A Study on Improvement of Origin Verification of South-North Korean Trade under FTA Environment

고재길(Jai-Kil Ko),김진섭(Jin-Sup Kim) 한국국제상학회 2019 國際商學 Vol.34 No.3

전 세계적인 FTA 체결 확산에 따라 최근 원산지검증이 주요 이슈로 대두되고 있다. 본 연구는 남북교역에서의 애로사항 중 하나인 원산지 확인과 검증에 대해 합리적인 개선방안을 도출하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 관련 문헌연구 및 남북교역 원산지위반 사례조사를 통해 원산지제도 운영상의 문제점을 분석하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 통해서 남북간 거래에서 의 효율적 원산지검증을 위한 몇 가지 시사점을 파악할 수 있었다. 먼저 남북간 원산지 확인 및 검증을 위한 실효성 있는 제도 마련과 원산지 발급·확인기관 재선정이 요구된다. 그리고 북한내 산업별·품목별 생산시설 현황에 대한 DB 구축 및 남북교역 원산지검증시스템 구축 그리고 해당분야의 전문가 육성 및 관리역량 강화가 요구된다. 마지막으로 북한산 제품의 원산지 확인 및 검증을 위한 중국과의 상호협력 체계 구축 필요성을 제기하였다. 따라서, 그동안 남북간의 원산지규정 이행과정에서 드러난 문제점을 보완하기 위한 북한 당국과의 긴밀한 협력이 요구되며, 남북간 원산지규정 적용과 검증을 위한 제도적 보완과 체계적 지원이 필요하다. Purpose : The main purpose of the study is to derive reasonable measures for improvement of origin verification, which have been main bottleneck in South-North Korean trade. Research design, data, methodology : This study investigates the main problems in the operation of the Rules of Origin system via relevant literature survey and the case study with respect to violation of the origin standard in South-North Korean Trade. Results : In the study, we found some meaningful implications for efficient origin verification in South-North Korean Trade. First, it is required to come up with an effective system for Origin Verification of South-North Korean Trade and to re-establish the origin verification agency. Second, it is strongly recommended to set up fundamental database system concerning status of production facilities in North Korea, and to establish more sophisticated system of country-of-origin verification of South-North Korean Trade. Third, we found that fostering experts on verification of origin and strengthening management capabilities is very important factor for effective operation of the system. Conclusions : Therefore, to get rid of obstacles and problems revealed in the implementation of the rules of origin in South-North Korean Trade, South Korea government should work closely with the North Korean authorities and provide institutional supplementation and systematic support for verification of origin.

FTA 원산지누적 분쟁사례와 개선방안 연구 : 한-아세안 FTA를 중심으로

고재길(Jai-Kil Ko) 한국중재학회 2020 중재연구 Vol.30 No.4

글로벌 보호무역기조의 확산과 ‘코로나19’ 펜데믹 등의 영향으로 글로벌 불확실성이 높아지면서 안정적인 공급망 확보가 주요 관심사로 떠오르고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 한·아세안 FTA를 중심으로 관세당국과 무역기업 간에 발생한 분쟁사례를 조사하여 다음과 같은 시사점과 개선방안을 제시하였다. 먼저 FTA 체약국 관세당국간 협의를 통해서 원산지 누적에 대한 입증서류의 범위를 명확하게 규정하고 해당 증명양식을 마련해야 한다. 두 번째는 제3국에 위치한 원산지 누적 대상 원재료 공급자가 원산지증빙서류를 협조할 수 있도록 의무사항으로 규정하여야 한다. 또한 수출입 계약체결시 원산지증빙서류 제공의 협조의무를 명시하여야 한다. 세 번째는 원산지누적이 적용되는 건에 대한 원산지검증 조항을 보완하고, 검증기간 연장 등의 신청과 승인이 가능하도록 해야 할 것이다. 이상과 같이 제시한 원산지누적 활용 대응방안을 통해 한-아세안 FTA 활용도를 높이는데 도움이 될 수 있기를 기대한다. Securing a stable supply chain is becoming a significant concern among countries as the global uncertainty rises with the expansion of global protectionism and the result of what the COVID-19 pandemic has brought around the world. This study has investigated dispute cases between customs authority and trade corporations based on the KOREA-ASEAN FTA and suggested the following implications and improvements: Firstly, the extent (varieties) of the proof document on cumulation and its form should be stipulated and provided through consultation between customs from each contracting party. Secondly, it ought to be prescribed as an obligation so that producers located in the third country can cooperate in providing documents for certification of origin. The duty to provide such documentary evidence should also be specified when making EX-IM contracts. Lastly, origin verification provisions regarding cases to which cumulation is applied have to be complemented so that the verification period s extension can be applied and approved. One can expect that the abovementioned responses on cumulation will enhance the availability of KOREA-ASEAN FTA.

남북 경협 협상의 결정요인 분석

고재길(Jai-Kil Ko),김진섭(Jin-Sup Kim) 한국관세학회 2009 관세학회지 Vol.10 No.4

The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of negotiation outcomes of economic cooperation between South-North Korea. For the purpose, those companies that have engaged in trade and cooperative businesses with North Korea were surveyed, and the relation between variables, namely, negotiators, the response of counterparts' negotiation, and achievements in negotiation are analyzed. As a result, the negotiator variable has a significantly positive effect on counterpart's response, and the counterpart's response has significant effect on the observable variables of negotiation outcomes such as agreement/disagreement, goal attainment levels, and the levels of fulfillment of agreements. However the negotiator variable doesn't have a significant effect on negotiation achievements. Therefore the negotiator variable influenced on negotiation achievements through mediation of the counterpart's response. In this process, notably, the negotiator variables such as the quantity of information, preparation, and dependence have significant effects on negotiation achievements, confirming the importance of the negotiator variable.

미국의 섬유·의류 원산지검증 분석을 통한 대응방안 연구

고재길(Jai-kil Ko),함영진(Young-jin Ham) 한국국제상학회 2020 國際商學 Vol.35 No.2

본 연구는 미국의 원산지검증체계 분석을 통해 한국 섬유·의류 수출기업들의 대미 수출경쟁력 제고를 위한 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 미국의 섬유·의류 무역구조와 특혜무역협정 운용현황에 대해 살펴보고, 섬유·의류 원산지검증 체계 및 특징을 분석한 후, 관련 사례들을 통해 시사점을 제시하였다. 대미 섬유·의류 수출에서 원산지증명 및 검증 역량이 핵심요소로 등장하였는데, 미국의 원산지 사후검증 절차와 요구사항은 원재료구매와 제품생산, 수출로 이루어지는 제반 절차에 맞추어 매우 포괄적이며, 상세정보들에 대해 확인이 이루어지고 있다. 이로 인해 수출단계부터 관련 기록을 빠짐없이 확보하는 것이 필수적이며, 수입자는 물론 전체 거래파트너와의 원활한 소통과 상호협력체계 유지를 통해 선제적으로 대응하는 것이 중요하다. 그리고, 수출품에 대한 원산지검증 실패에 따른 분쟁 발생 등에 대비하기 위해서는 수출입계약서 작성시 분쟁해결 방법과 거래당사자 간 책임범위를 구체화하는 것이 필요하다. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to derive measures to enhance the export competitiveness of Korean textile and apparel exporters to the U.S. through the analysis of the U.S. origin verification system. Research design, data, methodology : The textile and apparel trade structure and preferential trade agreement of the U.S. were examined, and characteristics of the textile and apparel origin verification system and related cases were analyzed to suggest implications. Results : The U.S. country of origin verification procedures and requirements are very comprehensive in line with the procedures of purchasing raw materials, producing products and exporting products, and detailed information is being verified. As a result, related records must be secured from the export stage, and it is important to communicate smoothly with all trading partners, including importers, and to respond preemptively by maintaining a mutual cooperation system. Conclusions : In order to prepare for disputes arising from the failure of the origin verification on export goods, it is necessary to specify how to resolve disputes and the scope of responsibilities between the parties when preparing trade contracts.

남북한 경제협력의 결정요인 분석: 대북 거래성교역을 중심으로

고재길 ( Jai Kil Ko ) 한양대학교 경제연구소 2009 경제연구 Vol.30 No.1

Study on the Practice of Contract and CISG Application in South-North Korean Trade

고재길(Jai-kil Ko),유정근(Jung-geun Yoo) 한국국제상학회 2019 國際商學 Vol.34 No.4

본 연구는 남북교역 계약체결과 관련하여 우리기업들이 겪는 어려움과 문제점을 개선하기 위해 그간의 남북교역 계약관행을 살펴보고, CISG의 주요내용 분석을 통해 남북교역에의 적용가능성을 검토하였다. 이를 위해 관련 문헌연구 및 남북교역 현장의 물품매매계약서에 대한 조사·분석을 토대로 계약관행 및 문제점을 살펴보았는데, 본 연구를 통해서 남북교역 계약체결 개선 및 CISG 적용가능성에 대한 몇가지 시사점을 도출하였다. 먼저 그동안 남북교역의 계약 관련 전반에 걸쳐 국제적 거래관행과의 많은 차이가 있었으며, 대부분 계약서의 조항 구성과 내용 측면에서 모호한 표현 및 필수조항 누락을 확인하였다. 그리고 ‘국제성’ 측면에서 남북교역은 ‘민족 내부거래’ 성격에도 불구하고, CISG 적용상의 문제가 없는 것으로 판단된다. 두번째로 계약유형별 적용범위에서 일반교역은 포함되나 위탁가공교역 방식은 건별 성격과 방식별로 추가 검토가 필요하다. 마지막으로 계약체결 과정에서 협약의 배제를 합의할 경우 반드시 계약서에 명시하고, 협약적용의 유보 여부는 추후 북한당국의 입장을 확인하고 대응해 나가야 할 부분이다. Purpose : In order to improve the difficulties our companies face in the course of South-North Korean trade, this study examined the South-North Korean trade contract practices and derived the applicability of CISG in South-North Korean trade. Research design, data, methodology : Based on the investigation and analysis of the contract for the sale of goods at the relevant literature research and South-North Korean trade sites, we looked at contract practices and problems. Results : First, there have been many differences from international trade practices throughout contracts for South-North Korean trade, and most of the contracts were identified as ambiguous expressions and omission of essential clauses in terms of their composition and contents. Second, in terms of international nature, South-North Korean trade is judged to have no problem in applying CISG, despite the nature of the Korean internal trade. Conclusions : General trade between South-North Korea is possible in terms of CISG application, but processing trade between South-North Korea needs to be reviewed on a case-by-case basis. And whether to apply the CISG or not requires further research as the North Korean government s position and choice are important.

서브프라임 사태 하의 캘리포니아주 재정위기

김진섭(Jin-Sup Kim),고재길(Jai-Kil Ko) 한국관세학회 2010 관세학회지 Vol.11 No.2

This paper discusses the cause of subprime mortgage crisis and its significant effects on California's fiscal emergency. A subprime mortgage is a type of loan granted to individuals with poor credit histories (often below 600), who, as a result of their deficient credit ratings, would not be able to qualify for conventional mortgages. Because subprime borrowers present a higher risk for lenders, subprime mortgages charge interest rates above the prime lending rate. The rising tide of subprime defaults is raising many questions, not only about the subprime market but also about the ramifications of the market's problems for the near-prime and prime sectors, potential new regulations affecting the mortgage market as a whole, and the timetable for a subprime loan market stabilization. In addition, the subprime mortgages that were originated in late 2005 and in 2006 are experiencing the highest levels of early payment defaults. However, other segments of the subprime mortgage market are to date following more normalized delinquency and loss curves. The paper investigates the cause of California's fiscal crisis and how California government and federal government have responded against such a crisis. Also the paper suggests meaningful policy implications for Korea.

남북교역의 대금결제 관행과 대응방안

김진섭(Jin-Sup Kim),고재길(Jai-Kil Ko),남금천(Geum-Chun Nam) 한국관세학회 2011 한국관세학회 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.12

남북교역의 대금결제 관행과 대응방안

김진섭(Jin-Sup Kim),고재길(Jai-Kil Ko),남금천(Geum-Chon Nam) 한국관세학회 2011 관세학회지 Vol.12 No.4

South-North Korean trade has, over the last 20 years, remarkably grown in terms of volume, but due to poor trade infrastructure conditions, and political and security uncertainties, trading companies are continuously experiencing difficulty. Notably, due to inadequate mutual settlement systems, corresponding risks are a big trouble for trading firms. Thus, this study examined their settlement overview and problems according to South-North trade types and proposed solutions for trading firms. The South-North settlement is made chiefly with a remittance method via third nations, and the method is rudimentary such as cash settlement, offsetting, and barter. Amid this situation, the risk avoidance measures for trading firms is this: First, using trade and economic cooperation insurances, second, checking the possibility of carrying in related goods when repaying replacement goods and examining cash convertibility, and third, settlement after taking over goods. In addition, it is necessary to implement settlement approval procedures in accordance with related regulations when carrying in and carrying out goods.