저농도 혈중연과 혈장레닌활성도 및 혈압과의 관련성

박순우,김두희,Park, Soon-Woo,Kim, Doo-Hie 대한예방의학회 1991 예방의학회지 Vol.24 No.4

일상생활을 통한 연섭취로 인한 고혈압 발생 가능성 및 이때 연이 혈압에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 기전을 밝히기 위한 연구의 일환으로 환자 대조군 연구를 실시하였다. 대상자로서 울산 및 그 인근지역의 직업적 연폭로 과거력이 없는 남자 근로자 중 고혈압 환자 72명, 대조군 69명을 선택하였다. 혈중 연과 혈장레닌활성도(Plasma renin activity, PRA)를 측정하였으며 동시에 흡연유무, 음주유무, 고혈압 가족력 유무를 확인하고 body mass index(BMI), 혈청 소디움, 포타시움, 이온화 칼슘, 크레아티닌 및 총 콜레스테롤을 측정하였다. 고혈압군의 혈중 연농도는 $19.8{\pm}5.5{\mu}g/dl$로서 대조군의 $12.5{\pm}4.7{\mu}g/dl$에 비해 유의하게 높았고(p<0.01) 또한 혈중 연의 고혈압발생에 대한 교차비(odds ratio)가 1.38로서 역시 유의하였다(p<0.01). PRA나 In(PRA)가 고혈압군과 대조군 사이에 유의한 차이가 없었으나 고혈압군에서 혈중 연농도가 증가함에 따라 PRA도 어느정도 증가하는 양상을 보였고(p<0.1), In(PHA)를 종속변수로 하는 중회귀분석을 실시하였을 때 혈중 연농도(회귀계수 ; 0.037)가 10% 수준에서 유의하였다. 본 연구를 통해 볼 때, 지금까지 알려진 정상치 범위 이내의 혈중 연과 고혈압 발생간의 인과 관계에 대해 계속 연구해 볼 필요성을 느끼며 이때 PRA의 변화가 작용 기전의 일부에 관여할 가능성이 있을 것으로 추측된다. A case-control study was conducted to investigate the effect of low-level blood lead on the blood pressure. The plasma renin activity(PRA) was measured also to investigate one of the possible mechanisms by which lead nay play a role to influence on the blood pressure. Seventy-two hypertensive and sixty -nine control study subjects were selected from the workers who had no history of b-related lead exposure, in Ulsan city and it's vicinity, Korea. In addition to measuring blood lead levels and PRA, body mass index(BMI), hematocrit, serum sodium, potassium, creatinine, ionized calcium, and cholesterol were measured. Also, the habits of smoking, alcohol drinking and family history of hypertension were checked. The blood lead level of the hypertensive group was $19.8{\pm}5.5{\mu}g/dl$, which was significantly higher than that of the control group, $12.5{\pm}4.7{\mu}g/dl$(p<0.01). On multiple logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio of blood lead level on the occurence of high blood pressure was 1.38, also statistically significant (p<0.01). There was no significant differences between the hypertensive and the control group in the PRA or In (PRA), but there was a marginally significant linear relationship between blood lead and PRA in the hypertensive group(p<0.1). In conclusion, blood lead level which has been known to be within normal limits may be one of the possible risk factors of hypertension and PRA alteration by lead may act as one of the mechanisms.

요대발해인 고모한(高模翰) 관련 기록의 검토와 후손들의 활동 연구

박순우 연세대학교 국학연구원 2020 동방학지 Vol.191 No.-

In this article, two recently found tomb epitaphs[Myoji(墓誌)] were examined and consulted to recreate the early life of Go Mo-han, who was originally from the Balhae society but later named by the Liao government as a ‘Meritorious vassal’ in the early days of the Liao dynasty. Also explored are the lives of his descendants, with the intention to eventually create a family tree for this particular Go house originating from the collapsed Balhae dynasty. Examination revealed that the Liaoshi(遼史) record of him fleeing to the Goryeo dynasty and marrying the daughter of Wang Geon, founder of Goryeo, is actually false. Records also confirm that after Go died some of his descendants moved to the Seogyeong-do(西京道) Province’s Sakju(朔州) area, revealing a rare example of Balhae refugees taking residence in a region other than those which housed forcibly relocated Balhae population. It is also revealed that Go’s descendants, who lived for generations in different regions such as Go Yeong-gyeon(高永肩, ?~?) in the West and Go Jeong(高楨, ?~1159) in the East, which was the Donggyeong-do(東京道) Province’s Yoyang(遼陽) area, never knew of each other albeit being both fifth-generation descendants of Go. 이 글은 새로 확인된 두 점의 묘지(墓誌)를 통해 요초(遼初) 최대 공신(功臣)인 발해인 고모한의 초기 행적에 대한 의문점을 해결하고, 그의 후손들의 행적을 연구하여 가계도를 복원한 글이다. 그 결과 그의 고려 내투와 고려 태조 왕건의 딸과 혼인했다는 『遼史』의 기록은 사실이 아닌 것으로 확인되었다. 또한, 고모한 사후 후손 중 일부는 서경도(西京道)-삭주(朔州)로 이주(移住)하여 가계를 이어간 사실을 확인했는데, 이는 요초 발해인에 대한 강제 천사(遷徙)를 제외하면, 발해인 가계가 서경도로 이주해 간 최초의 사례로 판단된다. 다만 그들의 이주가 자발적이고 자연스러운 것이었는지, 아니면 요 조정에 의한 것인지 그 배경에 관해서는 추가 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다. 아울러 요말(遼末) 서경도-삭주에서 가계를 이어간 고영견(高永肩)과 동경도(東京道) 요양(遼陽) 일대에서 가계를 이어간 고정(高楨) 모두 고모한의 ‘5세손(世孫)’인데, 동시대를 살아간 두 인물은 서로의 존재를 몰랐던 것으로 추정된다. 요초 이후 공간적으로나 시간적으로 너무 멀리 떨어진 상황이 두 사람 모두 고모한의 후손임에도 불구하고 서로를 인식하지 못하게 만들었던 것으로 생각된다.

발해유민'인가 '발해인'인가?

박순우 역사문제연구소 2022 역사비평 Vol.- No.140

In past studies dedicated to the post-926 Balhae history, the people who originated in Balhae (as well as the descendants of those people) were collectively referred to “Balhae refugees.” On the other hand, this researcher has always called them ‘the Balhae people.’ Some of my colleagues have argued that a specific identity must be established to justify such reference, but I beg to differ. The attempt to define the identity of an entire group of people could be not only futile but also dangerous, as people’s living environments continue to fluctuate and their nature too can only remain fluid throughout the passage of time. For example, the Balhae people who were moved to the Chinese domain and the Balhae people who came to the Korean peninsula all led different lives and came to feature different characteristics. And the ones in the latter case also developed a nature that was not quite the same with the original residents of the peninsula but not so different either. Even after hundreds of years since their arrival on the peninsula, they still maintained a strong sense of “Balhae” origination and dearly commemorated their such origin, but they were also keenly aware of their another nature given to them by the Goryeo dynasty, and continued to thrive in Joseon on that very foundation. Acknowledging these aspects of their very existence, and considering the technical problems that entail the original reference (“Balhae refugee”), it becomes obvious that the reference “Balhae people” is the only appropriate alternative that we can use, in our effort to properly recognize the nature of people who had their roots in Balhae history. 발해 멸망 후의 역사에 대한 종래의 연구에서는, 926년 이후의 발해인들을 흔히 ‘발해유민’으로 호칭해 왔다. 그와 달리 필자는 그간의 연구에서 일관되게 ‘발해인’이라는 용례를 사용하였다. 이러한 시도에 대해서는 학계 일각의 비판적 견해도 존재하는데, ‘발해인’이라는 표현을 사용하기에 앞서 ‘발해인만의 정체성’을 규정해야 한다는 것이 그러한 견해의 대강으로 이해된다. 필자는 이러한 문제제기를 존중하는 한편으로, 그러한 지적에도 몇 가지 문제는 존재함을 지적하고자 한다. 우선 기본적으로 ‘고정불변’일 수 없는 특정 종족의 ‘정체성’을 ‘정형화된 정체성이 존재할 수 있다’는 전제 하에 규정하려는 것은 매우 무모한 일임을 논한 후, 한반도 발해인의 경우 ‘출자의식, 추념의식’과 ‘신 본관에 기반한 새 터전 정착’이라는 두 가지 요소가 그들의 정체성을 구성하고 있었음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 ‘발해유민’이라는 표현의 부적절성을 논의한 후, 발해인들을 한반도인들과는 본질적으로 같았던 이들로, 또는 반대로 달랐던 이들로만 규정하는 것은 위험한 일일 수 있음을 환기하였다.

산전관리지수들의 임신결과와의 관련성 비교

박순우,박정한,이주영 한국모자보건학회 2000 한국모자보건학회지 Vol.4 No.2

일부 대도시 초등학생의 금연의지와의 관련 요인

박순우 韓國學校保健學會 2009 韓國學校保健學會誌 Vol.22 No.1

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the factors related with the intention of smoking abstinence among elementary students in a metropolitan city in Korea. Methods: All the elementary schools in the city were stratified by region, and then schools as a primary sampling units (PSU) were selected by probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling. One class per grade was sampled randomly from 5th and 6th grade in the sampled schools from October to December in 2004. The students completed a standardized self-administered questionnaire anonymously. A total number of 1,712 respondents who did not smoke was included in the final analysis. The dependent variable was an intention of smoking in the future, and it was dichotomized into 'absolutely confident in smoking abstinence' and 'others'. The risk of non-absolute confidence in smoking abstinence was calculated with simple and multiple logistic regression, which were conducted with STATA 9.0 by a design-based analysis considering strata variable, PSU, and sampling weight. Results: In the final model of multiple logistic regression analysis, those who were more likely to have non-absolute confidence in smoking abstinence were male students (0R=2.66, p〈0.001); barely attending religious services (0R=3.32, p=0.002) or having no religion (0R=1.95, p=0.027): exposure to environmental tobacco smoke outside home 1∼2 days per week (0R=1.60, p=0.013); having friends who smoked (0R=1.93, p=0.011); non-absolute confidence in refusing to smoke (0R=5.35, p〈0.001); having relatively less negative attitude (0R=2.88, p〈0.001), positive attitude (0R=2.35, p〈0.001), and indifference (0R=4.05, p=0.034) toward peer smoking: not good relationship with mother (0R=1.52, p=0.016). Conclusion: The factors related with non-absolute confidence in smoking abstinence were coincided with those of smoking among children. The results of this study suggest the smoking prevention education should be applied to the children more actively, especially who are not confident in smoking abstinence in the future.

설계기준 분석 방법에 의한 지역사회 청소년 흡연율 추정

박순우,이상원,박정한,윤연옥,이원기,김종연,Park, Soon-Woo,Lee, Sang-Won,Park, Jung Han,Yun, Yeon-Ok,Lee, Won-Kee,Kim, Jong-Yeon 대한예방의학회 2006 예방의학회지 Vol.39 No.4

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate the unbiased smoking prevalence and its standard errors among adolescents in a large city in Korea, by design-based analysis. Methods: All the students in Daegu city were stratified by grade, gender and region, and then schools as primary sampling units (PSU) were selected by probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling. One or two classes were sampled randomly from each grade, from 5th grade in elementary schools to the 3rd grade in high schools. The students anonymously completed a standardized self-administered questionnaire from October to December 2004. The total number of respondents was 8,480 in the final analysis, excluding the third graders in the general high schools because of incomplete sampling. The sampling weight was calculated for each student after post-stratification adjustment, with adjustment being made for the missing cases. The data were analyzed with Stata 8.0 with consideration of PSU, weighting and the strata variables. Results: The smoking prevalence (%) and standard errors for male students from the fifth grade in elementary schools to the second grade in high schools were $0.93{\pm}0.47,\;1.83{\pm}0.74,\;3.16{\pm}1.00,\;5.12{\pm}1.02,\;10.86{\pm}1.13,\;15.63{\pm}2.44\;and\;17.96{\pm}2.67$, and those for the female students were $0.28{\pm}0.28,\;1.17{\pm}0.73,\;3.13{\pm}0.60,\;1.45{\pm}0.58,\;3.94{\pm}0.92,\;8.75{\pm}1.86\;and\;10.04{\pm}1.70$, sequentially. Conclusions: The smoking prevalence from this study was much higher than those from the other conventional studies conducted in Korea. The point estimates and standard errors from the design-based analysis were different from those of the model-based analysis. These findings suggest the importance of design-based analysis to estimate unbiased prevalence and standard errors in complex survey data and this method is recommended to apply to future surveys for determining the smoking prevalence for specific population.

청소년들의 또래 흡연율 추정에 대한 관련 요인

박순우,김종연,박정한,이상원,Park, Soon-Woo,Kim, Jong-Yeon,Park, Jung-Han,Lee, Sang-Won 대한예방의학회 2006 예방의학회지 Vol.39 No.3

Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the factors related to the perceived peer smoking prevalence for adolescents. Methods: A self-administrated questionnaire was administered to 352 students in a technical high school in Kangwon Province in May, 2002. The questions included in the questionnaire were concerned with the estimated number of smokers among ten students of the same grade in their school, the sociodemographic characteristics, the smoking-related behaviors and attitudes, and the smoking-related environments. All the students had their expiratory carbon monoxide level measured with EC50 Micro-Smokerlyzer? to verify their smoking status. Multiple regression analysis was applied for data analysis using Windows SPSS 11.5. Results: The former and current smokers overestimated the peer smoking prevalence. Multiple regression analysis for estimating the peer smoking prevalence for the male showed that the perceived smoking prevalence was higher in the female students than in the male students, higher in those students whose mothers had a higher educational level, who had smoked more frequently, who had more best friends smoking, and who had a higher actual smoking rate of the class. For estimating the peer smoking prevalence for the female, the perceived smoking prevalence was higher in the female students than in the male students, higher in those who smoked more frequently, whose five best friends smoked, who had higher actual smoking rate of the class, and who had smoking siblings. Conclusions: This study showed that a higher perceived peer smoking rate is related with their own smoking history and smoking frequency, the smoking related environment, and gender. Smoking prevention and smoking cessation programs need to focus on correcting the falsely perceived smoking prevalence.

Validity of Self-reported Smoking Using Urinary Cotinine among Vocational High School Students

박순우,김종연 대한예방의학회 2009 예방의학회지 Vol.42 No.4

Objectives : This study was conducted to validate selfreported smoking among high school students using urinary cotinine. Methods : A self report of smoking behavior was collected together with urine sample for cotinine analysis from 130 male and female students in two vocational high school students in November, 2007. Validity and agreement between self-reported smoking and urinary cotinine was analyzed with STATA 9.0 for different definitions of current smokers, and frequent and daily smokers. Urinary cotinine concentration was measured by the DRI Cotinine Assay for urine (Microgenics Corp., Fremont, CA) on Toshiba 200FR. The cut-off point of urinary cotinine was 50 ng/dl. Results : The concentrations of urinary cotinine were significantly different according to the frequency and amount of smoking. Sensitivity and specificity was 90.9% and 91.8% respectively, and the Cohen s kappa value was 0.787 among the current smokers who smoked at least one day during one month preceding the survey. The comparable high sensitivity, specificity, and kappa value were shown also among the other definitions of current smokers, that is, subjective smokers, and weekly smokers. Conclusions : The results showed the high validity of self-reported smoking among high school students. However, due to the small sample size and limitation of the participants, it is cautious to generalize the results to overall high school students.

제38회 보건학종합학술대회 종합학술세션 : 건강증진학교를 활용한 청소년 건강생활실철 전략

박순우 대한보건협회 2013 대한보건협회 보건종합학술대회 Vol.2013 No.-

청소년 시기의 건강문제는 성인시기 건강문제의 중요한 예측인자이다. 청소년의 신체적, 정신적, 사회적 건강 문제는 서로 긴밀한 연관성이 있고, 건강문제의 요인 또한 개인, 가정, 학교, 사회적 요인이 복합적으로 작용한다. 청소년의 건강문제는 포괄적, 전인적인 측면에서 이해해야 하고 해결책 또한 전인적으로 접근해야 한다. 건강증진학교의 기존 이념 및 전략은 참여, 연계, 민주성. 통합성, 지속성 등으로서, 우리나라에서도 성공적인 정착 가능성이 확인되었으므로 향후 청소년 건강문제의 해결방안이 될 수 있다.

정신지체아 두발 중 중금속 함량 II - 카드뮴 및 아연과의 관련성 -

박순우,이종영,김두희,Park, Soon-Woo,Lee, Jong-Young,Kim, Doo-Hie 대한예방의학회 1989 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.22 No.2

정신지체와 인체내 카드뮴 함량과의 관련성을 보기 위해 정신지체아 297명(가정이 있는 아동이 다니는 특수학교 1개교의 132명과 고아로 구성된 특수학교 1개교의 165명)을 대상으로 두발중 카드뮴 및 아연함량을 측정하였으며 학업성적이 중위권 이상인 일반 국민학교 학생 117명을 대조군으로 하여 비교해 보았다. 시료의 분석은 원자흡광광도계를 이용하였다. 두발 중 카드뮴 함량의 연령에 따른 차이는 없었으며 아연은 대조군 남자의 경우 연령 증가에 비례하였다. 가정이 있는 정신지체아의 경우 카드뮴 함량이 남녀 각각 $0.64{\pm}0.24ppm,\;0.66{\pm}0.18ppm$, 가정이 없는 정신지체아(고아군)의 경우 남녀 각각 $0.71{\pm}0.19ppm,\;0.65{\pm}0.15ppm$ 으로써 대조군 (남;$0.45{\pm}0.15ppm$, 여:$0.49{\pm}0.16ppm$)에 비해 유의한 차이가 있었다. 그러나 아연의 경우 유의한 차이는 없었다. 정신지체의 정도별로 보았을때 고아인 경우 남녀 모두 카드뮴 함량이 지체정도가 심할수록 높았으나 가정이 있는 지체아의 경우는 그러한 차이가 없었다. 다만 선천성 질환인 Down증후군은 남녀 모두 대조군과 카드뮴함량의 차이가 없었다. 자폐증이 있는 경우 아연의 함량이 특이적으로 낮았다. 본 연구의 결과에서 카드뮴이 정신지체에 어느 정도의 영향을 끼칠 것으로 추측되나 더욱 연구를 계속해 보아야 하겠다. The relationship between cadmium level and mental retardation was investigated. The 297 subjects with mental retardation were drawn from two schools providing special educational services, one, consisted of children living in an orphan home, another, children with parents. The 117 control subjects were drawn from whom had got average or above average academic achivement in a general elementary school. Hair sample was taken from the nape of the neck and the cadmium and zinc analysis were carried out on an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (IL 551). Children in the retarded group had significantly higher cadmium levels compared with control but not in zinc levels. There was no relationship between metal concentrations and age except control male group, which showed significant positive linear relationship in zinc, and there was no difference between sex in both metal except the male orphan group in cadmium. In the orphan group, there was relationship between severity of retardation and cadmium concentration in both sex but not in retarded children with parents. No difference in cadmium levels between the group with Down's syndrome, one of causes of mental retardation, and the control group suggested the cadmium as a possible cause of mental retardation. In the case of accompanying autism, zinc level was significantly lower than that of other accompanying diseases. Although not establishing an etiologic relationship, findings of this study suggest that there are some influeces of cadmium on mental retardation, and call for a continuing study.