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A Brief Review of Soil Systematics in Germany
Rog-Young Kim(김록영),Jwa-Kyung Sung(성좌경),Seok-Cheol Kim(김석철),Byoung-Choon Jang(장병춘),Yeon-Kyu Sonn(손연규) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.1
각 나라마다 토양이 생성되는 환경이 다르고, 토양분류가 활용되는 목적이 다르기 때문에 세계적으로 다양한 토양분류체계가 발전되어 왔다. 1998년부터 국제적으로 통용되기 시작한 WRB 분류체계와 미국의 분류체계인 Soil Taxonomy는 그동안 국내에 잘 알려져 왔지만, 위의 두 체계와 분류기준을 달리하는 독일 분류체계인 Soil Systematics는 아직 잘 알려져 있지 않다. 본 논문에서 독일 분류체계의 구성과 분류기준을 소개하고자 한다. German Systematics는 6 단계 구조로 이루어져 있고, 상부에서 하위 순서로, soil divisions, soil classes, soil types, soil subtypes, soil varieties, soil subvarieties로 세분화된다. 독일 토양은 먼저 토양수분상태에 따라 4개의 soil divisions 중 하나로 분류되며, 이들은 육지토양, 반육지토양, 반습지/습지토양, 토탄토양이다. 육지토양은 다시 토양발달상태, 층위분화에 따라 13개의 soil classes로 분류되며, 예로 토양발달이 미약한 O/C-토양, 토양발달이 많이 진전되고 Ae-층을 갖는 Podsole (WRB 명명법: Podzols; U.S. Taxonomy: Spodosols)를 들 수 있다. 반육지토양은 지하수토양, 담수토양, 해수토양, 해변토양의 4개의 soil classes로, 반습지/습지토양은 반습지토양, 습지토양의 2개의 soil classes로, 토탄토양도 자연적, 인위적 토탄토양의 2개의 soil classes로 세분화된다. Soil classes는 U.S. Taxonomy의 orders와 비교될 수 있다. 육지토양의 soil classes는 다시 29개의 soil types로, 토양발달이 미약한 토양은 모재에 따라, 토양발달이 진전된 토양은 토양생성과정에 따라 분류된다. 반육지토양의 soil classes는 토양발달 정도에 따라 17개의 soil types로, 반습지/습지토양의 soil classes는 유기물함량에 따라 5개의 soil types로, 토탄토는 생성과정에 따라 5개의 soil types로 세분화된다. Soil types은 독일 토양조사의 기본 단위이며, U.S. Taxonomy의 great groups과 비교될 수 있다. 토양단면의 미세한 형태학적 차이를 고려하여 다시 약 220개의 soil subtypes, 수천 개의 soil varieties과 soil subvarieties로 세분화될 수 있다. Due to diverse soil-forming environments and different purposes of the soil classification, numerous soil classification systems have been developed worldwide. The World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) and the Soil Taxonomy of the United States are well-known in Korea. However, the German Soil Systematics based on somewhat different principles from the two former systems is little-known. The objective of this paper is therefore to give a short overview of the principles of the German Soil Systematics. The German Soil Systematics consists of a six-level hierarchical structure which comprises soil divisions, soil classes, soil types, soil subtypes, soil varieties, and soil subvarieties. Soils in Germany are firstly classified into one of four soil divisions according to the soil moist regime: terrestrial soils, semi-terrestrial soils, semi-subhydric/subhydric soils, and peats. Terrestrial soils are subdivided into 13 soil classes based on the stage of soil formation and the horizon differentiation. Semi-terrestrial soils are differentiated into four classes regarding the source of soil moist: groundwater, freshwater, saltwater, and seaside. Semi-subhydric/subhydric soils are subdivided into two classes: semi-subhydric and subhydric soils. Peats are classified into two classes of natural and anthropogenic origins. Classes can be compared to orders of the U.S. Taxonomy. Classes are subdivided into 29 soil types with regard to soil forming-processes for terrestrial soils, into 17 types with regard to the soil formation for semi-terrestrial soils, into five types with regard to the content of organic matter for semi-subhydric/subhydric soils, and also into five types with regard to peat-forming processes for peats. The soil mapping units in Germany are types, which can be additionally subdivided into ca. 220 subtypes, several thousands of varieties and subvarieties using detailed nuances of morphologic features of soil profile. Soil types can be compared to great groups of the U.S. Taxonomy.
김록영(Rog-Young Kim),성좌경(Jwa-Kyung Sung),이주영(Ju-Young Lee),김석철(Seok-Cheol Kim),장병춘(Byoung-Choon Jang),김원일(Won-Il Kim),옥용식(Yong-Sik Ok) 한국토양비료학회 2010 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.43 No.3
Chromium as a constituent of rocks occurs naturally in the environment in varying concentrations. However, the human activity has changed the geochemical cycle of chromium in the environment and has caused the chromium accumulation in soils. Korean soils revealed a wide range of chromium contents depending on parent material and land use. The total chromium contents of volcanic ash soils in Jeju, which were determined using HNO₃ + HClO₄ + HF, ranged from 434 to 1,164 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. The ‘ecological’ total chromium contents extracted using conc. HCl + conc. HNO₃ (aqua regia) in the same soils varied in a lower range of 50-189 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (averaged percentage of aqua regia contents in HNO₃ + HClO₄ + HF contents: 14.9%). Serpentine soils in Andong showed a ‘ecological’ total chromium content of 309 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> and against it granitic soils in Andong only 20 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. In uncontaminated forest soils of Korea, the ‘ecological’ total chromium contents varied from 4.89 to 106 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> and the soluble chromium contents determined using 0.1 M HCl ranged from 0.01 to 0.64 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (averaged percentage of 0.1 M HCl contents in aqua regia contents: 0.4%). Arable lands contained more soluble chromium than reported in forest soils (averaged soluble chromium: 0.36 and 0.09 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively). In particular, the soluble chromium contents in greenhouse, orchard and upland soils were higher than in contaminated soils near mine and industrial site (maximum contents: greenhouse 15.3 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>; upland 12.1 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>; orchard 8.29 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>; mine site 4.76 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>; industrial site 2.80 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>). On the basis of these results a accumulation of chromium in some specific arable lands can be assumed, probably by long-continued applications of fertilizers or soil amendments containing chromium. In Korean Enforcement Decree of the Soil Environment Conservation Act soil standards for total chromium do not exist yet.
시설재배지 토양 pH와 전함량 및 이동태 함량이 상추의 구리와 아연 흡수에 미치는 영향
김록영(Rog-Young Kim),성좌경(Jwa-Kyung Sung),이주영(Ju-Young Lee),장병춘(Byoung-Choon Jang),하상건(Sang-Keun Ha),이종식(Jong-Sik Lee) 한국토양비료학회 2011 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.44 No.6
조사한 시설재배지 토양의 Cu와 Zn 전함량은 평균이 각각 39.3과 137 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>로 Cu와 Zn의 집적 현상을 볼 수 있었다. 이동태 함량 평균은 0.18과 0.47 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>로 작물 생육저해를 일으킬 수 있는 일반적인 함량 1 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (Cu)과 2 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (Zn)을 Zn이 한 농가에서 초과하였다. 상추 잎과 뿌리의 Cu 평균함량은 9.20과 17.2 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>로 주로 뿌리에 집적되어 있었고, Zn 평균함량은 각각 54.5와 56.7 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>로 잎과 뿌리에 균일하게 분포했다. Cu와 Zn의 토양 전함량-식물 이동계수는 0.1∼1이었고, 토양 이동태-식물 이동계수는 10∼1000이었다. Zn의 이동계수는 Cu의 이동계수 보다 높아, Zn이 Cu보다 이동성이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 상추 잎과 뿌리의 Cu와 Zn 흡수는 토양 전함량, 유기물 함량 보다는 토양 이동태 함량과 pH에 의해 강하게 영향을 받았고, 다중 회귀방정식에 의해 고도의 유의관계를 설명할 수 있었다. Copper and Zinc are essential trace elements for all living organisms. When presenting in excess amount in soils, however they can be toxic to plants. In order to examine the transfer of Cu and Zn from soils to plants and to predict their contents in plants using soil factors, we investigated total and mobile contents of Cu and Zn in soils and their uptake by lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in plastic film houses. Total Cu and Zn contents in soils were 17.5∼65.9 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (mean: 39.3 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>) and 63.2∼200 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (mean: 137 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>), respectively. Mobile Cu and Zn contents in soils were (0.04)∼0.55 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (mean: 0.18 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>) and (0.05)∼2.62 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> (mean: 0.47 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>), respectively. Soil pH ranged from 5.4 to 7.3 and OM from 24.1 to 59.9 g kg<SUP>-1</SUP>. Mean Cu contents in leaves and roots of lettuce were 9.20 and 17.2 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, respectively which showed that Cu was accumulated mainly in root parts of lettuce and not easily transported to leaves. In contrast, Zn was fairly evenly distributed in leaves and roots with mean values of 54.5 and 56.7 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP>, indicating relative high mobility of Zn in lettuce. Transfer factors of Cu and Zn from soil total contents to roots and leaves of lettuce (TFStR and TFStL) were between 0.1 and 1, while transfer factors from soil mobile contents to roots and leaves (TFSmR and TFSmL) were between 10 and 1000. Transfer factors of Zn were higher than those of Cu, showing Zn was more easily absorbed by plants than Cu. Cu and Zn uptake was stronger influenced by soil pH and mobile contents than total contents and OM and could be significantly described by multiple regression equations including soil pH and soil mobile contents as variables.