히먼스의 종교시에 나타난 여성인물 읽기

강옥선 ( Kang Ok Sun ) 대한영어영문학회 2013 영어영문학연구 Vol.39 No.4

Generally the earlier poems of Felicia Hemans can be seen to justify the existing social order, insistently celebrating the gleeful home and representing women as sustaining the private realm. However, her subtext surprisingly reveals that Hemans’s heroines suffer from the sense of loss and absence of love in the domestic sphere of the nineteenth century. The later religious poems of Hemans are striking for their support of spiritual diversity, spiritual themes, and even new concepts of women’s status. Especially in the “Sonnet: Female Characters of Scripture” published in 1834, Hemans finds a platform for presenting religion as a source of empowerment for women. Throughout these sonnets, Hemans claims the power of biblical women for herself, her writing, and the positions of women. (Dongseo University)

스튜어트 밀의 자유의 원리와 여성의 종속

강옥선(Kang, Oksun) 새한영어영문학회 2020 새한영어영문학 Vol.62 No.4

This paper aims to analyze John Stuart Mill’s principle of liberty, including women’s liberty and subjection in marriage during the 19<SUP>th</SUP> century. This study also examines how Stuart Mill advocates women’s liberty in his two books, On Liberty and The Subjection of Women, and why he cannot successfully complete his goals as a feminist. Mill emphasizes that the nature of submissive women is an enforced, artificial concept since their subjection stands against the law of nature. Mill refutes this so called “law of nature” in English marriage through which women accepted men’s judgments. My focus is to find the root of Mill’s contempt over the legal enslavement of women in marriage. Unexpectedly, Mill’s final prescription to end the subjection of women is to encourage sympathetic spousal friendship in the marital relationship. We are forced to recognize his contradictory idea; Mill’s solution to the legal enslavement of women was arguably ambivalent about women’s liberty and equal rights in Victorian society. Mill’s perception of women’s subjection, however, contributes to women’s recognition of freedom, leading to feminism in the 20<SUP>th</SUP> century.

노예제 담론과 여성의 글쓰기

강옥선(Kang Ok-Sun),김봉광(Kim Bong-Gwang),이상우(Lee Sang-Ou),홍옥숙(Hong Ok-Sook) 새한영어영문학회 2006 새한영어영문학 Vol. No.

This study aims at examining the anti-slavery discourse written by the early 19th-century women writers. Based on their own moral sensibility and Christian belief of non-Anglican Church, these early romantic women writers strongly advocated abolitionism and were involved in anti-slavery activities, such as writing pamphlets and joining anti-slavery groups. However, their writings have been ignored for a long time, overpowered by 'major' male writers of Romanticism. Thus this study tries to shed light on these women writers and discuss their importance in the literary history. The study will discuss why the anti-slavery discourse was an important issue among the women writers. In the late 18th century, women were beginning to recognize their inferior social status and naturally identified themselves with the slaves. The French Revolution which emphasized equality of humankind had strong impact on them. Mary Wollstonecraft and Helen Maria Williams experienced the Revolution in France and put their experiences into the writing advocating the rights of women and the socially weak people. Based on their religious belief, Hannah More and Ann Yearsley wrote poems attacking the slave trade. Their naive attitude toward Christianity, which tacitly approved slavery in spite of its belief in the equality of human beings, may be problematic. Their poems are significant, however, as an official beginning of antislavery discourse by women. Women poets' attack upon the slavery and advocation of the oppressed is further developed by poets such as Anna Barbauld, Helen Maria Williams and Amelia Opie. On the other hand, Harriet Martineau wrote an anti-slavery novel "Demerara." As a popular pamphlet writer of the time, Martineau was influential in the antislavery movement of the United States. "Demerara," written as a part of John Stuart Mill's Illustrations of Political Economy contains a scientific and systematic criticism of slavery. "Demerara" puts the colonized West Indies into the foreground of the novel and enlists the reasons the slavery should be abolished. In addition to the touching story of the hardships of a slave family, she analyzes the disadvantages of slavery in terms of political economy. Romantic women writers' anti-slavery writing ranging from poems to novel contains a distinctive voice different from that of male writers. Recognizing their social status inferior to men's, these women writers sought to correct the discrimination against them. Their concern about the socially oppressed people can be understood in this context. Though silenced as a radical voice and ignored as minor writers for a long time, women writers of the 19th century should be reilluminated from the postcolonial viewpoint. They provide valuable assets to Romanticism as a newly found voice resisting the social ills and upholding the silent others in society.

여성의 글쓰기와 문화적 종속

강옥선 ( Kang Oksun ) 대한영어영문학회 2010 영어영문학연구 Vol.36 No.4

Women writers’ writing on the fringe of society has historically signaled their entering into the public world of letters. When considering those days of radical zeitgeist, women’s writing created a new set of cultural values that unified the meaning of social, political, and economical meanings beyond literature. So, the issue of women’s subjection needs to focus on the social problems in relation to the integrated cultural effect. This paper examines the problem of women’s subordination in connection with the zeitgeist of the 1790’s, covering philosophical texts. My focus is the developing process of the women’s resistant writing based on the feminine education of Mary Wollstonecraft and the national spirit of Helen Maria Williams. Women’s writing in the 1790’s was an attempt to open the possibilities of cultural change by recognizing women’s public roles and resisting the social norm of women's inferiority. (Dongseo University)

블레이크의 예언 시에서 불의 이미지 읽기

강옥선 ( Ok Sun Kang ) 한국문학과종교학회 2009 문학과종교 Vol.14 No.3

여성작가의 글쓰기와 사회의식 -여성교육과 유니테리언 네트워크

강옥선 ( Ok Sun Kang ) 21세기영어영문학회 2010 영어영문학21 Vol.23 No.1

Unitarian educational philosophy was egalitarian, optimistic and humanistic in the later eighteenth century. They did not accept that women were an inferior species of mankind, believing that both sexes were equal in talents and mental qualities. One of Unitarians, John Aikin wanted young women to be educated to use their own good sense to judge literature. Joseph Priestley believed the female intellect to be equal to the male`s, if properly educated. Within these Unitarian families women played a huge, if often publicly unacknowledged, role by networking. Higher concepts of womanhood than norm and deeper education were given to females, but there were still marked gendered differences of role. By 1815 within the Unitarian network there was an active acceptance of women`s intellectual capacity which was unusual for the time. Anna Barbauld, John Aikin`s sister, who was not denying women any rational study, was establishing a new role model for woman, especially in her achievement of writing for education. Mary Wollstonecraft was much influenced by the general Unitarian emphasis on reason and the need for all to develop their mental and moral abilities through education, and by their respect for women`s intellectual powers. Lucy Aikin, niece of Anna Barbauld, preached the intellectual equality of the sexes, promoting a rational education for both sexes. Lucy Aikin argued that history showed that whenever women had been allowed to share in the best efforts of men "no talent, no virtue is masculine alone, no fault or folly exclusively feminine." While she was stretching the boundaries of what was usually accepted that women could do, she lived at home quietly among her family. Thus even when Unitarian women did extend the boundaries of female achievement, they did so within the limits of writing and teaching.

여성시인의 감수성의 시학

강옥선(Kang Ok-Sun) 새한영어영문학회 2003 새한영어영문학 Vol. No.

The poetics of sensibility has been long ignored out of a blind defense of the classical tradition. However, a careful reconsideration is in order. The poetics of sensibility developed new modes of expression through opposing the traditional view of reason, by suggesting that it could no longer serve a truly rational mind. Philosophers, such as David Hume and Adam Smith defined reason as inactive, because it can never be a source of the conscience or moral. However, "sensibility," as a very powerful emotional principle in human nature, has a great influence on our judgment of beauty and morals. Thus, morality and emotion are directly connected with the poetics of sensibility. In the poetics of sensibility, a person's value is defined by neither social position nor even accomplishment, but by their capacity for feeling. The poetry of sensibility is basically a literature of an expression of "spontaneous feeling" of the heart. In the last part of the 18th century, it poured from women's emotional experiences on the margins of culture, especially in the outlying provinces. Ann Yearsley incorporated the language of sensibility into her work though she was doubly disadvantaged in the literary world; she was a woman without formal education. In Yearsley's poems, sensibility takes the form of an endless emotional struggle between herself and her privileged supporters, especially the overzealous support of Hannah More. Anna Barbauld challenges male dominated values with shadowy meaning at its core by showing a portrayal of alienated sensibility through the description of daily details. Barbauld's poetic sensibility is developed into moral sensibility by conscience and sympathy. In the poetics of sensibility, the aim of art is to affect through sympathy and not by imitation. Women poets are sympathetic to distress and victimization, with a profound emotion of being themselves dispossessed. Women poets' poetics of sensibility is radical in that it favors reform through its emphasis on victims, and questions the established hierarchies of birth and gender. Women poets created poetry in a time limited by the dominion of male values, and in doing so sought an appropriate medium to allow readers to step out of the logical confines of the mind into the feeling sensibilities of the heart.

19세기 영국 여성의 종속과 “별개의 영역”의 이데올로기

강옥선 ( Kang Oksun ) 대한영어영문학회 2012 영어영문학연구 Vol.38 No.3

The feminist revival has recently resulted in a wave of critical historical interest over the lives of 19th century British women. The influential work of Kathryn Gleadle and Susan Okin, for example, has sought to bring to light those women who had remained hidden from history yet who were of vital significance to both cultural protest and early feminism. This paper examines British women’s subordination and the ideology of "separate spheres" in connection with the ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill. My focus centers on women's gender history that had the potential to disrupt the essential meaning of mainstream history's ideology of "separate spheres." The ideology of "separate spheres" was a conventional idea which did not necessarily reflect the reality of women's experience. Examined through the visionary ideas of Wollstonecraft and Mill, women's subordination was challenged in the new social and cultural contexts in the 19th century. (Dongseo University)

여성의 편지쓰기와 사회문화적 네트워크

강옥선 ( Kang Oksun ) 대한영어영문학회 2011 영어영문학연구 Vol.37 No.3

This paper seeks to study the operation of elite women’s societal networks, examining their letter-writing and cultural salons in the early nineteenth century. My focus will be given to women’s intellectual efforts to assert their power of reason against the exclusion of women from radical politics. This topic can be applied to women writers just after the French Revolution such as Mary Wollstonecraft, Helen Maria Williams, Sara Austin, Harriet Martineau, and Amelia Opie. Women’s letter writing should be reconsidered as a method by which women could penetrate the male force of life. Women’s salons should be also examined as dynamic tools to argue for female societal participation in Britain and France. Many elite women were active in the unofficial politics of the day, and used their informal social and kinship networks to support their political activities. Austin, Martineau and Opie do not stand in isolation, being often acquainted personally at Norwich, which was the center of Unitarian gatherings. It is clear that letter-writing and salon gatherings played an important subversive role, challenging women’s subjection. (Dongseo University)

Alfred Tennyson의 초기시에 나타난 내적 자아와 현실간의 갈등

강옥선(Kang, Ok-sun) 새한영어영문학회 1987 새한영어영문학 Vol.21 No.-