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軍 정보수사기관의대통령경호활동에관한 연구 - 1950년대 특무부대의 이승만 대통령 경호를 중심으로 -
정주호,최종영 한국국가안보국민안전학회 2019 한국국가안보·국민안전학회지 Vol.9 No.-
軍정보수사기관의 대통령 경호임무가 명문화되어 세상에 드러난 것은 1961년 10월 25 일 국가재건최고회의에서 작성하여 박정희 의장(육군중장)에게 보고한 ‘중요행사 및 요인 에 대한 통합경호’ 문건이 처음이다. 당시 軍정보수사기관인 방첩부대의 대통령 경호에 관한 책임사항이 최초로 명시된 것이다. 이후 제정된 ‘대통령 경호실법’(1963년)과 ‘대통령 경호경비대책위원회 규정’(1974년) 및 ‘대통령경호안전대책위원회규정’(1981년)에는 軍정 보수사기관인 보안사, 기무사, 안보지원사령부의 임무가 비교적 구체적으로 명시됨으로써 同법령들을 통해 軍정보수사기관의 대통령 경호에 관한 임무와 역할의 변천과정을 가늠 해볼 수 있으나, 국가재건최고회의 문건과 경호관련 법령이 만들어지기 이전인 1950년대 軍정보수사기관이었던 특무부대의 대통령 경호활동에 관한 기록이나 선행연구는 전무한 실정이다. 이에, 이 논문의 목적은 국가재건최고회의 및 경호실 창설 이전 시기인 1950년대 특무부 대의 대통령 경호활동에 관해 그동안 알려지지 않은 새로운 역사적 사실을 밝혀 내는 데에 있다. 또한 경호실 창설 이후부터 현재까지의 기간에 대해서도 軍정보수사기관의 경호활 동을 시대별로 체계적으로 정리함으로써 우리나라 경호사에서 그동안 누락되어 있던 중요 한 부분을 채워 넣고, 아울러 軍정보수사기관이 역사적 부침속에서 수많은 질곡을 거치면 서도 대통령 경호기관이라는 조직에 부여된 책임을 수행해 가는 과정을 심층적으로 분석 하여 밝혀내고자 하였다. 이를 위해 1950년대 장교, 준·부사관으로 특무부대에 근무하면서 대통령 경호임무를 수행했던 전직 요원들을 심층면접하여 그 결과를 ‘키워드 분석방법’과 ‘묘사적 분석방법’에 의한 질적 연구를 수행하였는데 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국전쟁이 일어난 1950년대 남한 전역에 북한 무장병력과 좌익세력들이 준동하 는 상황 하에서 당시 軍정보수사기관인 특무부대는 법적으로 명시된 임무에는 없었지만 이승만 대통령 경호활동을 수행하였다. 둘째, 특무부대의 경호대상은 ‘현직 대통령’인 이승만에 한정되었으며, 가족 중 군복무중 인 양아들(이강석)에 대한 신변보호 임무도 수행하였다. 셋째, 특무부대의 경호임무 형태는 대통령의 외부행사시 軍部, 民部를 가리지 않고 사전 안전활동과 행사당일 1선에서부터 외곽까지 광범위하게 이뤄졌다. 특히 軍관련 행사시 집중적으로 이뤄졌으며, 행사 성격에 따라 공식 경호기관이었던 경찰보다 더 측근인 1선에 배치되기도 하였다. 넷째, 특무부대는 이승만 대통령에 대해 ‘太陽’이라는 내부 암호명을 사용하였으며, 요원 들은 특무대장 김창룡이 이승만 대통령의 신임을 받고 최측근에서 임무수행한 지휘관으로 인식하였다. 다섯째, 특무부대에는 별도의 경호조직이나 경호전담요원 없이 전국의 특무요원들이 최 우선 공통임무로 대통령 경호임무에 전원투입되었다. 이러한 요원들의 노하우는 지금까지 면면이 이어져 내려오면서 뛰어난 전문성을 바탕으 로 국가급 행사에서 중추적 역할을 수행하였다. 문재인 정부 출범후 기무사가 역사 속으로 사라지고 군사안보지원사령부로 해편되는 가운데서도 경호분야는 오히려 기능을 확충하 여 경호역량을 강화하고 있다. 이러한 경호역량 강화는 아직도 북한과 정전체제로 대치하 고 있는 현실에 효과적으로 대처함은 물론, 경호행사시 상시적으로 비정상적인 병력 움직 임과 군부대 내 경호위협요인에 대한 감시가 필수적이라는 측면에서 그 중요성이 증대되 고 있으며, 앞으로 민간기록 출처 확보 및 더 나은 연구방법을 통해 이 분야에 대한 종합 적·체계적인 연구가 진행되길 기대한다. The presidential security works by the Korean military intelligence and investigation agency were known to the world as official when the Integrated Security for Critical Events and Key Figures document, which was prepared at the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction on Oct. 25, 1961, and reported to Chairman Park Chung-hee (military lieutenant general), was issued. That was the first time to acknowledge that Counter Intelligence Corps (Teukmubudae in Korean) as a Korean military intelligence and investigation agency at that time, officially took active roles, took responsibility in particular for presidential security work. Since then a series of laws such as The Presidential Security Service Act (1963), the Presidential Security and Security Countermeasures Committee Act (1974) and the Presidential Security and Security Assistance Command (1981), were enacted and stipulated relatively specific details of the duties and roles of the military intelligence investigation agency. We might infer some view from those laws that what has been changed in the duties and roles of the presidential security work over time. However, it is only the case when some historical documents in relation to the work were found and compared. Even before those documents, it was said for the agency to take some roles in protecting presidents and there are little of (legal) documents, reports and studies related to its presidential security works in particular. The purpose of this thesis is to find out kind of new historical facts on Counter Intelligence Corps (Teukmubudae) and its performance for the protection of President Syngman Rhee in 1950s, which has not been known at all and so any kinds of recognition. This thesis will also study on what and how the presidential security works by the Korean military intelligence and investigation agency has been conducted and changed by critical historical phase. It will make contribution to fill in the important parts of the Korean military intelligence and investigation history that have been missing and disregarded as partial and peripheral and to complete the whole picture of Korean presidential security works. Additionally that historical approach will show how the military agency in the middle of a political upheaval, could and should carry out and take responsibility for presidential security which was conferred to it. This historical analysis on the changes of the military agency and its works of presidential security from its official foundation to the present, will provide a significant context where the main study of what and how the agency had carried out its work(presidential security) would proceed into meaningful findings and interpretation. For the study, first of all, it does some content analysis by dealing with historical documents of Korean military intelligence and investigation agency and its works on presidential security since the official/legal stipulation of the agency’s responsibility for protecting the president in 1961. It brings out the historical changes of the agency’s works, the entitlement to the presidential security, actual activities, cooperation with other security forces such as police and the Korean presidential security service in particular. Based on that historial analysis, this study explores how the agency had carried out the presidential security and how it could be involved into the security work. It questions about what ground it could do the work in 1950s when there was no official recognition of its works, and if it did, how it would do the job of protecting the president in a way that would be different in comparison to other protecting forces. With those questions, this study conducts in-depth interviews with some of the former agents who were involved into the presidential security works while serving in the Korean agency as officers, warrant officers and noncommissioned officers. The interviews were analysed both of by using text mining and keyword analysis, and traditional interviewing coding analysis. The main findings of the qualitative interviewing study are as follows. Firstly, in the outbreak of the Korean war in the 1950s, the Korean military intelligence and investigation agency was requested to take responsibility for protecting the president, that is, president Rhee Syngman while its was not legally stipulated or conferred to them. It carried out the presidential security work based on the situational understanding and the following reasonable decision that North Korean armed forces and leftist forces throughout South Korea in the 1950s were threatened to the safety of the president Rhee. Secondly, The agency’s security only focused on the president Rhee and was expanded to protect his adopted son, Rhee Kang-Seok who served in military at that time. We can say that the agency’s work only covered the president Rhee himself and was limited into just one of his family, the adopted son serving in military at that time. Third, the military agency conducted its security duty for the president when he attended some external events either of in military and in civil and its works included previous safety check-up before events and during events, actual protection of the president in an extensive manner from the first line of presidential safety to the outskirts. In particular, it was intensively conducted during military-related events, and sometimes in a particular case, it was assigned to the first line of duty more closely than the police, which was the official security force at that time. Fourth, The agency used the internal code name of the Sun for President Syngman Rhee, and the agents involved recognized Kim Chang-ryong, that is, the commander of the agency as main commander closest to the president in the duty of security. It seemed to be possible because the Commander Kim received the most trust of the president and worked as his closest aids. Fifth, the agency did not organized and formed a unit or trained agent specialized into the presidential security for the duty and all the agents in the agency through out the country, were expected to put an priority to the presidential security when it was required. That is to say, the presidential security work was the top priority one given commonly to the agents in the agency. It could be inferred that all the agents around the country could be mobilized to protect the safety of the president and the duty was inseparable to the existence of agency, its responsibility and the organizational identity.
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