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東․西魏 시기 河東 지방의 造像事業과 지역사회 - 河東 薛氏를 중심으로 -
정재균 부산경남사학회 2020 역사와 경계 Vol.115 No.-
A large number of Buddhist steles commissioned by devotional societies(yiyi) were erected in Hedong Commandery, the borderland between the Eastern Wei and Western Wei. It can be interpreted that the inhabitants lived in this borderland where the conflicts and battles were continuously happened prayed their security and happiness to Buddha. Nevertheless, it is not easy to explain the religious activities practiced in the frontier merely connote the faith for blessing. It can be suggested that the inscriptions including calendar systems and prayers written in steles expose the political choices of the builders in accordance with the politico-social situations rather than follow the idiomatic expression used from the Northern Wei Period. Of many steles erected in this period, inscriptions written in '薛山俱二百人等造像記' show that Clan Xue, a noted family in Hedong Commandery, led the organisation of a devoted society, and even actively took part in the stele production works. Before the erection of '薛山俱二百人等造像記', the local societies in this region were influenced by political turmoil such as the foundation of Northern Qi and the replacement of emperor in Western Wei. Under this circumstances, Clan Xue who cooperated with Western Wei led stele erection works for uniting and stablising the local society. However, the inscriptions do not record the prominent role of Clan Xue. This fact suggests that Clan Xue practiced the stele erection projects with cooperation of other powerful families for strengthen the solidarity of the local societies. 서위와 동위의 접경지대로 격렬한 쟁탈전을 벌였던 하동지방에서도 적지 않은 수의 의읍조상이 만들어졌다. 이는 동·서 정권의 대립과 전투가 끊이지 않던 접경지대에서 부처에게 현세의 安穩과 미래의 幸福을 기원하고자 하는 전형적인 모습이 나타난 것으로 볼 수 있다. 그렇지만 북조시기 접경지대에서 진행된 조상 등의 종교 활동을 단순히 사회와 개인의 안온과 행복의 추구라는 일반적인 의미로만 설명하기 어려운 부분이 있다. 조상기에 간각된 紀年과 皇帝 祈願은 북위 이래 혹은 그 이전의 관용적 표현의 답습이라기보다, 당시 정치․사회적 상황에 따른 동․서 두 정권에 대한 정치적 지지 혹은 선택을 드러낸 것으로 볼 수 있을 것이다. 당시에 만들어진 의읍조상 가운데 <薛山俱二百人等造像記>는 하동의 大姓인 설씨가 의읍의 결성을 주도하였고, 조상사업에도 적극적으로 참여하고 있음을 볼 수 있다. <薛山俱二百人等造像碑>가 세워지기에 앞서 일어난 북제의 건국과 서위 황제의 갑작스러운 교체 등의 일련의 사건들은 접경지대이자 빈번한 전장이었던 하동의 지역사회에 큰 동요를 불러일으켰을 것이다. 이 의읍의 결성을 주도한 설씨는 서위 정권에 협력하고 있었고, 따라서 당시 상황에서 당연히 동요할 것이 분명한 지역사회를 위해 설씨는 결속과 안정이라는 목적에서 조상사업을 진행하였을 것이다. 그렇지만 설씨는 읍직의 분배에서나 담당한 역할에서 다른 성씨에 비해 크게 두드러지는 모습을 보이지 않는다. 이것은 설씨가 지역사회의 결속과 안정이라는 목적을 위해 지역사회의 재력이나 정치력을 가진 유력 종족들과 협력하여 조상 사업을 진행하였기 때문인 것으로 생각된다.
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6세기 지역사회 유력자의 義邑 造像事業 참여 목적과 역할
정재균 동양사학회 2023 東洋史學硏究 Vol.165 No.-
Although the local leaders who had an ample fortune were able to build a Buddhist stele by themselves, they led the building plan of the Buddhist steles as they joined or organized Yiyi(義邑), a local religions association. Some even claim their motives to participated in this rite were purely religious based on the collaborative temple offerings. However, they led Buddhist stele building project as their social role for leading the local societies as well as for offering the opportunity to hold an ancestral rite for the commoners who had few properties to hold a memorial service for their ancestors. The corporative activities and relief efforts enacted in Yiyi' explicitly show the role of the local leaders. Specifically, under the confused circumstances in around the 6th century, when the central government could not control the local provinces, Yiyi' planned the public construction, relief, and charity works entailed considerable expense that were hard to be processed by the properties gathered only by the commoners. In these circumstance, the local leaders had to participated in the ritual association. The social situations that local leaders were closely associated with the commoners in the Northern Dynasties can be inferred by the cases, such as Tianchou(田疇) in the late phase of the Late Han Period, Yugun(庾袞)in the Late Western Jin Period, Lixiang(李祥), Lixianfu(李顯甫), and Lishiqian(李士謙) in the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period. On the other hand, the local leaders were able to took an opportunity to express and perform their virtue as supervising the public works planned by Yiyi'. Certainly, the Buddhist steles were erected in the open place for religions purpose. Nevertheless, judging from the fact that the steles are inscribed with their titles in Yiyi', they also aimed to signalize their virtues by building the Buddhist steles. Particularly, the steles in around the 6th century, which were inscribed with the prestigious family trees, provide significant data for proving the way for establishing their superior social position and authority in the community through the ceremonial rite, Yiyi'.
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정재균 慶北大學校 齒科大學 1997 慶北齒大論文集 Vol.14 No.-
Conclusion : Dentists were most dissatisfied with the medical insurance system, amount of personal time and level of income. The profile of the typical professionally satisfied dentist was one who reported a higher net income, took good practice management, professional time and delivery of care, and was significantly more satisfied with all aspects of the job compared their counterparts in the bottom quarter. Hence it was concluded that improvement of dental insurance system should be needed to increase the job satisfaction of Korean dentist. Moreover, modified Shugar’s Dentist Satisfaction Survey(DSS) model could be well adapted in the Korean Dental Association.
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