant Waku). This is the theoretical basis of the group of armed merchants by Nishijima Satao. Nishijima argued that Waku and merchants exchange activities in the trading bloc of East Asia. On the other hand, Tanaka Takeo claimed that Waku was completely out of national control and formed the zone of friendly relations in East Asia. In reconstructing the zone of friendly relations, Tanaka openly expressed his contempt toward the Koryo and the Chosun peoples. Meanwhile, Murai Shosuke argued for the existence of border riders and included Waku. These studies and theories reveal distorted view toward neighboring peoples and used to promote and justify Japanese imperialism in the past. Such practices, however, continue in a subtle form. Recently, the textbook of Japanese history in high school inserted a column of ‘to review Waku’s world’ and described Waku as a pioneer and a principal agent in interactive East Asia.
‘전기 왜구’와 ‘후기 왜구’ 용어의 모순과 새 용어의 선택
김보한 일본사학회 2013 일본역사연구 Vol.38 No.-
The Korea-Japan academic community have been using terms of ‘the first half period of Wakou’ and ‘the second half period of Wakou.’ These terms, however, are problematic in that they are based on the conventional knowledge existed for about 50 years. Firstly, the term ‘the first half period of Wakou’ had been using to refer to the Wakou of 14th and 15th centuries. It is problematic because the term misses the Wakou of the 13th century. Secondly, the main body of Wakou in the ‘the first half period of Wakou’ was understood as the ‘union of Koryo-Chosun people.’ Yet, the remaining body of Wakou in the ‘the first half period of Wakou’ was the Japanese people (Akutou(惡黨). Thirdly, the Wakou of the 14th century needs to include the Japanese as well as the Chinese merchants. Fourthly, the main body of Wakou in the ‘the second half period of Wakou’ needs to include both the Japanese and Chinese merchants as well as the Western merchants. In this respect, the Wakou in East Asia must be examined by using terms such as the ‘Kamakura period Wakou,’ the ‘Muromachi period Wakou,’ and the ‘Sengoku period Wakou’ in a study of Wakou.