한우와 샤로레교잡에 의한 신종한우육성 연구 1 . 농가사육상태하에서의 한우와 샤로레교잡종의 발육및 번식능력 비교

나기준,이근상,김희석,김강식 ( K . J . Na,K . S . Lee,H . S . Kim,K . S . Kim ) 한국축산학회 1985 한국축산학회지 Vol.27 No.4

This experiment was carried out to compare the growth rates and reproductive traits between Korean native cattle and Charolais crossbreeds. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The body weight of Charolais crossbreed (CK) was 41, 39, 44, 29% heavier at the age of 3, 6, 12 and 18 months than that of Korean native cattle(K) on the farm performance and was 26, 47, 58, 51% heavier on the station performance test(S.P.T). In the Charolais back-crossbreed (CCK) was S5, 44, 46, 40% heavier on the farm performance and 50, 49, 69, 55% on S.P.T. Body measurement of the crossbreeds was taller, wider and longer than that of K. Age and body weight at puberty of the crossbreeds was earlier and heavier than that of K. The type of parturition of Charolais crossbreeds was 92.6% in normal and 7.4% in abnormal in CK, and 94%, 6,0% in CCK, respectively.

젖소에 대한 대두피의 사료적 가치에 관한 연구

김강식,박용윤,차영호,정재혁,박홍석 ( K . S . Kim,Y . Y . Park,Y . H . Cha,J . H . Chung,H . S . Park ) 한국축산학회 1989 한국축산학회지 Vol.31 No.4

A digestion trial with four wether lambs and a feeding trial with sixteen Holstein cows of late lactation were conducted to evaluate nutritive value of soyhull and its feeding value to lactating cows. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fiber were 78.0, 69.9 and 74.0%, respectively and total digestible nutrient content of soyhull was about 68.8%. When soyhull was included in dairy concentrates for replacement of the same amount of corn at the levels of 5.5, 11.0 and 16.5% of concentrates (fed about 7㎏ a day), milk production gradually decreased but milk fat content was increased. When milk production per unit concentrate or total feed consumed was calculated soyhull was as efficient as corn in providing energy for milk production but the energy content of soyhull was lower than that of corn, which caused slightly lower milk production in cows fed a limited amount of concentrates containing soyhull.

돈사료의 영양가에 관한 연구 1 . 돈 ( 豚 )의 대맥처리별 가소화양분 및 질소축적량 비교연구

김강식 ( K S Kim ),윤재인 ( J I Yoon ),이종원 ( J W Lee ),이창영 ( C Y Lee ) 한국축산학회 1973 한국축산학회지 Vol.15 No.1

This experiment was conducted with four heads of castrated Landrace swine to compare the effects of ground, steamed and soaked barley on digestibility, nitrogen retention and rate of gain for 65 days. The results obtained in this study are as follows. 1. When the ground barley was fed, the digestibilities of crude protein and crude fiber were 58.35% and 39.72%. DCP and TDN calculated on this base were 8.40% and 58.35% These figures were statistically significant when compared to other treatments. However, there was no significant difference between the treatments when a Nretention was compared. 2. The average weight gains of pigs, during the test period, fed ground barley, steamed barley, soaked barley were 3.0, 2.8, 2.9 ㎏ respectively. They seemed to be paralleling with digestibility.

알팔파의 사료가치 연구 2 . 배합사료내 알팔파 펠렛의 혼합비율이 한우의 증체량과 사료이용성에 미치는 영향

김강식(K . S . Kim),신기준(K . J . Shin),백봉현(B . H . Baek),이근상(K . S . Lee) 한국축산학회 1990 한국축산학회지 Vol.32 No.10

Alfalfa pellet(AP) was mixed at various levels(0, 10, 20 and 30% as ADM base) in the concentrate for the evaluation of effects on the performance of fattening bulls. Twenty Korean native bulls(KNB) were randomly allotted to four treatments: l) concentrate + 0% AP, 2) concentrate + 10% AP, 3) concentrate + 20% AP, 4) concentrate + 30% AP, five heads(replicates) per treatment. After substitution of alfalfa pellet for mainly corn, crude protein and TDN of each experimental concentrate was almost equalized by the supplements of urea and tallow except treatment(4). The amounts of concentrate offered daily was 2% of body weight and rice straw was fed ad libitum except treatment(4), which limited to 0.5kg daily. After 150 days of feeding trial, carcass data were obtained. Results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Although not significant daily gain increased slightly by feeding concentrate + 20% AP but when fed concentrate + 30% AP daily gain was lower than that when fed concentrate + 20% AP and symptom of bloat was occationally found. 2. Carcass rate increased significantly(p $lt;0.05) by feeding concentrate + 10% AP, but there was no significant differences among the treatments of alfalfa pellet mixed to different levels. Rate of retailed cuts showed no significant differences among the treatments. 3. There were no significant differences of concentrate and roughage daily consumption among the treatments. 4. There were not significant differences in required concentrate, rice straw and crude protein amount per unit gain but there were decreasing trends in concentrate and crude protein requirements when fed concentrate + 20% AP. TDN requirement decreased slightly when the level of alfalfa pellet mixed in concentrate increased, but the significant difference was noted when fed concentrate + 30% AP(p $lt;0.05). 5. Concentrate price increased as the level of alfalfa pellet mixed in concentrate increased but the incomes from feeding the concentrate mixed with alfalfa pellet increased until that level increased to 20%.

인의 각종 공급원이 산란계의 무기물 대사에 미치는 영향 1 . 관용사료를 이용하였을때의 칼슘과 인의 외견상 소화율의 비교

김강식 ( K S Kim ),장윤환 ( Y H Chiang ),박용윤 ( Y Y Park ),이영상 ( Y S Lee ) 한국축산학회 1972 한국축산학회지 Vol.14 No.3

Fourteen-month old laying hens, surgically operated and held polyethylene canule for separate collection of feces and urine, were used to study the effect of three different sources of supplementary phosphorus on minerals metabolism. The three groups of birds (six per gruop) were fed rations including raw bone meal (RBM), steamed bone meal (SBM), and dicalcium phosphate (DP). The feed consumptions, calcium and phosphors intakes, and dry matter digestibilities of three treatments represented statistically similar levels. There was also no significant difference between calcium digestibility of RBM ration (39.2%) and that of SBM ration (42.8%). However, the DP ration showed higher value of calcium digestibility (67.6%) than those of the other two rations. The phosphorus digestibilities of the three rations were 39.2% 37.4%, and 65.1% orderly, which demonstrated the similar trends as in calcium digestibilities. The metabolic rates of minerals were determined, where the fecal and urinal minerals were subtracted from the intake amount of minerals. There was no significant difference between the metabolic rates of calcium in RBM (15.7%) and SBM (32.8%) diets. And there was also no significant difference between those in SBM and DP(54.5%) rations. However, there appeared highly significant difference between those in RBM and DP diets. Therefore, it was found that the SBM diet showed middle quality among three rations on the basis of calcium metabolic rate. The metabolic rates of phosphorus in tested diets were 23.1%, 32.8% and 52.8%. Both bone meals showed no significant differences, but the DP ration presented highly significant difference from both bone meals. The amounts of minerals in eggs produced during tested period were subtracted from the metabolizable minerals. The remainder was called as total balance. This observation showed the similar results as shown in metabolic rates. It was concluded that the dicalcium phosphate diet was better than both bone meals diets at the view point of Ca and P metabolism in laying hens.

한우 육성 및 비육기 영양수준이 발육 , 사료이용성 및 도체 조성에 미치는 영향

김강식(K . S . Kim),신기준(K . J . Shin),백봉현(B . H . Paek),김용곤(Y . G . Kim),이근상(G . S . Lee),권순기(S . K . Kwon) 한국축산학회 1987 한국축산학회지 Vol.29 No.4

To evaluate the effect of feeding level on daily gain, feed efficiency and carcass composition, high (H: DCP and TDN was supplied for 1.1㎏ daily gain × 1.1) and low (L: DCP and TDN was supplied for 0.6㎏ daily gain × 1.1) level nutrient were fed to each 12 heads of Korean native bulls (KNB) for the 1st period (body weight from about 120㎏ to 300㎏), and thereafter during 2nd period 12 heads were devided into two groups and fed with H and L-feeding level until animals weighted about 500㎏. 1. Daily gain was significantly increased (P$lt;0.05) and the feeding period was significantly decreased when fed with H level. Shifting feeding level (H→L or L→H) did not affect the daily gain during whole period although there was a trend that H level during 1st period was more efficient than L level. 2. Dry matter intake was higher with H level than with L level. 3. DCP efficiency was better when fed with L level. The efficiency of L→H level was lower than that of H→L level during whole period but was better than that of H→H level during the early phase of 2nd period. 4. TDN efficiency was not influenced by the feeding level. However, TDN efficiency of H group was slightly better than that of L group during the 1st period. 5. Dressing percentage was significantly increased when fed with H level during the 2nd period. Fat content was significantly increased when fed with H→H level, while there was no significant differences among H→L, L→H, L→L feeding levels. There was no significant differences in retailed cuts between the feeding levels. 6. Carcass price was higher and feed cost was lower when fed with L level during the 2nd period. The monthly income per head was higher when fed with H level during the 1st period, although there was no big differences between H→H and L→H feeding level.

사료의 가소화양분에 관한 연구 Ⅷ . 면양에 의한 국내산사료의 소화율검정

김상철 ( S C Kim ),김강식 ( K S Kim ),장윤환 ( Y H Chiang ),신정남 ( C N Shin ) 한국축산학회 1972 한국축산학회지 Vol.14 No.3

Using three heads of sheep for each feedstuff the digestibilites of general compositions in domestic feedstuffs were determined through total collection method. The tested concentrates were fed together with a roughage, of which the digestible nutrients were known in a separate trial. The roughages were fed as a single diet. The minerals and water were provided ad libitum. The tested feedstuffs were; yellowcorn, immature rice, wheat grain, wheat flour, immature barley, naked barley grain, rye grain, soy bean, corn bran, perilla oil meal, linseed oil meal, cocount oil meal, corn starch cake, corn gluten, potato tubers, soy hull, orchard grass hay, mixed pasture grass hay, three kinds of native grass hays, and malt root. The general compositions in tested feedstuffs were expressed on table 1, and their digestibilities and digestible nutrients were recorded on table 3. Some of the tested feedstuffs showed lower values than those published abroad. One of the reasons was thought due to the higher crude fiber content of domestic feedstuffs when compared to foreign data. The other feeds represented similar results to the foreign one. It was thought that, in order to get accurate and representative values in Korea, more replicative experiments should be carried out in the future.

사료의 일반성분에 관한 연구 2 . 일반성분 분석방법의 비교

김상철 ( S C Kim ),김강식 ( K S Kim ),장윤환 ( Y H Chiang ),이종원 ( C W Lee ) 한국축산학회 1972 한국축산학회지 Vol.14 No.3

In order to find out the most reliable and time-saving method, several techniques for analyzing chemical compositions in feedstuffs were compared. 1. No great differences were was found among the contents of moisture in tested feeds determined through 105-110℃ drying method(till constant weight) when compared with the method drying at 135±2℃ for 2 hours. More moisture content was resulted in the method where no air circulation was permitted in oven than the method of air-circulation by fan. And more moisture contents were resulted from the sample feeds which were placed on upper shelf than those from samples placed on lower shelf. 2. The mercury oxide mixture contributed to the digestion of the samples more quickly than copper sulfate mixture as a catalyzes. The direct distillation method. as a more convenient one when compared to the case dilution-distillation system. However, more amount of neutralizing agent and titration solution was needed when the direct distillation was used. The method of ammonia-catching to boric acid was more convenient than that of ammonia-catching to sulfuric or hydrochloric acids, because the only standard solution of hydrochloric acid was necessary instead of two standard solution(acid and basic) in later method. 3. The ether extraction method at 80-85℃ for 8 hours showed similar values for ether extract contents in feedstuffs to those determined at 55℃ for 16 hours, and the former was recommended because of its shorter time. No great differences were brought among ether extract contents dried the raw crude fat for 2, 3, and 4 hours. However, it seemed that 3 hours drying technique should be employed to get more accutate results. 4. The method for drying the residue on filter paper at 135±2℃ for 2 hours was more convenient and time-saving than that at 105-110℃ to get constant weight; that is 2 or 3 times-weighing in the balance in the determination of crude fiber. The technique to use ether-extracted samples was more accurate compared to that using raw samples for the quantitative analysis of crude fiber.

사료의 아미노산에 관한 연구 1 . 옥수수등 농후사료 수종의 아미노산 함량

김상철 ( S C Kim ),김강식 ( K S Kim ),장윤환 ( Y H Chiang ),이종원 ( C W Lee ),이창영 ( C Y Lee ),윤재인 ( C Y Yoon ) 한국축산학회 1972 한국축산학회지 Vol.14 No.3

The amino acid contents of some feedstuffs were determined at the Livestock Experiment Station in 1971. The ground samples which include about 30㎎ protein were placed in special glass bottles, and 200-400 times 6 N-HCl solution was pipetted in each bottle. They were freezed by liquid nitrogen, vacuumed by a rotary pump, sealed by a propane-gas burner, and digested in a 110℃ oven for 24 hours The adequate amount of filtered amino acids mixture was analyzed for other ammo acids than cysteine and methionine by long and short columns of Hitachi KLA-3B Amino Acid Autoanalyzer. In order to measure the contents of cysteine and methionine, they were synthesized into cysteic acid and methionine sulfone with the aid of performic acid preceeding the process of HCl digestion. The two amino acids were analyzed through only short column. The results obtaimed were generally similar to those published abroad previously. However, some feedstuffs or some amino acids showed a few different figures from foreign data. It seemed that more analysis for each feedstuff would be necessary for deciding whether this difference between home and foreign results be reasonable or not.

각종 사료의 소화율에 미치는 축종의 영향

김상철 ( S C Kim ),배동호 ( D H Bae ),김강식 ( K S Kim ),박용윤 ( Y Y Park ),이종원 ( J W Lee ),박신호 ( S H Park ) 한국축산학회 1971 한국축산학회지 Vol.13 No.2

Digestibility comparisons were made using Korean native cattle, native goat, sheep, rabbit, pig and poultry with two different roughages, two different concentrates and soybean oil cake. a. Digestibility difference for roughages There were no significant differences in digestion coefficients, D.C.P. and T.D.N, content, except N.F.E in the case of good quality hay, and crude protein and crude fat in the case of poor quality hay between Korean native cattle, native goat and sheep. However, there were significant differences between the animals mentioned above and rabbit in all digestion coefficients, D.C.P. and T.D.N. content, except crude protein and crude fat. b. Digestibility difference for concentrates There were significant differences in digestion coefficients and digestible nutrients between the animal used. Digestibility of sheep and native goat, and pig and poultry showed similar trend. Rabbit Showed the highest T.D.N. content in the case of corn. However, this superiority in digestibility disappeared in the case of wheat bran. c. Digestibility difference for soybean oil cake Significant differences in digestibility of crude fat, N.F.E. crude fiber, and T.D.N. content were found between ruminants and monogastric animals. No significant differences were observed in digestibility of crude protein and D.C.P. content between the animals used.