새마을運動과 Leadership(Ⅱ)

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1979 論文集 Vol.15 No.-

This report is the second part of the study on the same topic published in May, 1979. In this paper I attempt to observe actual conditions of leadership for the administration and agricultural technology in the rural areas, and to suggest a new direction of the Saemaul movement in the 1980's after the death of the late president Park Jeung Hee. For the purpose, questionnaires were distributed to 600 rural residents in random sampling. In the response to the questionnares, 91.5% of the questioned residents affirmed that they got a strong sense of "self reliance" through the Saemaul movement, but only 21.9% of them answered that could achieve their goal without government's support. Also, the residents' adoptation of innovated agricultural technology was resulted from the encouragement of the Myun office and/or the agricultural guide more than from that of communication's mass media. The new direction of Saemaul movement in 1980's can be suggested as follow: 1) Even in 1980's appropriate government's leadership will be required for the effective rural community development. 2) A demonstrative or false report to the government should be removed. Also, a uniform plann which regard difference of varied areas should be revised. 3) The Saemaul movement should be cut off from the politics for popularity of the ruling party. 4) Different circumstances in different areas require different leadership; so, a variety of leaders should be raised in accordance with specific conditions. 5) The institute for training leaders should be organized and administered without political intervention.

새마을 運動의 推進과 生活化에 關한 小考

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1975 論文集 Vol.11 No.-

As we know, Saemaul Movement is a nation-wide spiritual innovation, a campaign of national modernization, and a great self-awakening of Korean people themselves. In the last five years, this campaign has been developed very successfully throughout the country, showing to other contries a good model of rural development. The campaign has been driven forward through three steps; the first step was to improve circumstances in order to stimulate farmers' self-participation in the movement, the second step to enlighten their attitude for spiritual innovation, the third step to increase their income. The process can be illustrated in a simple formula of "circumstance improvement→spiritual enlightenment→increase of income". Despite the goverment's emphasis on the importance of farmers' spiritual innovation, it seems, actual policies as a whole have tended to put more stress on physical improvements. It is now, according to my research, the time to carry into effect the spiritual enlightenment of farmers' attitudes for more successful and sustaining development of the Saemaul Movement. For the purpose, the following policies are Saemaul Movement. 1. For promoting the spiritual enlightenment; 1) strengthen the education in the Su-won Saemaul Leaders Education Center, and include dissenters among trainees there, 2) make the experienced rank and file participate in Saemaul seminars as resource persons, 3) strengthen the school-industry cooperation in regional plannings, 4) organize more effectively the graduates from teachers colleges for farmers' spiritual enlightenment, 5) utilize mass-communication more effectively, 6) pervade more songs stimulating rural development. 2. establish a new post for directing the Saemaul Department in Gun to strengthen the Saemaul administration (to help vice chief of Gun), 3. level up the qualities of civil servants in the technical field of Saemaul for agricultural development, 4. make village finance open to the villegers.

近代化論에 立脚한 地域社會開發 硏究

박태암 韓國社會事業大學 地域社會開發硏究所 1981 地域社會開發論叢 Vol.4 No.-

1. Purpose of study The purpose of this study can be summed up in the following three investigations: 1) To define conceptual connections between the modernization, the community development (CD), and the Saemaul Undong, by means of comparative analysis of concepts, theories, and goals of the three movements; 2) To evaluate achievements made so far by the Saemaul Undong, a Korean model of CD, and to show a desirable direction for its future, by examining processes of its evolution up to the present day from the viewpoint of modernization theory; 3) To present a most efficient model of Korean CD, and to suggest practical measures for carrying the model, into practice in terms of concrete and detailed case studies of the Saemaul Undong. 2. Motivation and method of study The undertaking of this study is motivated by our recognition of the fact that, contrary to men's earnest wish for creating a more humane and more comfortable life, the more enlarged and expanded modernization has got, the less humane and comfortable the life has grown. The CD is an effort for modernization, and the Saemaul Undong is a Korean type of CD. Both "community" and "maul" literally mean a society of Gemeinschaft; the two similarly represents a society of common sympathy and warm hospitality. However, neither the Community Development nor the Saemaul has promoted common pleasance and sympathetic feeling; conversely, both have rather increased the loss of sympathy and the absence of humanity. This study is designed to offer a way to restore the lost humanism in a modernized society. If a true modernization aims at a balanced realization of its two basic principles, humanism and rationalism, the practical policy for modernization of most countries tends to place far greater emphasis upon the latter principle, consciously or unconsciously neglecting the former. The result is the dominance of material and quantitative development of technology and economy, which necessarily leads to a limitless expansion and strengthening of urbanization and bureaucratization. In short, the consequent effects of the one-sided modernization, CD, and Saemaul Undong have been to almost completely get rid of the possibility of realizing the humanist principle of humanitarian democracy by replacing a Gemeinschaft with a Gessellschaft. As is now well-known, to pass through this serious crisis of dishumanization, governmental efforts have been made to develop or reconstruct a humane community in recent Europe, America, and Japan. In view of a profound impasse the Korean Samaul Undong is now facing, this study attempts to propose some countermeasures by which to cope with the critical situation. 3. Contents study This study comprises three major observations; examination of the definitions and main theories of modernization and C.D.; analysis of the processes of evolution and achievements of the Saemaul Undong, and revaluation of them: and the author's proposals of tentative model of desirable self-governing cmmunity development which are based on investigations into concrete cases of the Saemaul Undong. 1) The definitions and theories: The term modernization is usually used in following three ways; a uniquely western historical process, a social system in a particular stage of historical development, and a universal general concept. While the historical concept defines modernization as a peculiarly Western phenamenon of social development, the social system concept qualifies it as a specific process which occurs in a specific stage of history. However, either of them is not relevant to the analysis of modernization in the developing country including Korea. The only adequate category seems to be general concept, which is applied to in this study. The universal general concept of modernization defines the term as neither a Western phenamenon nor a process in a series of evolutionary stages but as a human effort to realize a harmoniously balanced development of scientific industrialization and democratized humanization. In its ideological orign, the conception of modernization pursued for not only material but also spiritual improvement of human life. Contrary to its initial intention, the actual practice of modernization has often produced a partial modernization of industrialization without liberty or democracy without humanization. Also despite the fact that the original concept of "community" included in it both senses of locality and communal sentiment, the modernized CD has almost failed to substantiate the two senses in an integral unity, particularly owing to a very rapid spread of traffic and communication and the consequent expansion of the life sphere of community. While it is difficult for R.M. Maclver's comprehensive concept of community to easily comprehend in it the "communal" community, the limited ecological and functional concept of H.F. Kaufman, NakaMura, and others tends to disregard the importance of locality. In the light of the deffects which can be found in the two major theories of the twentieth-century, the community is defined in this study as a limited concept of local community. In this local community, which is based on a small geographical boundary, that is, a village, the residents know one another very well, share common feelings and behaviors, and settle their problems by means of compromise and consensus. The local community constitutes the lowest but the mot efficient unit for CD as a practitioning arena of democratic self-government. 2) The Saemaul Undong is a korean type of modernization movement which has brought about an epoch-making innovation in modern Korean history. To embody three great spiritual principles - diligence, selfhelp, and cooperation - the movement aims to accomplish three great goals - the enlightment of spirit, the increase of income, and the social development. This Korean type of CD, which during the one decade of the 1970's had been launched and propelled under the governmental initiative, has attained surprising achievements and made great contribution to national as well local developments of our country. Moreover, it provides the nation with a national spirit which it has lacked for long. As is widely known, the national spirit, such as the Frontier Spirit of the United States, the Puritan Spirit of western nations, and the Yamato Spirit of Japan, has worked as a driving force for a nation's development. The formation of the Saemual Spirit indeed means the emergence of an objectified national spirit of modern Korea. A series of case studies shows that if a decade of years of the Saemaul Undong to a great extent have elevated the standard of living in rural communities and enlightened the attitude and behavior of village residents, some half of them, overwhelming portion of which consists of younger generations, dislike to remain in the country area. Above all, the reluctance of able young farmers to settle down on the farm threatens to impede a successive progression of the movement since of average village resident still lacks a sufficient amount of self-governing ability. 3) Proposals for a tentative model: The division of CD into three possible models and the subdivision of the second model into two types can be made in accordance with leadership relation between government and people: the government-initiating model which is relevant to the under developed country; the type A of the government-people-cooperating model which gives more leadership to the government and the type B of it which gives more leadership to the people; and the popular self-governing model which is relevant to the developed country. Of the four, the most desirable is the third model, which may be applicable to a few more advanced villages and towns as an experimental example, and which should be extended to all other local communities as soon as possible. But the most relevant to most of Korean communities at the present moment seems to be the type B of the second model.The final goal is the third model, but the type B of the second model is a necessary transitional prerequisit for arriving at the ideal situation. To hasten our departure from the first model and the type A of the second model, both of which occupied a far more dominant place in the 1970's Saemaul Undong, following strategic measures will be required; energetic vitalization of organized development of community, systematic enforcement of improvement of social environment, nation-wide expansion of citizenship education for voluntary community consciousness, constructive activation of residential consensus, and adequate operation for ceaseless persistince of community development of governmental administrative power.

소련帝國主義 戰略과 그 苦悶

孫慶學,朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1982 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

This paper is attempted to search for the strategy of Russian imperalism and its agony. Over six decades after the establishment of the Soviet state and several decades since Churchill expressed his mystification concerning the mainsprings of Soviet policy, many Western foreign affairs observers and practitioners continue, surprisingly, to ask fundamental questions about the motivations and modalities of soviet international strategy. The Soviet government has looked toward western agriculture, technology, trade and finance in order to relieve the pressing economic problems of eastern Europe and of the Soviet Union itself. The Soviet leadership, Andropov regime is likely to shape it policies for the 1980's in the knowledge that changing public attitudes in the United States can be expected to result in serious efforts to restore both America's defense capability and its deterrent credibility. The apparent military, psychololical and political adventages are likely to diminish as the decade proceeds, the Andropov regime may be tempted to pick up key pieces on the chess board before the West begins to close the perceived "window of Vulnerability". In implementing this line, Soviet leaders are likely to be impelled by their penchant for the initiative, believing that an opponent who seems to be both reacting and trailing can be confronted with particulary unpalatable options.

Athenai 政治制度의 運營과 그 原理

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1966 論文集 Vol.2 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to help to clarify some of the questions on the Athenian political institutions and its operating principles. Also it attempts to study, with contemporary confusion over the mass democracy in mind, the participation of Athenian citizens in public affairs. Contrary to the contemporary demand as expressed by Perikles that one who takes no interest in public affairs is a useless character in the democratic society, a big D. K. group exists actually in the modern society. This problem should be solved for the effective operation of democracy. The result of this study led to the following conclusions. The Athenian direct democratic institutions are not practicable in the modern world. However, the principles of its operation and ideals of its system are very useful elements even in the modern society. That is to say, much interest for citizens in public offairs, sound judges of a policy by the people, the great respect for laws, ruling not by men but by the institutions, the views on the freedom of speech, the senses on the decision of the majority, the notion of freedom by the participation. All these principles and ideals must be the important elements that are considered and appraised for the effective operation of democracy even in the modern times.

近代化의 槪念規定에 關한 一硏究

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1969 論文集 Vol.5 No.-

This paper is an attempt to clarify the concepts of the term Modernization. It is commonly defined in two ways in the broad sense of the term. One is the historical view point and the other is the view point of social science. Also, as an intermediate way of the definition, we face, sometimes, the theory of the stage development which originated in Karl Marx. However, in this paper, the definitions based on both the historical theory and that of the stage development are denied, and an effort was made mainly on the viewpoint of social sciece. As an approach to this study, various scholastic opinions were collected, analized, and appraised. Viewed from the stand-point of social science the result led to a conclusive definition of the term Modernization. It was also proved the concept of modernization is one that is irrelevant to historical age. The scholars whose views are mainly quoted here are John Hall, C.E.Black, R.P.Dore, D.Rustow, Tominaga-Genitchi, Takajima-Yoshinari, Kibyuk-Cha and others. Besides them Max Weber, W.W.Rostow, and D.E.Apter's opinions were also considered. General concept of the term can be defined as "Industrialization, mechanization" and "Democratization, Nationalization". This fulfilment in economy and economic factors can not be realized in all social systems but only in the free-democratic society. Communist countries such as Soviet Russia or Red China are the abnormal cases in the process of the Modernization. This sickness is a phenomenon such as Fascism and Nazism. If we concentrate the concepts of the Modernization on "Industrialization" and "Democratization", the former is usually considered to be more important. But no less important is the spiritual dimension. If we regard industrialization as modernization, it can be safely said that the communist societies can also achieve it. But as R.P.Dore points out it is only "partial modernization" or "unsuccessful Modernization". The conclusion of this paper is as follows : ① The term modernization used nowadays in many countries is a term of social science, sublimated from its historical concept. ② Modernization is based on the free-democratic societies, and is a kind of disease, transitional phenomenon in the communist societies which is seen in the process of modernization. ③ The concept of modernization includes the contemporization. That is to say, the term modernization used today in underdeveloped countries is a broader and complex concept which includes the effort of contemporization(writer's own word). It is only an emotional and stimulative expression of Modernization.

民主主義에 關한 基礎的 一考察

朴泰岩 대구교육대학교 1970 論文集 Vol.6 No.-

In this paper, I attempted to define the term of democray and tried to clarify its basic theory and practice. Probably democracy is the most emotionally provocative word in the world's vocabulary. Even the dictators of the communist countries use the term "democratic" to enhance the prestige of their regimes. The meaning of democracy defined by many great scholars may be grouped under two major ideas or schools of thought. One holds that democracy means simply particular form of government, a form in which the people hold political control over the government. The other view is thatdemocracy is much more than a mere form or system of government. In this study the writer in the main discusses the former type of democracy withemerging nations in mind. The assumptions of democracy direct and shape its institutions and processes; In other words, the assumptions determine the values; the institutions and procedures seek to provide the empirically best methods for achieving these values. The centuralassumption of democracy is that the people are capable of governing themselves- presumable because human beings are equal, rational, intelligent, moral, liberal and progressive. The institution of democracy in action is divided into two; The first stage concerns the selection of public officers in a meaningful way by the popople. The second concerns the operation of the government by public officers in a way that shows responsibility tothe wishes of the people. The preconditions for the success of democracy depend upon both the spiritual or cultural foundations and economic status of the people. It is hard to expect its successful operation without the conditions above mentioned. What the opiritual and economical conditions lack in the successful operation of democracy may be made up for by political measures rather than individual efforts, especially in the emerging nations. In this, as a conclusion, lies the importance of the political dimension of democracy.

사회과의 대화학습

박태암 대구교육대학교 초등교육연구소 1989 초등교육연구논총 Vol.2 No.-

社會開發과 社會政策

박태암 대구대학교 새마을지역사회개발연구소 1978 지역사회개발논총(地域社會開發論叢) Vol.1 No.-

This paper attempts to examine recent concepts of social development and social policy, identifying the similarity of the two concepts in contemporary studies. As is well known, the history of studies on social development is not long. They were started after the Second World War by the United Nations as a subordinate field of its efforts to help the economic development of under-developed countries. Since the 1960's, with the begining of "the Development Decade," the concept of social development has risen itself into one of two main notions of development, as a notion in balance, with that of economic development. The concept of social development has a close connection with that of "the regional development" and "the community development." There were often some overlaps and confusions in defining those concepts. But the main differences among them can be said as follow; the regional and community development is basically directed at economic and material growth, and the social development is ultimately oriented to the welfare society making. On the contrary, social policy has had a quite long history since the 19th century. Social policy has been usually defined in two ways of it; the first one is that so called "traditional definition." the second one may be called "a contemporary definition." While the former set up by German and Japanese scholars is a narrow definition focused on "how to control and preserve labor's situations effectively," the latter used by most Anglo-American scholars has a broad social program, social reform, or social planning", instead of social policy. Recently, many scholars such as M.Macbeath, W.Hagenbuch, F.Lafitte, T.H. Marshall, M.Rein, F.H.Parker and so on have given it a very similar definition to that of social development. In conclusion, in view of the observation, it may be argued that social policy should be conducted as a social development and its policy.

地域社會開發에 있어서 女性의 役割

朴泰岩 대구효성가톨릭대학교 사회과학연구소 1989 女性問題硏究 Vol.17 No.-