高麗後期 奴婢制의 變化樣相 : 고려후기 노비제의 변화양상

김현라 부산대학교 사학회 1993 釜大史學 Vol.17 No.-

高麗․唐․日本의 율령과 良賤秩序

김현라 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2013 한국민족문화 Vol.47 No.-

율령은 예적질서를 기초로 하여 발달한 법이다. 곧 율은 예적질서를 침해한 자에 대한 처벌법으로 제정되었고, 령은 예적질서를 유지하기 위한 교화법으로 기능하였던 것이다. 이러한 예적질서가 국가질서로 나타나고, 그가운데 양천질서는 바로 이러한 것을 가장 잘 보여주는 것이라 할 수 있다. 이러한 양천질서, 그 중에서 주노질서를 알아보기 위하여 삼국의 호혼법 중 가족질서를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 먼저 호혼법의 체제와 내용을 비교하였다. 호혼율의 경우는 삼국 가운데 일본은 남아있지 않아 당과 고려만 비교하였지만 호령의 경우는 삼국을 異同點을 찾을 수 있었다. 먼저 호혼법에 나타난 신분질서 특히 천인을, 다음으로 주인과 노비와의 관계를 살펴보았다. 이 주노질서의 구명을 위한 전제로서 삼국의 家와 家長의 의미를 알아보았다. 먼저 가의 의미를 살펴보면, 당은 개별인신적인의미를 띠고 있었다. 일본은 당에 비하여 정치․사회적인 기구, 고려는 당과 일본의 가의 특징을 중복적으로 나타내었다. 이러한 가의 의미는 戶絶의 경우 삼국의 천인제의 신분변질과 관련되었다. 즉 고려와 당은 家가 개별인신적 지배로 이루어지는 것이므로, 주인의 家가 호절되어도 자연적으로 주인은 바뀔 뿐 그 신분에는 변함이 없었다. 이에 반하여 일본은 호절되면 양인으로 해방되었다. 일본의 가는 사회집단, 기구로서의 의미가 중시되어 호절되면 천인이 속할 수 있는 곳이 사라지기 때문에 자연스럽게 양인으로 신분이 승격되었던 것이다. 이러한 가의 의미와 함께 家長의 의미도 살펴보았다. 삼국의 가장의 공통점은 그 가를 대표하며, 국가지배의 대상이 된다는 점이다. 삼국 가운데 가장의 지위가 가장 강력한 왕조는 당이었다. 당은 호혼법에서 家長法이라고 하여 가장이 주도하여 범법행위를 하였을 경우 범법행위를 한 당사자가 아닌 가장이 처벌의 대상이 되었다. 이러한 정황은 여러 면에서 확인이 가능하였다. 고려는 가장의 입지를 알 수 있는 자료가 호혼법에서는 잘 드러나지는 않지만 당과 같이 누호나 탈호의 책임자인 점에서 가의 대표자임을 알 수 있었다. 다만 당과 달리 가족제도, 호주의 승계 등에서 가장의 권위가 그렇게 강하지는 않은 듯하다. 일본은 가장 즉 호주의 승계를 嫡子로한정하고 있다. 이점에서 본다면 삼국에서 일본의 가장권이 가장 강력한 듯하지만 실제 당시 일본에서는 가부장권이 강력한 시기가 아니었다. 이런 때에 가장의 승계를 적자로 제한한 것은 앞서 살폈듯이 가업의 계승과 연관 된다. 이러한 가장권 하에 천인들의 입지는 어떠하였는가? 호절 뿐만 아니라 천인해방과 주인에 대한 강간(간통) 사례를 통해 알아보았다. 천인해방은 官賤의 경우 당이나 일본에서는 제도적으로 마련되어 있었다. 즉 나이와 폐질이 기준이 되어 양인으로 해방이 점차적으로 가능하였다. 사노비의 경우도 당은 가장의 허락 하에 형제들의 연서를 받아 처리하고 있고, 일본도 주인의 의지에 의하여 해방이 가능하였다. 이때 해방은 천인 당대만 그치는 것이 아니고 그 후대까지 이어졌다. 그러나 고려는 당과 일본과 달리 제도적으로 노비해방이 마련되어 있지 않았고, 사노비의 해방도 주인의 의지로 될 수 있었지만 그 조건이 매우 까다로웠으며, 해방도 당대에만 그치고 있다. 다음은 천인이 주인 또는 주인의 친인척을 강간(간통)하였을 경우의 처벌에 대한 것이다. 당과 고려는 주인의 周親과 緦麻親 이상, 일본은 5등친이상이 그 대상이 되었다. 처벌을 받는 강간의 대상이 일본이 당과 고려보다 훨씬 넓었다. 이는 주인권의 문제라기 보다는 가업의 경영을 위주로 하는 일본의 가의 의미와 관련되기 때문이다. 즉 가업을 계승하는데 참여하고 있는 친인척 전부가 천인의 강간처벌의 대상이 되었던 것이다. Yulryeong as a courtesy, and the law on the basis of the order is made . This order appears as a national courtesy system, the Yangcheon order(양천질서)of the best shows this very thing can be said. Juno order(주노질서) in the middle of this Yangcheon order to investigate of the Three Kingdoms of Hohonbeop(호혼법) looked around the family order. First look at the prerequisites for the Juno order to determine the meaning of family and paterfamilias. Looking at the meaning of family, Tang ruled separately, and Japan as a dominant social organizations, Goryeo domination of the Tang Dynasty and Japan is taking a mix of methods. This means when the difference between the descendants have been lost, altered and leads made cloth of the Three Kingdoms. Then examined the meaning of paterfamilias. Three countries have in common, and it represents the family, is that the subject of national governance. The sequence of the paterfamilias power of the Tang Dynasty, Korea, Japan. Japan, it is stated as a son. This is the uniqueness of Japan. That belong to the same system as more than a How did the order of Juno? This a descendant of disconnection, liberation and rape (adultery) was investigated through the case. It could also see the difference of the Three Kingdoms.

고려 원간섭기 慶華公主의 역할과 위상

김현라 효원사학회 2018 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.53

Koryo and Won 's marriage alliance was formed by the marriage of King Chung - ryeol and Princess Emperor. After Suejo Kubilai, Sungjong realized Pax Mongolian. He tried to complete the central power system by using the Gamma system, which ruled the Mukbuk area, by using Gamma. Therefore, it was awarded the date of the day only to the silkworm, and the line was highly valued. This policy also applies to consideration and marries the daughter of Gamma and the princess of Sungjong, the Princess of the Patriots of Korea, and King Chungseon. King Chungsug was married to two princesses of Mongolian family of KIMUMI and to 11 and 16 years respectively. The former is the fatherland princess and the latter is the princess. These are the daughters of Sisters of the Wang Wang Amok. The year when King Chungsu married the father of the king, Chungsu married the King of Chungsu and the marriage of Princess Kyunghee almost coincided with his returning period. King Chungsu also performed sisters' soul, which had been performed in Mongolia many times. The purpose of the sisters' soul was to inherit the inheritance of the queen's queen. Princess Hyeonggyeong Princess Princess Hyeongguk after the installation of a hardened portion of the Mongol Princess, such as having a certain status. The envoy of Daewon Empire who came to Goryeo to give Koryeong king (king, king) to Koryeo first recognized Koryeong Princess before King Chunghee. When King Chunghee was summoned to Wondue, You can guess such a situation by participating directly. Meanwhile, after the death of King Chungsug, Chunghee committed adultery with the princess Kyunghee when his return was not easily decided as usual. It is difficult to understand such a situation in the situation where Sims is explicitly mobilizing and pursuing the Koryo Kingdom. However, considering the status of the princess, it can be seen that the adultery case of King Chunghee directly touches the political purpose of his return. In addition, the political situation that occurred after the reign of King Chunghee, that is, his brother, Gangreung Daejun, was married to his nephew of Kyungghwa, The political value of the hardcore princess was very important. 고려와 원의 혼인동맹은 충렬왕과 제국대장공주의 혼인으로 성립되었다. 세조 쿠빌라이의 뒤를 이은 성종은 팍스몽골리아를 실현한 인물로, 그는 막북지역을 통치하였던 짐김계통의 감말라를 중용하여 중앙집권체제를 완성하고자 하였다. 이에 짐김계통에게만 일자왕호를 수여하여 그 혈통을 중히 여겼다. 이러한 정책은 고려에도 적용하여 감말라의 딸이며 성종의 친조카인 계국대장공주와 충선왕을 혼인시켰다. 이후 짐김계통의 공주는 충숙왕의 두 번째 왕비인 조국장공주와 경화공주이다. 이 중 주목할 공주는 경화공주이다. 충숙왕은 재위 16년에 그의 세 번째 비로 경화공주를 맞아들이고 이어서 복위하였다. 경화공주와 충숙왕의 두 번째 비인 조국장공주는 자매간이므로 충숙왕은 자매혼을 한 셈이다. 자매혼의 목적은 왕의 전 왕후가 소유한 사속인 등을 그대로 승계하기 위한 것이었다. 경화공주와 조국장공주의 父는 짐김계통의 위왕 아목가이다. 경화공주는 충숙왕과 함께 고려에 환국할 때의 행차 규모와 경화부의 설치를 통해 볼 때 몽골공주로서 적지 않은 위상을 가졌다. 이점은 충숙왕이 사망하고 충혜왕의 복위에 즈음하여 원의 사신이 경화공주를 알현하고 또 경화공주가 정동행성 관리의 임명권을 가지고 있는 것 등에서도 지속되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 그런데 충혜왕은 자신의 복위가 불투명한 시점에서 경화공주를 간음하였다. 이에 대해서는 여러 이견이 있지만, 당시 심왕이 노골적으로 조적을 동원하여 고려왕위를 노리고 있는 상황에서 충혜왕 나름의 위기 극복의 방편이라고 생각된다. 즉 충혜왕은 원과 고려내의 경화공주의 위상이 자신의 복위를 이룰 수 있는 중요한 배경이라고 보았던 것이다. 이것은 충혜왕이 복위 이후에도 자신의 위상을 지키는 방법이었다. 그의 동생인 강릉대군이 세자에 책봉되어 원에 숙위할 뿐만 아니라 경화공주의 조카와 혼인하였고, 또한 기황후 집안, 환관 고룡보 등 여러 정치세력을 견제해야 하는 입장에서는 경화공주가 가지는 정치적 가치는 매우 중요하였던 것이다.

고려율령을 통해 본 고려후기 主-奴 관계의 변화와 主人權 - 고려사 형법지 노비조를 중심으로 -

김현라 인하대학교 법학연구소 2024 法學硏究 Vol.27 No.1

이 논문은 고려사 노비조문을 통해 고려후기 노비제 정비의 추이를 살펴 국가질서의 변화를 살펴보고자 하였다. 첫째, 원간섭기 노비제 정비는 양천제 질서를 수호하고자하였다. 공사노비의 방량을 엄금하고, 신하가 받은 관노비를 환수하여 왕권을 강화하였다. 둘째, 공양왕대는 지주전호제의 발달과 주자학의 도입으로 가족질서 내의 주노관계가 중시되었다. 이것은 조상전래노비 계승과 합법적인 매매에 의한 노비 계승, 그리고 문서가 갖추어진 노비상속 등에 대해서는 엄격하게 관리하여 노비소유권을 확보하도록 하였다. 이러한 변화는 양천제적 질서에서 지주전호제적 질서로 변질을 예고하는 것이었다. 즉 지주전호제가 발달하면서 전호로 된 노비노동력이 중시되었고, 이에 따라서 노비의경제력 또한 상승되었다. 특히 노비가 수취체계에 포함되거나 양천교혼의 소생을 양인으로 만들었다. 이때 도입한 주자학은 가족질서인 지주-전호관계를 통하여 국가질서를 수호하고자하였다. 특히 주자학은 인간관계를 인륜이라는 지배와 복종관계로 대치하였다. 따라서이전과 달리 노비를 천민(天民)으로 보고, 노주와 노비의 관계에 인륜이라는 명분론을 적용시켰다. 즉 노비주들은 주노관계를 강상의 차원에서 규정하여 인간으로서 마땅히 지켜야 할 도리인 지배-복종의 관계로 규정하였던 것이다. This paper tried to examine changes in national order by looking at the trend of maintenance of the nobi system in the late Goryeo Dynasty through Goryeosa ‘Nobi’provision. First, the maintenance of the nobi system during the Yuan period tried to protect the the Yangcheon system. The government strictly prohibited the liberation of public and private nobi and strengthened public power by recovering public nobi received by their subjects. Second, King Gongyang emphasized the relationship of master and nobi within the family order due to the development of the landlord system and the introduction of Neo-Confucianism. This strictly managed the succession of ancestral nobi, the succession of nobi through legal sales, and the inheritance of nobi with documents to secure ownership. This change heralded a transformation from the Yangcheon system to the landlord system. In other words, with the development of the landlord system the nobi labor that became jeonho was valued, and accordingly, the economic power of nobi also increased. In particular, nobi were included in the receiving system or the offspring of Yangcheon marriage were made Yangin. Neo-Confucianism, which was introduced at this time, tried to protect the national order through the relationship between landowners and jeonho, a family order. In particular, Neo-Confucianism confronted human relations with the rule of humanity and obedience. Therefore, unlike in the past, nobi was regarded as a a man of nature and the moral principles was applied to the relationship between a nobi owner and nobi. In other words, they defined the relationship between nobi owner and nobi as the whole duty of man which is a reason that must be observed as a human being.

【연구논문】고려 후기 부곡제의 소멸과 徙民 정책

김현라 부경역사연구소 2007 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.20

고려후기 護軍의 地位와 構成員

김현라 부경역사연구소 2004 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.14

The King in the period of Won's interference were much disturbed by their counterforces. They prepared various Kinds of better ways in order to strengthen their authorities like Gupsulchi. Hogun was the Gupsulchi's right under system to take charge of escorting the kings. We could also find out that Hogun existed in the early period of Koryo, but this was only on honorary post. Hogun as Gtupsulchi was introduced by King chungrul. This was also divided as names of Sanghogun, Daehogun, and Hogun. King ‘chungrul' built up the king-surrounding Hogun governmet, so that he promoted Milgiksa, Hogun as the prime minister. Moreover, king “Chunghae” deeply used the hogun denying the Koryo traditional the prime minister politics. The starting persons of Hongun were mostly under the control class, such as peasantly, merchants, and slavery. They were loyal to kings to overcome the weakness of their social positions. In addition, the kings had help from them who were without regard to forces of “Won”. It turned out the great strength of monarch government.

고려시기 여성의 지위 - 당.송.원과의 비교를 통하여 -

김현라 부경역사연구소 2011 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.28

This study reported the social status of females in Goryeo, Korean dynasty through weighing a female law in Goryeo against that of in Tang, Won, Song. First, the female birth in Goryeo was a lot different with in China. Its data during Goryeo dynasty is rare. On the other hand, in China, there had been a negative point of view to the female childbirth from ancient times which led to girl drowning. The reason of this tragedy was because of the enormous marriage cost, so that the initiative for a prohibition of grand weddings in Won was originated from that time. We still don’t know about the origin of the wedding process restriction during Goryeo dynasty, however, we are sure that it was affected from the negative mood on grand weddings during Won dynasty. So to speak, the life of lower class people was miserable. Therefore, the record on the criticism of grand weddings was observed in Goryeo history that became later the reason of wedding restriction. Second, the female property inheritance could be matter which was quite different with in Tang, Won, Song dynasty. the female property inheritance was very restricted during Tang and Song period. When it came to the Southern Song period, the new condition begun to emerge. We notice that the female succession of the property was a bit allowed to appear in Chungmungjip that continued to Won dynasty. Bearing this fact in mind, the female property inheritance seemed to be affected from Won and the Southern Song dynasty rather than Tang and Song. However, it wasn’t directly affected from China. Because of the inheritance by equal distribution during Goryeo, which had hadn’t seen in China. Therefore, We can term that Goryeo was much more not patriarchal than China society. This fact was applicable when people divorced. Lastly, the female remarriage. During Tang and Song dynasty, it wasn’t oppressed in terms of crime, however, the parents had a daughter who didn’t want to remarry remarried, they would be punished. Namely, The government had a negative thought on remarriage. Contrary, during the Southern Song period, new mood on remarriage appeared. As we studied about the female laws in Chungmungjip and Won history, divorce and remarriage were common. Needless to say, these were conducted under the certain rules and laws. The rules and laws were much more flexible, reasonable, and woman-centered than those in Tang and Song dynasty. This happened same during Goryeo period. The female remarriage was totally allowed, even the woman who remarried taking children. Therefore, Gongyang of late Goryeo period when neo-confucianism appeared, people who were above certain social status could remarry after certain time period. However, the lower class people could remarry with out any restriction this time. This study reported the social status of females in Goryeo, Korean dynasty through weighing a female law in Goryeo against that of in Tang, Won, Song. First, the female birth in Goryeo was a lot different with in China. Its data during Goryeo dynasty is rare. On the other hand, in China, there had been a negative point of view to the female childbirth from ancient times which led to girl drowning. The reason of this tragedy was because of the enormous marriage cost, so that the initiative for a prohibition of grand weddings in Won was originated from that time. We still don’t know about the origin of the wedding process restriction during Goryeo dynasty, however, we are sure that it was affected from the negative mood on grand weddings during Won dynasty. So to speak, the life of lower class people was miserable. Therefore, the record on the criticism of grand weddings was observed in Goryeo history that became later the reason of wedding restriction. Second, the female property inheritance could be matter which was quite different with in Tang, Won, Song dynasty. the female property inheritance was very restricted during Tang and Song period. When it came to the Southern Song period, the new condition begun to emerge. We notice that the female succession of the property was a bit allowed to appear in Chungmungjip that continued to Won dynasty. Bearing this fact in mind, the female property inheritance seemed to be affected from Won and the Southern Song dynasty rather than Tang and Song. However, it wasn’t directly affected from China. Because of the inheritance by equal distribution during Goryeo, which had hadn’t seen in China. Therefore, We can term that Goryeo was much more not patriarchal than China society. This fact was applicable when people divorced. Lastly, the female remarriage. During Tang and Song dynasty, it wasn’t oppressed in terms of crime, however, the parents had a daughter who didn’t want to remarry remarried, they would be punished. Namely, The government had a negative thought on remarriage. Contrary, during the Southern Song period, new mood on remarriage appeared. As we studied about the female laws in Chungmungjip and Won history, divorce and remarriage were common. Needless to say, these were conducted under the certain rules and laws. The rules and laws were much more flexible, reasonable, and woman-centered than those in Tang and Song dynasty. This happened same during Goryeo period. The female remarriage was totally allowed, even the woman who remarried taking children. Therefore, Gongyang of late Goryeo period when neo-confucianism appeared, people who were above certain social status could remarry after certain time period. However, the lower class people could remarry with out any restriction this time.

(기획논문) 통일신라ㆍ고려시대 부산지역사 연구의 회고와 전망

김현라 부산광역시 시사편찬위원회 2007 항도부산 Vol.23 No.-

高麗後期 奴婢制의 變化樣相

金賢羅 부산대사학회 1993 역사와 세계 Vol.- No.17

고려 忠烈王代의 麗․元關係의 형성과 그 특징

김현라 부경역사연구소 2009 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.24

Geryeo had been changed a lot after making a contact with Mongolia. Phenomenally Geryeo had to accept a direct and indirect influence by Mongolia. The influence was deeply related with Mongolia’s internal affairs. After Kublai Khan acceded to the throne, He wanted to set a “Hanbub”system as a way of unification of the empire. However, his grasping political power was not normally accomplished; he did not overcome his own ultimate limitation. The “Hanbub” systemKublai Khan wanted to set in his country was the “Sinocentrism”(the Emperor system) that Hanjok headed for. Therefore, in the areas Kublai Khan conquered, they let them keep their own tradition but in stead, had a courtesy etiquette. After the centralization of Kublai Khan Regimecame out successfully, Kublai Khan decided to control Geryeo substantially that meant participating in throne as well as internal affairs. The participation of Mongolia could it be possible because a particular area called Yodong was under Kublai Khan Regime. Chungnyeol of Goryeo conducted many political measures in order to strengthen a career of himself under the Kublai Khan’s political changes to Goryeo. First of all, he checked a power that was in collusion with Won and grew his statue through having an audience of the Emperor of Won. Cungnyeol established the son-in-law status of the Emperor of Won and took a full responsibility of the position for Won. For instance, he expressed an active participation in internal disturbance of the Mongolian Empire. However, his status and effort headed for Won had been weakened because of Kublai Khan’s death and Sungjong’s accession to the throne. Sungjong wanted to have a direct control over Goryeo through Yodong and chose Chungsun who was a son of Chungnyeol Geryeo had been changed a lot after making a contact with Mongolia. Phenomenally Geryeo had to accept a direct and indirect influence by Mongolia. The influence was deeply related with Mongolia’s internal affairs. After Kublai Khan acceded to the throne, He wanted to set a “Hanbub”system as a way of unification of the empire. However, his grasping political power was not normally accomplished; he did not overcome his own ultimate limitation. The “Hanbub” systemKublai Khan wanted to set in his country was the “Sinocentrism”(the Emperor system) that Hanjok headed for. Therefore, in the areas Kublai Khan conquered, they let them keep their own tradition but in stead, had a courtesy etiquette. After the centralization of Kublai Khan Regimecame out successfully, Kublai Khan decided to control Geryeo substantially that meant participating in throne as well as internal affairs. The participation of Mongolia could it be possible because a particular area called Yodong was under Kublai Khan Regime. Chungnyeol of Goryeo conducted many political measures in order to strengthen a career of himself under the Kublai Khan’s political changes to Goryeo. First of all, he checked a power that was in collusion with Won and grew his statue through having an audience of the Emperor of Won. Cungnyeol established the son-in-law status of the Emperor of Won and took a full responsibility of the position for Won. For instance, he expressed an active participation in internal disturbance of the Mongolian Empire. However, his status and effort headed for Won had been weakened because of Kublai Khan’s death and Sungjong’s accession to the throne. Sungjong wanted to have a direct control over Goryeo through Yodong and chose Chungsun who was a son of Chungnyeol