Neural Spike Train Decoding에 기반한 인공와우 어음처리방식 성능평가

김두희,김진호,김경환,Kim, Doo-Hee,Kim, Jin-Ho,Kim, Kyung-Hwan 대한의용생체공학회 2007 의공학회지 Vol.28 No.2

We suggest a novel method for the evaluation of cochlear implant (CI) speech processing strategy based on neural spike train decoding. From formant trajectories of input speech and auditory nerve responses responding to the electrical pulse trains generated from a specific CI speech processing strategy, optimal linear decoding filter was obtained, and used to estimate formant trajectory of incoming speech. Performance of a specific strategy is evaluated by comparing true and estimated formant trajectories. We compared a newly-developed strategy rooted from a closer mimicking of auditory periphery using nonlinear time-varying filter, with a conventional linear-filter-based strategy. It was shown that the formant trajectories could be estimated more exactly in the case of the nonlinear time-varying strategy. The superiority was more prominent when background noise level is high, and the spectral characteristic of the background noise was close to that of speech signals. This confirms the superiority observed from other evaluation methods, such as acoustic simulation and spectral analysis.

Spike Train Decoding에 기반한 인공와우 어음처리기의 음성시작점 정보 전달특성 평가

김두희,김진호,김경환,Kim, Doo-Hee,Kim, Jin-Ho,Kim, Kyung-Hwan 대한의용생체공학회 2007 의공학회지 Vol.28 No.5

The adaptation effect originating from the chemical synapse between auditory nerve and inner hair cell gives advantage in accurate representation of temporal cues of incoming speech such as speech onset. Thus it is expected that the modification of conventional speech processing strategies of cochlear implant(CI) by incorporating the adaptation effect will result in considerable improvement of speech perception performance such as consonant perception score. Our purpose in this paper was to evaluate our new CI speech processing strategy incorporating the adaptation effect by the observation of auditory nerve responses. By classifying the presence or absence of speech from the auditory nerve responses, i. e. spike trains, we could quantitatively compare speech onset detection performances of conventional and improved strategies. We could verify the effectiveness of the adaptation effect in improving the speech onset representation characteristics.

대구지방 산업장에 있어서 건강장애요인과 작업환경 검사에 대한 기업인의 수용태도(I)

김두희,박순우,Kim, Du-Hui,Park, Sun-U 대한산업보건협회 1988 산업보건 Vol.1 No.-

두발중 미량 중금속과 필수금속의 과다 또는 과소의 불균형과 폭력범죄 행동과의 관련성 연구

김두희,장봉기,이덕희,홍성철,김병희,Kim, Doo-Hie,Jang, Bon-Ki,Lee, Duk-Hee,Hong, Sung-Chul,Kim, Byung-Hie 대한예방의학회 1994 예방의학회지 Vol.27 No.1

To estimate the factors to the inclination of the criminal violence, the content of trace minerals and toxic metals in the scalp hair were measured during the period from May 1992 to October 1992. One hundred eleven violent and 89 nonviolent criminal inmates of Taegu Correctional Institute were selected. The inmates of violent criminals were imprisoned by murder, robber, rape, injury and violent acts. Those of nonviolent criminals were swindle, larceny, and adultery and had no history of institutional violence. The contents of two toxic metals (cadmium, lead) and five trace minerals (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg, Na) were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (IL. 551). The contents of cadmium and lead in hair of violent criminals were significantly higher as $0.56{\pm}0.14ppm,\;11.53{\pm}3.32ppm$, respectively, than $0.42{\pm}0.20ppm,\;9.63{\pm}4.31ppm$ of nonviolent group (p<0.01). But the level of copper was significantly lower than nonviolent group (p<0.05). The factors that had a significant correlation with the inclination of violence in multiple logistic regression analysis were cadmium (odds ratio=98.09), unmarried (odds ratio=0.39), many times of criminal history(odds ratio=1.57) and residence of rural area (odds ratio=0.44). The results suggest that the sub-toxic contents of cadmium and lead in the hair may be of potential effect on behavior, and the mineral analysis may be an important adjunctive diagnostic procedure. Further studies into this problem are necessary. 어떤 금속성분의 과다 또는 과소가 폭력성향에 영향을 미치는 지를 분석하고자 1992년 5월부터 1992년 10월까지 대구교도소에 수감된 사람중 형이 확정된 남자 재소자로서 폭력범죄자(살인, 강도, 강간, 상해, 폭력 행위 등과 같은 폭력범죄로 구형 받은 사람 또는 이와 같은 폭력범죄의 전과가 있는 사람) 111 명과 비폭력 범죄자(사기, 절도, 도로교통법 위반, 간통 등과 같은 범죄로 구형받은 사람이면서 폭력범죄의 전과가 없는 사람) 89명, 총 200명을 대상으로 두발중 독성 중금속인 카드뮴 및 납과 필수금속인 아연, 구리, 철, 마그네슘 및 나트륨 함량을 원자흡광분광광도계 (IL, 551)로 분석하였다. 두발중 카드뮴과 납 함량은 폭력범죄자군에서 각각 $0.56{\pm}0.14ppm,\;11.53{\pm}3.32ppm$으로 비폭력범죄자군의 $0.42{\pm}0.20ppm,\;9.63{\pm}4.31ppm$보다 유의하게 높은 함량을 나타냈으나(각각, p<0.01), 구리 함량은 폭력군이 $9.07{\pm}3.85ppm$으로 비폭력군의 $10.53{\pm}5.82ppm$ 보다 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). 다중지수형 회귀분석 결과 폭력성향과 관련되는 요인으로 카드뮴 함량(odds ratio=98.09)이 높을 수록, 미혼인 경우(odds ratio=0.39), 전과(odds ratio=1.57)가 많을 수록, 거주지역(odds ratio=0.44)이 농촌인 경우에 더 폭력적인 성향을 보이는 것으로 나타났다.

상수도(上水道) 페놀오염으로 인한 노출-비노출(露出-比露出) 지역주민(地域住民)의 호소증상(呼訴症狀) 비교(比較)

김두희,이성국,천병렬,이덕희,홍성철,장봉기,Kim, Doo-Hie,Lee, Sung-Kook,Chun, Byung-Yeol,Lee, Duk-Hee,Hong, Sung-Chul,Jang, Bong-Ki 대한예방의학회 1993 예방의학회지 Vol.26 No.2

A accidental spills of phenol(100%) to the river Nakdong with subsequent contamination of the tap water fer about two million consumers in Taegu city of Korea were occurred in March 1991. A historical cohort study of 6,913 individuals was undertaken to determine the associated with illness. Population subjects were divided into two groups of exposed and unexposed. Exposed subjects were reported to be phenol associated symptoms significantly higher than those in a nearby unexposed area(39.6% vs 9.4%, p<0.01). Especially, in the related symptoms, highly significant differences were noted in the number of subjects reporting gastrointestinal illness such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain. During the accident, study subjects who experienced peculiar taste or odor in the tap water were significantly higher in the exposed areas(92% vs 34.3%). Chlorophenols formed from chlorination of water may have aggravated the problem. 지난 1991년 3월 16일 대구지역에서 발생한 상수도 페놀오염이 인체에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 대구지역의 상수도 공급분포와 초 중 고등학교 지역적 분포를 비교하여 대상학교 10개교를 선정하여 이를 폭로군과 비폭로군으로 나누어 학생들의 가족구성원 전체를 대상으로 하여 설문지를 통하여 자기기입법으로 조사하였다. 분석내용은 노출지역과 비노출지역에서의 증상호소의 차이, 음용수 유형의 변화형태 등이다. 노출지역과 비노출지역에서 수도물만 먹은 사람을 비교하였을 때 페놀의 영향으로 볼 수 있는 증상으로 노출지역에서 3배 이상의 호소율을 나타낸 증상은 구역질, 구토, 설사, 복통, 두통, 입 목이 따끔거림, 피부증상으로 나타났다. 유관증상을 한가지 이상 호소한 경우는 노출군이 비노출군보다 약 3.5배(39 9% 대 9.4%)였으며 의료기관 이용율은 노출군에서 18.5%인 반면 비노출군에서는 4.7%로 약 4배의 차이를 보였다. 유관증상은 노출정도가 심할 수록 호소율이 높아지는 용량-반응 현상을 나타내었다. 그리고 이번 사건이후 생수. 혹은 약수를 찾거나 정수기를 설치하는 가구가 늘어났음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 노출지역에서 사건 전에 65.4%를 차지하던 수도물 사용이 페놀확인 후 32.2%로 떨어졌으나 비노출군에서는 57%에서 46.2%로 떨어졌다.

대구지방 산업장에 있어서 건강장애요인과 작업환경검사에 대한 기업인의 수용태도 (ll)

김두희,성수원,Kim, Du-Hui,Seong, Su-Won 대한산업보건협회 1988 산업보건 Vol.8 No.-

Examination of working environments was conducted to get more detailed data about harmful working environments and to make a contribution to more effective management. Study was carried out on 722 factories located in Taegu city and eight counties in Kyungpook Province, Korea, for a period of one year, from February 1 to December 30, 1986. The total number and proportion of workers exposed to harmful material was 37,697, 45.2% among 83,368 workers. The results according to exposed material were as follows: 1. In the case of noise, proportion of exceeding the 8-hour TLV was 59%, Included were nail-cutting in assembly metal manufacturing industry and weaving process in textile. 2. Dust in mill process of coal manufacturing industries exceeded the TLV of second class of dust at all parts and exceeded the TLV at 6% as a whole.: 3. The fields of industry lower than 70 lux of illumination were storage equipment of food, auto-winder of textile, painting of wood wares and coal mixing, and 44% of all cases was lower than standard. 4. As a result of temperature index investigation(WBGT), about 12% of all sujects exceeded limit value. Included parts were rolling machine and reducing room. 5. In the case of organic solvents, TLV was exceeded at about 8%, The parts exceeded TLV according to materials belonged to this category were as follows. 1) Toluene: adhesive work in assembly metal manufacturing 2) Xylene: printing and paint mixing in chemical manufacturing 3) Methyl ethytl ketone: paint mixing in all parts examined and coating machine partially in chemical manufacturing 4) Methyl isobutyl ketone: printing in chemical manufacturing 5) Acetone: vapor polishing in assembly metal manufacturing 6. Among specified chemical materials, the concentration of HC1 in the air in metal assembly manufacturing factory exceeded TLV. in one of three assembly metal manufacturing examined. Others, such as benzene, acetic acid, formic acid, sodium hydroxide, formalin, ammonia, copper, chromate etc. were lower than TLV in its indoor atmospheric concentration. As a whole, the proportion of exceeding TLV was about 0.8% 7. The concentrations of inorganic lead were lower than TLV in all parts examined. The results of this investigation show the fact that current management of working environments is not satisfactory, and so more active management is needed.

잠사회사(蠶絲會社) 여공(女工)의 피부질환(皮膚疾患)

김두희,Kim, Doo-Hie 대한예방의학회 1976 예방의학회지 Vol.9 No.1

잠사회사(蠶絲會社) 근로자(勤勞者)의 직업성질환(職業性疾患)을 분석해 보기 위하여 1975년(年) 11월(月) 근로조건(勤勞條件)이 같은 대구시내(大邱市內) 모잠사회사(某蠶絲會社) 여자근로자(女子勤勞者) 177명(名)에 대하여 집단건강진단시(集團健康診斷時) 시진(視診)에 의하여 실시(實施)한 결과 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있었다. 전(全) 여자근로자(女子勤勞者)에 있여서 각종피부질환(各種皮膚疾患)의 유병률(有病率)이 53%로 반수(半數)이상에 달하여 피부질환(皮膚疾患)은 대체(大體)로 3가지로 대분(大分), 손톱마모(磨耗), 피부(皮膚)의 각화, 나류(裸瘤), 구열(龜裂) 등과 같은 피부변화(皮膚變化)(47.5%)가 가장 많으며 알레르기 반응(反應)(14.7%)과 기타 무좀 등의 순이었다. 피부변화(皮膚變化)는 그 진행정도(進行程度)의 차이(差異)가 있었으나 대개 복합적(複合的)으로 발생(發生)하여 근속년수와는 무관한 것 같으나 대체적으로 2년이상 근속자에게 빈발하는 경향을 보이며 손톱마모(磨耗)는 이에 따라 현저(顯著)한 차이(差異)를 보이고 있다. 알래르기 반응(反應)은 입사후(入社後) 수개월 이내에 발생(發生)하며 다시 접촉 여하에 따라 그 정도로 달라지게 되는 것 같다. 계속 근무자보다 과거에 경험한 바 있는 자에서 다소 그 빈도가 높은 경향을 보여 준다. 호발부위(好發部位)는 역시 접촉이 잦은 손가락부터 손바닥, 손, 팔, 다리, 얼굴, 목, 몸통등 광범하게 번져가며 심한 경우 습진 양으로 변해 가고 있다. The occupational skin diseases in an industry of silk reeling located in Daegu city of Korea were analyzed by inspection through a mass survey for improving the workers' health, November, 1975. The subjects, 177 persons were all females, and were distributed at 18-38 years old. About two thirds were under 25 years old. The meanage was 23.6 years. The incidence of skin diseases was about 53%. It was generally divided into three groups;- the epidermic changes of those were most frequent, 47.5%, the allergic reactions were 14.7%, and athlete's foot was only four cases, 2.3%. Most frequent signs of epidermic changes was the worn-out nail, 32.3%; and the keratolysis, 28.8%; and the callus, 15.3% were followed in order. Theses were significant in five per cent level between the sections of the silk reeling and the manufacturing;-Allergic reactions and worn-out nail were more frequent in the manufacturing group than the silk reeling, and keratolysis and callus were inverted proportionally. Allergic reactions were occurred within a few months from first entrance time, and it was more frequent in the group exposed to same allergen in the past than the continuing group from first. Most of the appearing sites of theses were hands, and infrequently, it was occurred in the face, neck, trunk, knee anfeet. These epidermic changes except allergic phenomena were appeared in the fingers, palmal and dorsal surface of hands frequently contacted. But these changes and allergic reactions were generally combined with two or more kinds.

임상의(臨床醫)들의 의료(醫療) 윤리관(倫理觀)

김두희,Kim, Doo-Hie 한국농촌의학지역보건학회 1999 농촌의학·지역보건 Vol.24 No.2

의료기술 시혜(施惠)의 바탕이 되는 일반적인 의료윤리 상황을 알아보고자 1997년에 작성된 임상의사명부에서 계통적 확률추출법으로 1,500명을 선택하고 그 중 응답한 288명을 대상으로 1999년 3월 - 5월 현재로 윤리관에 대하여 몇 가지 조사해 보았다. 1. 대상이 된 의료인은 여성이 약 15%이고 국립대 출신의 반응이 우세하며 종교적으로는 불교가 14.9%, 천주교가 28.5%, 기독교가 35.4%, 무교가 17.4%로써 천주교와 기독교를 합하면 63.9%이며 불교와 무교를 합하여도 32.3%였다. 2. 일견해서 우리 나라 의료계의 윤리간은 이상(理想)과 현실사이에 대단히 혼란스러운 상태에 있음을 알 수 있다. 3. 환자의 고통을 나의 고통으로 알고 자비회사의 정신을 살리고자하는 마음 바탕을 가진 경우가 많으나 이미 성직자에 비유한 말이 옳지 않다고 한 경우가 많다. 그러나 아직 안락사문제와 관련하여는 종교적 차이를 보이고 있는 것 같다. 건의 하루속히 의료인들이 안정을 찾을 수 있는 시책을 마련해 주고, 정부나 환자들은 의사들에 대한 능력을 인정해야하고, 구체적으로 윤리교육을 원천적으로 강화하고, 정부에서는 의료인들이 난처한 점을 해결할 수 있는 길을 제도적으로 마련해 주기 바란다. This is carried out to study on the general consciousness for medical ethics of Korean local and hospital clinicians from March to May, 1999. The subjects are 288 respondents out of 1,500 those who selected by systemic random sampling method from the list of physicians published on 1997. An adequate questionnaire with 21 questions made by author was distributed through mail for those. The characteristics of respondents are as follows. Women are 15%. For like this questionnaire, those who were graduated from. The national universities were more actively concerned than those graduated from the private universities. Christian was 35.4%, Catholic was 28.5% and buddhist was 14.9% and 17.4% had no religion. Now a day in generally, it is clearly confusing status between an ideal thinking and actuality in medical ethical aspects in Korea. They want more developed medical delivery system. The most of physicians are improving on four mind-sets, the mind of love, pity, joy and abandonment as much as they are cognizing that the pains of patients are themselves pains. But they do not want to be the ministry. On the problems of the easy to die, it seems that they have somewhat different opinions according to their religions, respectively;- christians are more responsible than others to keep to the terminal point of life of patients.

정신지체아 두발 중 중금속 함량 I - 납과의 관련성 -

김두희,김옥배,장봉기,Kim, Doo-Hie,Kim, Ock-Bae,Chang, Bong-Ki 대한예방의학회 1989 예방의학회지 Vol.22 No.1

정신지체아 발생의 환경인자로서의 납의 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 인제조직내의 축적된 납과 아연의 함량과 정신장애 정도와의 상관성을 보았다. 대상은 정신지체아 교육기관 2곳의 계 297명을 택하였다(부모가 있는 군 132명, 없는 군 165명). 대조군은 시내 모 국민학교에 정상적으로 수업을 받는 63명을 심의로 선택하였다. 재료는 대상자의 후두부의 모발을 채취하여 원자흡광분광광도계로 분석하였다. 두발중 납의 평균함량은 정신지체아에서 $14.97{\pm}3.71ppm$으로 정상아의 $11.36{\pm}2.83ppm$보다 유의하게 높았으며 아연 함량은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 납은 장애자 중 연령과 성별 그리고 가정이 있는 경우와 없는 경우 간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나 지능지수와는 유의한 역상관을 나타내었다. 아연은 연령에 따라서는 유의한 상관성을 보였으나 지능지수와는 유의한 상관성이 없었다. 정신지체아에 수반된 장애로 언어장애, 정서장애, 지체부자유, 이중 및 삼중장애, 감각이상, 식습관이상 등이 있으나 감각이상과 식습성을 제외하고 모두 정상군에 비하여 평균 납함량이 유의하게 높으나 정신지체아이면서 수반된 장애가 없는 군과는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 정신지체아에 수반된 질병은 몽고증, 자폐증, 뇌성마비, 간질 및 소뇌증이 있었으나 몽고증의 평균 납 함량에 비하여 뇌성마비와 수반된 질병이 없는 경우와는 유의하게 높은 차이가 있었다. 그들의 병력을 외적 요인과 내적 요인으로 구별해 보았으나 상호 유의한 차이는 없었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 정신지체와 납 사이에는 어느 정도 관계가 있는 것으로 추측되므로 이때의 접촉 기회에 대한 고찰은 모자보건학 상 중요한 과제가 된다고 생각되며 추후 계속 연구해 보아야 할 것 같다. This paper was carried out to study on correlation between mentally retardation and lead and zinc. The subjects were 297 mentally retarded children: 132 of Bomyung special school and Sunmyung, which were located in Taegu city of Korea. The former had their parents but the latter had not. The control group 63 children were randomly seleted from the Dong-in primary school near to Medical School of Kyungpook National University. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer, model IL-551 connected with CTF atomizer(IL. 655) was used for the analysis of lead and zinc. The mean value of lead in hair of mentally retarded children was $14.97{\pm}3.71ppm$ which is significantly higher than that of control group, $11.36{\pm}2.83ppm$. But the content of zinc was not significant in both groups. In the lead there was no significant correlation to age but significant negative correlation to IQ. Zinc showed significant correlation to age but not to IQ. Among the handicapped children, no signigicant correlation between orphan group and non orphan group. Handicaps of mentally-retarded children were speech impairment, emotional disturbance, double and triple handicaps, sensory impairment and abnormal dietary patterns. There were significantly higher contents of lead compared with normal group, except the latter two groups. The disease conditions of mentally retarded children were mongolism, autism, cerebral palsy, epilepsy and microcephaly. In comparing with mongolism, significant difference were existent only on the cerebral palsy and group of unknown etiology. We attempted to divide their past history into external etiology and internal etiology, but could not find significant difference. In view of the whole results, the relationship between mentally-retarded children and lead was presumed to be the early time exposure rather than long interval exposure during growth and the contact opportunity was considered important subject in maternal and child health care.

정신분열증 환자의 두발 중 구리 및 수은 함량과 그 인성과의 관련성

김두희,강영우,박순우,이근후,이영숙,Kim, Doo-Hie,Kang, Young-Woo,Park, Soon-Woo,Lee, Kuen-Hoo,Lee, Young-Sook 대한예방의학회 1990 예방의학회지 Vol.23 No.3

정신분열증과 수은 및 구리와의 관계를 보기 위해 정신병원에 입원중인 만성 정신분열증 환자중 만 20세에서 29세까지의 남자 80명과 대조군 69명을 대상으로 두발 중 구리와 수은 함량을 원자흡광광도계로써 측정하고 아울러 이들에게서 다면적 인성검사(MMPI)를 실시하였다. MMPI의 각 척도별 T-점수를 환자군과 대조군으로 나누어 비교한 결과 Hs, D, Pd, Pa, Pt, Sc척도에서 환자군이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높은 점수가 나왔고 점수 구간에 따른 분포도 환자군과 대조군 사이에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 구리의 경우 환자군의 두발 중 함량이 $11.17{\pm}3.72ppm$으로 대조군의 $18.93{\pm}7.81ppm$에 비해 유의하게 낮았으며 수은의 경우는 환자군이 $2.42{\pm}1.46ppm$으로서 대조군의 $1.68{\pm}1.07ppm$에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 이때 거주지에 따른 차이는 볼 수 없었다. 구리와 수은은 역상관관계(r=-0.25)를 보였으며 통계학적으로 유의하였다. MMPI의 T점수에 따른 구리 함량은 10개 척도 모두에게 유의한 차이가 없었다. 수은의 경우는 Pt척도와 Sc척도에서 각 점수군간에 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. T점수의 70점 이상과 미만의 두 군간을 비교하였을 때는 70점 이상군의 Pa척도, Pt척도, Sc척도에서의 수은 함량이 각각 $2.72{\pm}1.49ppm,\;2.93{\pm}1.27ppm,\;2.66{\pm}1.42ppm$으로서 70점 미만군의 $1.97{\pm}1.30 ppm,\;1.98{\pm}1.32 ppm,\;1.92{\pm}1.29ppm$에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 다른 척도의 경우에도 통계학적인 의의는 없었지만 Mf척도를 제외하고는 전반적으로 70점 이상군이 미만군보다 수은 함량이 더 높았다. 그리고 D, Pa, Sc척도에서는 T점수가 증가함에 따라 수은 함량도 유의하게 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 환자군과 대조군으로 나누었을 때 구리의 경우 대부분 척도의 각 점수군에서 환자군이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 함량이 낮았으며 수은의 경우는 D척도의 44점 이하군, Hy척도의 $45{\sim}59$점군, Pd척도의 $60{\sim}69$점군, Mf척도의 $45{\sim}59$점군, Ma척도의 $60{\sim}69$점군, Si척도의 44점 이하군에서만 환자군이 대조군에 비해 유의하게 높은 수치를 나타냈다. 본 연구의 결과로 볼 때 구리의 결핍이나 수은의 과다 섭취가 정신분열증의 발병 혹은 증상 악화에 영향을 끼칠 수 있을 가능성을 짐작해 볼 수 있으며 이들 금속과 정신분열증의 상관관계, 그리고 인성과의 관계에 대해 계속 연구해 볼 필요성을 느낀다. The relationship between copper and mercury contents in the scalp hair and chronic schizophrenia was investigated. The samples of scalp hair were collected from 80 male chronic schizophrenic patients at the age from 20 to 29, who were hospitalized in the National Psychiatric Hospital in Seoul. As the control group, 69 males were collected from general population. Hair samples were taken from the napes and the Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory (MMPI) was performed also. The copper and mercury contents were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Significantly higher T-score of MMPI was seen in patients group for Hypochondriasis Scale (Hs), Depression Scale (D), Psychopathic Deviate Scale (Pd), Paranoia Scale (Pa), Psychasthenia Scale (Pt), Schizophrenia Scale (Sc) subscales than control group, and the frequency distribution by T-score was also significantly different between the patient and the control group for above scales. The content of copper in the hair of patient group was significantly lower than the control group. In the case of mercury, the mean value of patient group was significantly higher than control group. Between the value of copper and mercury, statistically significant negative correlation (r=-0.25) was found. When grouped by the T-score of MMPI, there was no difference of copper contents between T-score subgroup at all MMPI scale. But the mercury contents showed significant difference between T-score subgroup at Pt, Sc scale. When compared between the group of above 70 T-score and the group of less than 70, the mercury contents of Pa, Pt, Sc scale of above 70 T-score group were significantly higher than the group of less than 70. In other scales, the mercury content of the above 70 group were higher than the group of less than 70 except Mf scale, although there were no statistscally significances. In D, Pa, Sc scales, as the T-score of MMPI increased, the contents of mercury also increased. When divided into the patient group and the control group, the copper contents of the patient groups were significantly lower than the control group at each T-score scale in most MMPI scales. In the case of mercury, the value of patient group were significantly higher than the control group in the less than 44 scale of D, in the $60{\sim}69$ scale of Pd, in the $45{\sim}59$ scale of Mf, in the $60{\sim}69$ scale of Ma, in the less than 44 of Si. These results suggest that the effects of the deficiency of copper or high intake of mecury on schizophrenia and personality may be of possible value. Thus further studies are necessary to determine whether schizophrenia and personality formation would be attributed to copper deficiency or mercury intake.