ボランティア活動を観光資源にする可能性についての実践的研究 -海岸清掃活動を事例として-

竹内裕二 ( Takeuchi Yuji ) 동북아관광학회 2021 동북아관광연구 Vol.17 No.3

自分の住む居住エリアは、生活者自身が主体的に手入れ (メンテナンス)をしなければ必ず荒廃してしまう。少子高齢化が著しい地方において、地域住民だけで地域をメンテナンスすることなど難しい。この状況を回避·改善するためには、人の手によるメンテナンス作業以外に解決策がない。この作業を実行するための方策の一つとして、観光振興と地域活性化の両面からボランティア·ツーリズムの要素を取り入れた地域活動の可能性について探求しようと考える。具体的には、市民主体の海岸清掃活動を体験する目的のツアーを実施することで、市民の有志によって実施されるボランティア活動を観光資源とする取組みを促進させる上で必要な取組みや対策とは何かを明らかにする。その結果として、次の5項目を明らかにした。①市民の有志によって実施されるボランティア活動を観光資源とする取組みは、社会教育·学習の一環として捉えるべきである。②市民の情報を取得する手段は、SNSよりも紙媒体である。③初めて参加する人にとっては、活動だけでは参加しないため、お楽しみとなる遊びも必要である。④持続可能な取組みとして、行政が発注する事業の中に市民を支援する仕組みについて、資金を盛り込むことで継続的支援を試みる。⑤持続可能な行政支援は、資金的支援でなく、広報支援の方が継続性の担保において確実性が高い。 If the inhabitants of residential areas do not take the initiative in maintaining and caring for the regions in which they live, these areas will invariably fall into disrepair. However, in regions with declining birthrates and aging populations, it is difficult for the local residents to maintain the area on their own. The reality is, though, that in order to avoid deterioration of the environment and improve on this situation, there is no solution other than manual maintenance work. As a possible means of acheiving such work, local activities that involve elements of “Efforts to use volunteer activities carried out by citizen volunteers as tourism resources” incorporating both tourism promotion and local revitalization are one possibility. Specifically, a number of tours focused on citizen-led coastal cleanup activities have been carried out. The outcomes of these tours can clarify what efforts and measures are needed to promote “Efforts to use volunteer activities carried out by citizen volunteers as tourism resources”. Based on experiences of the tours, the following five items were identified as important for the successful implementation of such activities. 1. “Efforts to use volunteer activities carried out by citizen volunteers as tourism resources” should be regarded as a part of social education. 2. Print media should be used for the dissemination of information rather than SNS. 3. For those who participating for the first time, the cleaning activities alone are not attractive. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate other enjoyable elements into the tour. 4. To help ensure sustainability of such activities, ongoing financial support in the form of funds supplied for government-ordered projects is important. 5. In terms of sustainable administrative support, public relations support is more reliable in ensuring continuity than financial support.

市民とマスコミが協力して地域課題解決する可能性 -新しいジャーナリズム概念における 市民とマスコミの活動上の関係-

竹内裕二 ( Takeuchi¸ Yuji ) 한국일본근대학회 2021 일본근대학연구 Vol.- No.74

ジャーナリズムに関する既往研究は、時代に応じて新しい概念が登場する。この新しい概念は、ジャーナリストがマスコミ業務という仕事を中心に取材する中から生まれた。このようにして新しく誕生した概念は、時代の変化を踏襲しながら、新たな段階に向けてのストーリー展開が行われていることがわかった。その事例から新しい概念によるジャーナリズムを具体的かつ明確に説明する「考え方」や「手法」を見出せていない。つまり、ジャーナリストによる「市民の声を中立的な立場で聞く手法」が明確になっておらず、市民による「自分たちの声を中立的な立場で伝える手法」が明らかになっていない。そこで、本研究では、市民側に焦点を当て、マスコミ(本稿では新聞)に取り上げられた事例を基にマスコミと市民団体、その事例が置かれた環境や状況を考慮し上で、新しいジャーナリズムの概念における「自分たちの声を中立的な立場で伝える」方法を明らかにすることを目的とする。結果としてマスコミは、①どんな活動であっても取り上げることをしない。②マスコミが取材対象にする視点は、「公共性」、「公益性」、「今日性」であり、この3つが揃わなければ報道対象になりづらい。③当然「常に動き、継続性、持続性」ある活動でなければならないが、その活動が関係者のみならず、外部の地域住民にも、活動の趣旨が伝播しているかどうかが重要になる。以上のことから、市民団体自身の声を対外的に中立的な立場で伝えることができる方法として、前述の3条件が必要だということがわかった。 In past research on journalism, new concepts have emerged according to the times. These concepts developed as journalists focused on working in conventional fields of journalism. The newly-born concept of Constructive Collaborative Journalism has grown out of these preceding developments. However, from these prior concepts, we have not been able to find ideas or methods to explain this new concept of journalism concretely and clearly. In addition, neither journalists’ methods of “listening to citizens voices form a neutral standpoint” nor citizens’ methods of “transmitting their voices from a neutral standpoint” has been clarified ). Accordingly, this study focuses on the citizens’ perspective, and aims to clarify the method of “conveying their voices from a neutral standpoint”. We take into account the media and citizens’ groups, as well as the environment and circumstances of the case, based on the examples covered by the mass media (in this case, newspapers). Results suggest: 1. The media will not necessarily cover all activities 2. The viewpoints that the media targets are “public,” “public interest,” and “contemporary”. If these three areas are not present, then it is unlikely an activity will be reported. 3. Naturally, the activities must be “constantly developing, continuous, and sustainable”. It is also important to ensure that the purpose of the activities is transmitted not only to the people involved, but also to the local residents who may not be aware of the activities. We found that the three conditions mentioned are necessary as a way to convey the voices of citizens’ groups to the outside world from an external standpoint.

観光まちづくりへの市民関与のあり方に関する一考察 : 市民主体のまちづくりに関するアンケート調査結果を基にして

竹内裕二 ( Yuji Takeuchi ) 동북아관광학회 2023 동북아관광연구 Vol.19 No.1

ボランティア活動を観光資源とする地域貢献型ツーリズムにおいて、受け入れ側の活動団体には、有志の人々が主体となって継続して運営していく姿が見られる。その一方の参加側となる市民は、ツアーに参加しただけで「主体性がある」と捉えることに無理がある。本稿は、この視点を出発点にツアーの受け入れ側が持つ「主体性」と参加者側が持つ「自主性」の意識の違いによる違和感について考究することにより、rCATツーリズム(Regional Contribution Activity Type Tourism)を推進させるための動きと必要性について考究することを目的とする。 結果として、近年の少子高齢化による人口減少により、自治会組織が崩壊しつつある。さには、住民相互の人間関係も崩壊しつつある。そのような社会的要請を受け、rCATツーリズムという、社会貢献に寄与する仕組みを基に「主体」を持って活動するボランティア組織を数多く育成し、その一方で「自主性」を持って参加する市民を醸成していくことが求められることを明らかにした。 It can be seen that active groups on the receiving side of regional contributiontype tourism (with volunteer activities as tourism resources) continue to be operated mainly by volunteers. It is unreasonable for the citizens who will be the participants to perceive that they have independence just by participating in the tour. Starting from this point of view, this paper examines the sense of incongruity caused by the difference in consciousness between the independence of the tour host and the independence of the tour participants. With this in mind, we aim to consider the movement and necessity of promoting Regional Contribution Activity Type Tourism (rCAT Tourism). The results are as follows. Residents' association organizations are collapsing due to the declining population due to the declining birthrate and aging population in recent years. In addition, the human relations between residents are also collapsing. In response to such social demands, we will foster a large number of volunteer organizations that act with selfinitiative based on the Mechanism for Contributing to Society called rCAT tourism. On the other hand, he clarified that it is necessary to cultivate citizens who participate with independence.

地域活性化活動に有効なメディア活用の考察(Ⅳ) ‒仮説検証のための社会実験を事例として‒

竹内裕二,松井督治 한국일본근대학회 2022 일본근대학연구 Vol.- No.76

Residents’ independent activities are important for community development. The authors clarify “Conditions for community development events where residents can take initiative” and “What role can the local media play?” in its activities. Therefore, four hypotheses were made from two social experiments. And we built the countermeasure. To prove this, we conducted a third social experiment. The results are as follows: We were able to confirm the effectiveness of “Hypothesis (1): an element that appeals to human altruism.” However, it is not effective to implement an initiative that prioritizes the thoughts and philosophies of the organizer. In order to introduce it, it was necessary to prepare “things that people want to see” and “devices that attract interest” first. We were able to confirm the existence of “Hypothesis (2): a mechanism for acting independently.” As a feature, many of the respondents to the questionnaire wanted to participate in community activities as “activities that they could do by themselves”. Most of the activities were “event announcements”. “Hypothesis (3): The result of the activity can be clearly seen” was also confirmed. Specific events such as the participants’ smiles and the appearance of children who are pleased to receive sweets were mentioned there. “Hypothesis (4): The role of encouraging the independent actions of the residents” played a certain role in raising awareness, understanding, and empathy among the residents. However, it was also found that the role can only play an effective role if there is a mediator between the local media and the inhabitants. The intermediary must fully understand the characteristics and characteristics of each regional media, and understand the content of information and the object of appeal in order to obtain the desired result. On that basis, it was found that it is necessary to devise selection and utilization methods according to the case, depending on the content of the event and the target of appeal. 地域づくりには、住民の主体的な活動が重要である。筆者らは「住民が主体性を持てる地域づくりイベントの条件」と、その活動に「地域メディアがどのような役割を果たせるか」について明らかにするため、2度の社会実験を行い、4つの仮説を立てた。本稿では、この仮説を実証するために3度目の社会実験を実施した。結果として、「仮説①:人の利他性に訴えかける要素」が必要であることが確認できた。しかし、主催者側の想いや理念よりも、まずはそのイベントにおいて「人が見たくなるもの」や「興味を引く仕掛け」を準備することが必要であることがわかった。「仮説②:自ら主体性を持って行動する仕組み」の必要性を確認することができた。アンケート調査では「自分もできる活動」として、イベント運営への参加の他、「イベント告知」ならできるという回答が多かった。「仮説③:活動の結果が明確に見えるものであること」の必要性も確認できた。そこには、参加者の「笑顔」や「お菓子をもらって喜ぶ子どもの姿」といった具体的事象が挙げられた。そして、地域づくりイベントにおけるメディアの役割については、「仮説④:住民の主体的な行動を促す役割」があり、住民への周知や理解、共感の醸成に一定の効果があることがわかった。しかし、地域メディアの効果的な活用のためには、住民との間の仲介者が必要である。仲介者は、メディア活用の効果を最大限引き出すために、各地域メディアの特徴や特性を十分理解し、イベント内容や訴求対象によって、ケースに合わせた選択と活用を工夫する必要があることもわかった。

韓国ㆍ九龍浦地区発展の歴史と今後の方向性に関する一考察 : 韓国ㆍ九龍浦地区活性化の視点からの提案

竹内裕二 동의대학교 인문과학연구소 2011 인간과 문화 연구 Vol.19 No.-

世界観光の観光客数は、着実に上昇している。アジア太平洋地域の伸び(年平均伸び率6.5%)は、世界平均を上回る勢いである。韓国のへ観光客は、1998年:400万人が2000年:約500万人へと急成長しており、近隣アジア諸国の中でも著しい観光客の伸びを示し、わずか2年間で総訪韓観光客数が、約100万人を超えた。 その観光客の多くは、韓国主要都市(ソウル、釜山、慶州)に集中しており、その他の都市へ多くの観光客は流れていない。そのような状況を鑑み、韓国一の漁獲高を保持する浦項市九龍浦地区で、観光開発の視点からの住民参加による地域開発を社会実験的に行うようになった。その背景として、戦争時代前後にこの地域で、多くの日本人が住み、多くの日式住宅が建てられた。その住宅は、一部朽ち果てつつあるものの、韓国内では珍しく狭いエリアに群集として健在している。このような地域特性を活かし、行政を中心として観光開発を計画している。しかし、長い時間が経過しているものの、目立った変化はない。そこで、この計画を推進させるために、この地域の歴史をたどることによって、今後の九龍浦地区の地域開発の方向性を検討した。 この検討結果から、「漁業」を中心に発展してきた九龍浦地区の開発において、日式住宅を中心とした地域開発には早急な行詰まりがある。そこには、韓日の歴史的な背景があるため、日式住宅を柱とした地域開発ではなく、その地域に根付く韓国人の誇りともいえる「漁業」を柱とした地域開発が望ましいことがわかった。また、持続可能な地域開発を行うためには、住民参加が必要不可欠であり、その仕組みを組み入れた取組みが必要であることもわかった。 The number of tourists is rising steadily in world tourism. The vigorous pace of expansion in the Asia-Pacific region (6.5% of average growth rate/year) exceeds the global average. The number of tourists in 1998 was 4 million people. This has grown rapidly and in the year 2000 there were about 5 million tourists in South Korea. The remarkable growth in the number is also shown in neighboring Asian nations. The total number of tourists visiting South Korea grew by about 1 million people in only two years. Many of the tourists are concentrated in the major cities of South Korea (Seoul, Pusan, Kyongju). Many tourists are not flowing into other cities. The example was taken in view of that situation. It gave a social experiment to the target community development by the citizens’ participation in municipal affairs from the viewpoint of tourism development in Guryongpo areas, the city of Pohang which has the largest fish catch in South Korea. As a background, in the pre- and post-war period, many Japanese lived in this area and many Japanese type residences were built. Some of the residences have fallen into decay but the residences are unusual in South Korea because they are crowded into a narrow area. Tourism development in which such regional characteristics are harnessed is planned by government. But although a considerable time has passed, there has been no noticeable change. Accordingly, the history of this area was retraced in order to promote this plan. The author examined the possible future course of action for community development of the Guryongpo areas in the future. The research result shows that there is an immediate deadlock which centers on the Japanese type residences and their effect on the development of Guryongpo areas which have developed with "fishing" playing the central role. Since the Japanese style residences exist because of the Korean and Japanese historical background, community development should center on "fishing" which is the pride of the South Korean with roots in the area. Moreover, sustainable regional development citizens' participation in municipal affairs is indispensable. It was also understood that measures which incorporate this in their structure are required.

ボランティア組織による地域課題解決のための 継続的活動の可能性に関する一考察 ‒社会資本におけるボランティア活動と 活動範囲の関係について‒

竹内裕二 한국일본근대학회 2023 일본근대학연구 Vol.- No.80

As for Japan’s finances, local finances are tight due to the declining birthrate and aging population. It is difficult to improve this situation quickly. A realistic solution is for local residents to try to solve the problem, and to rely on the government only for the parts that can’t be solved by residents themselves. Such an activity is an environmental volunteer organization. What would such an organization look like and what range of activities would it carry out? The purpose of this study is to clarify this point. Individuals and companies will naturally play a leading role in joint regional management, however when the nature of such an organization becomes clear, the type of people most suitable for becoming leaders will also become clearer. Furthermore, in the activity management that will be developed after that, the target to be approached and the appeal effect will become apparent. The conclusions of this study are as follows. The fundamentals of an environmental volunteer organization are “spontaneity”, “free of charge”, “publicness” + (optional) “pioneering”, and “solidarity”. Furthermore, the people who gather in such an organization (1) volunteer to participate, under the promotion of wide-ranging participation, (2) agree with the content of the activity, and (3) feel the activity is attractive and worthwhile. Such qualities are necessary for continuous activities. Also, the range of activities should not be set over a wide area from the beginning, but according to what is appropriate for the organization. It is desirable to expand the scope of activities little by little while the organization is conducting its activities.

地域活動における地域愛着の伝承・継承に関する 一考察

竹内裕二 한국일본근대학회 2024 일본근대학연구 Vol.- No.83

「住民が主体性をもって活動に参加すること」こそが、活動を次の世代に伝承・継承していく装置的役割を担っているものだと考える。本研究の目的は、この点を解明するに当たり、地域への「愛着」と「継承」に関する既往研究から市民の地域活動への関りに対するメカニズムを明らかにするための考究を行うことである。結果として、地域活動の担い手の中核には、中年期以降の人々が中心となって継続した地域活動を行うことが次世代へ継承していく上で重要になることがわかった。また、地域への愛着形成は、時間の関係でなく「肯定的な印象」を参加者に与えることが重要である。参加者が肯定的な経験をすることによって愛着が形成され、活動に参加することへの意義や必要性などといった気づきが芽生え、活動が定着していく。その先に持続可能な住民・市民参加による地域活動の基礎が構築されてくることになる。さらには、参加者自身が自分ごととして、当該地域の魅力を捉えることにより、他者への参加を呼びかけ、参加数の増加に努めていくといった循環となる。このような一連の流れこそが、これまで形にならない広い意味での「伝承」という概念教育と言われていたことを具体的に示した。 Based on past research, the author believes that ``residents' independent participation in activities'' plays the role of a device for passing on and passing on activities to the next generation. The purpose of this study is to clarify this point. In other words, through this research, the author will clarify the mechanisms underlying citizens' involvement in local activities based on existing research on ``attachment'' and ``inheritance'' to the local area. As a result, it is important to carry out continued local activities in order to pass it on to the next generation. It has been found that the core of those responsible for local activities are mainly people from middle age onwards. Furthermore, when it comes to forming an attachment to a region, it is important to give participants a ``positive impression,'' not just time. As participants have positive experiences, attachment is formed and they develop an awareness of the significance and necessity of participating in the activity. And the activity will become established. Beyond this, the foundation for sustainable regional activities with resident and citizen participation will be built. Furthermore, by identifying the attractiveness of the area as their own, participants invite others to participate and strive to increase the number of participants, creating a cycle. This series of events concretely demonstrated what had previously been said to be the conceptual education of ``tradition'' in a broad sense that was not tangible.

住民参加による地域活性化に関する実践的研究 - 韓国・浦項市 九龍浦地区を事例として -

竹内裕二,李應珍 한국일본근대학회 2013 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.41

It has been noted that regional development has been on the decline for quite some time. When discussing “region development activities”, the use of the word “activity” seems an overstatement. Debates, reflecting various points of view, on how to revitalize regional development have been going on throughout South Korea. At the center of these debates is “measures for commercial establishment activation.” One argument is that the elimination of vacant shops will add to the attraction of shopping streets. If we consider the fundamental revitalization of regional development, we cannot wait for residents to regain confidence. Owners who are local residents should consider their own needs and propose actions and improvements to add to the attractiveness of the residents. It is necessary that the revitalization of regional development be based on feedback from local residents and that it reflects the characteristics and atmosphere of the area. Citizens depend on administration is the reason why the area does not activate. "Administration makes our town animated" is in the citizens’ consciousness. This can be considered the main cause. Then, the resident themselves took the measure which reconsider their town, with consideration for the future and what is necessary to do now in order to accomplish the goals. This activity would be to mutually strengthen the weak points and take advantage of the strong points of various organizations. Moreover, in order to take this measure continuously, it became clear that the organization which plays a secretariat role is necessary.

地域活性化活動に有効なメディア活用の考察(Ⅲ)‒市民が主体性を持てる地域づくり活動参加への仮説構築について‒

竹内裕二,松井督治 한국일본근대학회 2022 일본근대학연구 Vol.- No.78

The authors conducted the verification based on two social experiments. From this verification, four conditions for community development activities in which residents and businesses take the initiative were derived. We hypothesized that community development activities that combine these four conditions are community development activities that can bring out the independence of citizens. Condition (1): The important viewpoint of “there is an altruistic element that is useful for children and the vulnerable” is the “altruistic element”. The factors can be “strength of feelings toward children” or “strength of feelings toward contribution to society as a whole, including vulnerable groups.” Condition (2): The important viewpoint of “there is a mechanism to act independently” is “a support method that can be done by oneself”. Specifically, it is conceivable that there is an intention of “supporting behavior by providing physical labor” or “supporting behavior by providing information and goods”. Condition (3): The important viewpoint of “the result of the activity is clearly visible” is “satisfaction by the result of the activity”. It is considered that there is either “altruistic factor” or “selfish factor” as satisfaction with participation in the event. Condition (4): The important viewpoint of “the effect of utilizing local media to foster public awareness, understanding, and sympathy of the event and encourage independent action” is “what is a familiar information source”. Citizens use any of “radio wave media”, “paper media”, “internet media”, and “people” as their daily means of obtaining information. Among them, it is considered effective to utilize the information source that you can appeal to most. The authors reflect these conditions in the third social experiment. Perform verification to clarify the legitimacy. Then, I would like to comprehensively verify the hypothesis about the conditions of the event that citizens want to participate in and cooperate with and the effect of utilizing local media. これまで2度の社会実験を基に検証を行い、住民や企業が主体性を持った地域づくり活動の4条件を導き出した。この4条件を兼ね備えた地域づくり活動が、市民の主体性を引き出すことのできる地域づくり活動であるという仮説を立てた。条件①「子どもや社会的弱者のために役に立つ利他的な要素があること」の重要な視点は、「利他的な要素」である。その要素とは、「子どもたちへの思いの強さ」または、「社会的弱者を含めた社会全体に対する貢献への思いの強さ」が考えられる。条件②「自ら主体性を持って行動する仕組みがあること」の重要な視点は、「自分ならできる支援方法」である。具体的には、「肉体的労働提供による支援行動」または「情報やモノの提供を通じての支援行動」の志向が考えられる。条件③「活動の結果が明確に見えるものであること」の重要な視点は、「活動の結果による満足感」である。イベントへの参加に対する満足感として「利他的要素」または「利己的要素」のいずれかがあるものと考えられる。条件④「地域メディア活用はイベントの周知や理解、共感を醸成し、主体的な行動を促す効果がある」の重要な視点は、「身近な情報源とは何か」である。市民は、「電波媒体」、「紙媒体」、「インターネット媒体」、「人」のいずれかを日常の情報入手手段としており、最も訴求できる情報源を活用することが効果的であると考えられる。これらの条件を3度目の社会実験に反映させ、正当性を明らかにしていくための検証を行い、市民が主体的に参加・協力したくなるイベントの条件と地域メディア活用の効果についての仮説を総合的に検証したい。

韓国における住民参加型まちづくり実施の可能性 - 韓国と日本のまちづくりワークショップを事例として -

竹内裕二 한국일본근대학회 2014 일본근대학연구 Vol.0 No.45

It has been noted that region development has been on the decline for quite some time. When discussing “regional development activities”, the use of the word “activity” seems an overstatement. Debates, reflecting various points of view, on how to revitalize regional development have been going on throughout South Korea. Also in South Korea, the viewpoint of “ citizens’ Citizen Participation” has become the central argument. But, since the history of the citizen participation in municipal affairs within South Korean is short, there are few precedence examples which serve as a sample. In this research, the citizen participation in municipal affairs type workshop was held in both South Korea and Japan using the workshop technique of Japan with many regional vitalization examples by citizens’ participation. Comparison examination of the state of the citizen participation in municipal affairs of South Korea and Japan was carried out through two workshops. In this examination, analysis was conducted from the viewpoint of the influence in which national traits have to the difference in the view of both South Korea and Japan to citizen participation in municipal affairs and activities. As information acquired from that, when building a plan as a group, Japanese people set up a clear target, and build the scenario intentionally in a group making agreement formation possible. On the other hand, South Koreans could only build the scenario as a notional expression, but agreement formation within a group was difficult. However, when there was a person of administrator in the group, was a tendency for easy agreement formation.