戰爭文學의 槪念規定에 關한 硏究

趙炳洛 陸軍士官學校 1965 한국군사학논집 Vol.3 No.-

First of all, before I go into the definition of the concept of war literature I an tempted to make clear the concept of war itself for the sake of the definition of war literature. Otherwise, in the light of the characteristics of the modern war which is an all-out war and absolute war, the domain of war literature would be so extensive that it would be very difficult to draw a borderline for it. Here below, I have taken several restrictions which will be helpful in dealing with war literature. First, the war taken in war literature should involve BATTLE in it. War should not be confused nor identified with battle. Battle is an armed conflict at a certain time and space, and a direct means used for the purpose of war, but war is a series of those battles in general, War is not only a series of the battles and it also involves a lot of elements besides them. Therefore the war without battle is out of the question so far as war literature is concerned. In this point of view, the truce term, the suspension of hostilities and the cold war are not considered as war for war literature. Second, I am highly emphazing that the war taken in war literature--- as is also a very important factor in defining the general concept of war ---- should be in turmoil situation involving two or more nations or certain organized groups which are proved as the belligerent ones. Hence war exists of course, among individual nations or the allied ones but it cannot exist among animals, individuals, a few people and between a small group and a nation. Therefore war holds only when a few people or some groups are proved to be the belligerent groups even though they fight one another. The question is, then, when they are proved to be so I think the answer to it is to follow the international law. If a rebellion is mine and on such a scale as to be put down in a short while, it will be a domestic problem to cope with it. But if it has certain organizations and dominent power in quite a big area and has a belligerent ability against the legal government, it can be a belligerent power not only against its own nation but also against another nation. Third, the war taken in war literature doesn't necessarily have to be one which actually happened in history. Therefore, since we are not dealing with war history but with war literature, we can picture an imaginary battle which may be possible to exist even though it did not happen in history. In a word, the war taken in war literature doesn't have to be one which happened in history, but the important thing is whether the author tried to describe the battle which was wazed among the organized groups proven belligerent, or between two nations or more than two. What is. than, war literature? I may have not been informed well enough there of, but I have yet is find a clear and satisfactory answer to the question from our scholars. In some peoples' viewpoints, war literature has been regarded as a literature in which war is taken as MATERIAL ; in others', a literature which takes was as SUBJECT-MATTER; and in still others', a literature whose THEME is war. According to Wang Chi-C'au(王集叢), literary critic of nationalist China, human life is either battle itself or deeply concerned with it. Therefore, whether war literature can hold or not depends upon the author's idea or attitudes, irrespective of the real battle. I dare say that the meanings of all of these quotations are not near the point. I tried to pin down in detail the answers to it but here I didn't put them. I am saying that war literature should involve several conditions as will be mentioned below. Frist, some or all of the characters in the works of war literature should be fighters, though they don't have to fight continuously from beginning to end. The fighters here are regular forces who serve in the army, navy, air force or marinecorps. But besides, milita, volunteers, partisans and guerrillas etc. can also be FIGHTERS if they satisfy several conditions---I do not put them here. Second, in war literature the battle scene which all or some of the fighting members take part in should be described at least once or more. For we cannot argue war literature without dealing battle in it. Nevertheless the author doesn't have to stick to the battle which happened really. In other words, the author can write fiction or reportage, etc.--- As far as the battle is concerned, it doesn't matter if it is a fight on the ground, in the sea, or in the air tha tthe author descrives. If such restrictions are not given, one cannot distinguish which are the works of war literature and which are not, and every work can be war literature if we consider the characteristics of the current war. Therefore, the definition of war literature in terms of those restrictions should claim that it is a literary work that carries more than one battle scene in which some or all of the main characters in the work take part personally as fighting members, and the subject-matter of which mainly consists of their life in service, including these battle scenes. It doesn't really matter whether the literary works are warlike, anti-warlike, documentary, or objective. I am not denying that it is a very serious problem to measure literary value in literature but the concept of war literature is independent of its literary value, for value doesn't have any meaning in defining war literature. It is only a problem of quality and criticism.

淨水處理場의 廢 Sludge로부터 Alum 回收 (Ⅰ)

曺秉樂,李元植,姜再馨 대구보건대학 1983 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.7 No.-

An investigation, from waste sludge of G and S water treatment plant in Daegu city, was carried out for the recovery of alum by the acidification with H₂SO₄. The results are shown as follows; 1. The efficiency of the alum recovery could be 90 and 80 percent at pH 1 and 2, respectively. And when the molar ratio of H₂SO₄ to total aluminum is 1.5 : 1, alum had recovered 90 percent for the S plant and 70 percent for the G plant. 2. The sludge settling velocities by the aluminum dissolution was best effective at pH 1, but it was decreased as pH value is to increase otherwise the effects of sludge volume and suspended solid reduction were increased proportionally by the aluminum dissolution. 3. In the coagulation criticizing of the fresh alum and recovered alum from waste sludge, the recovered alum was superior to fresh alum in the low turbidity of the raw water while fresh alum was more efficient than recovered alum at the level of heigher turbidity. 4. It was proposed to a probable process for the reuse of recovered alum from waste sludge. Moreover, in considering of the sludge treatment problems, it can be expected that the reuse of recovered alum is more economics than commercial alum.

染色 廢水 處理場의 凝集 廢Sludge로부터 Alum回收

曺秉樂 대구보건대학 1984 대구보건대학 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

An investigation, from coagulation waste-sludge of 3 dyeing industrial complex and P dyeing industrial co. in Daegu city, was carried out for the recovery of alum by the acidification with H₂SO₄. The results are show as follows; 1. The efficiency of the alum recovery could be 90 and 70 percent at pH 1 and 2, respectively, And when the molar ratio of H₂SO₄ to total aluminum is 1.5 : 1, alum had recoved 90 percent for the P plant coagulation sludge and 60 percent for the B dyeing wastewater treatment plant. 2. The sludge settling velocities by the aluminum dissolution was best effective at pH 1, but it was decreased as pH value is to increase, otherwise the effect of sludge volume and suspended solid reduction were increased proportionally by the aluminum dissolution. 3. In the coagutation eriticizing of the fresh alum and recovered alum from waste sludge. its likely that was increased than chemical dosage 32㎎/ℓ as A1 in the dyeing wastewater containing 500mgCOD/ℓ, while fresh alum was more efficient that was below than chemical dosage 32e/4 as Al. 4. It was proposed to a probable process for the reuse of recovered alum from waste sludge. Moreover, in considering of the sludge treatment problems, it can be expected that the reuse of recovered alum is more economics than commercial alum.

분해탈기법에 의한 염색폐수 중의 고농도 질소 제거에 관한 연구

조병락(Byeung-Rak Cho) 한국산업융합학회 2002 한국산업융합학회 논문집 Vol.5 No.3

Total nitrogen is a major pollutant which mostly causes eutrophication and red tide. Wastewater effluent from printing of cotton-viscose rayon containing high concentrations of total nitrogen can not be effectively treated with a typical biological treatment process. This paper provides a new treatment process and experimental results for the removal of high strength nitrogen from dyeing wastewater. The optimum conditions of air stripping for the removal of total nitrogen include around pH 12, temperature 60℃ with 60 minutes of stripping time. In case of a filtration-air stripping process, an initial level (500㎎/ℓ) of total nitrogen was significantly reduced to below 60㎎/ℓ. Deconite was synthesised for further decomposition of organic nitrogen. Thus, a filtration-decomposition-air stripping process was possibly achieved, by which a high level (900㎎/ℓ) of total nitrogen was effectively removed to below 60㎎/ℓ P. Finally, a continuous new process for the removal of total nitrogen is proposed and confirmed, based on batch experimental results, and its process validity is further discussed throughout.<br/> <br/>

새로운 불소처리제를 이용한 전자폐수처리에 관한 연구

조병락(Byeung-Rak Cho),서유덕(You-Duck Suh) 한국환경관리학회 2012 環境管理學會誌 Vol.18 No.4

본 연구에서는 새로운 불소처리제를 합성하고, 이를 이용하여 전자폐수에 대한 불소, COD, 칼슘제거율 및 슬러지 감소효과를 검토하였다. lime과 KE-100에 의한 불소 처리효율은 각각 90.7% 및 94.7%, COD 처리효율은 41.9% 및 69.7%로 나타나 새로운 불소처리제(KE-100)에 의한 불소 및 COD 처리효율이 각각 4% 및 27.8% 향상되어 나타났다. KE-100 및 lime으로 응집한 경우의 Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> 농도는 각각 840㎎/ℓ 및 2,280㎎/ℓ으로 나타나 KE-100으로 응집한 경우 Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> 농도가 2.7배 정도나 크게 감소되었다. KE-100 및 lime으로 응집한 경우의 슬러지 발생량은 각각 9 ㎏/㎥·폐수 및 22.5 ㎏/㎥·폐수로 나타나 새로운 불소처리제 KE-100을 사용하면 약40% 정도 슬러지 저감효과가 크게 나타났다. In this research, We synthesized a new fluorine treatment reagent and investigated treatment efficiency of fluorine, COD, Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> and sludge amount. Fluorine treatment efficiencies were 90.7% and 94.7% by lime and KE-100. In addition, COD treatment efficiencies were 41.9% and 69.7% by lime and KE-100, respectively. Fluorine treatment efficiency and COD treatment efficiency were increased by 4% and 27.8% with KE-100. Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> concentration with KE-100 was 840㎎/ℓ and it was 2.7 times smaller than Ca2+ concentration with lime. Ithe amount of Sludge with KE-100 coagulation was 9 ㎏/㎥ and it was 40% smaller than the amount of Sludge with lime

도시 고형폐기물의 지역별 쓰레기 성상 비교 : 서울 및 대구지역을 중심으로

曺秉樂,徐裕德,權起弘 영남이공대학 산업기술연구소 1995 産業技術硏究 Vol.8 No.-

This study was carried out to investigate the physico-chemical characteristics of municipal solid wastes generated in Seoul and Taegu area. Each waste sample was analyzed to obtain physical and chemical compositions. The average physical compositions of wastes in Seoul were garbage 54.7%, paper 18.1%, and plastics 12.1%, and those produced in Taegu were garbage 42.2%, paper 21.4%, and plastics 10.8%. The higher amount of papers and plastics is due to many office building. The annual generation rates of municipal solid wastes in Seoul and Taegu area were 1.16㎏/c.day and 1.04㎏/c.day. Bulk densities of municipal solid wastes made a difference at each sampling site and the average bulk densities of wastes produced in Seoul and Taegu area were 117㎏/㎥ and 114㎏/㎥, respectively. The average moisture contents of wastes from Seoul and Taegu area were 47.3% and 39.0%, and the volatile solids were 38.7% and 33.4%, respectively. The average low heating value of wastes from Seoul and Taegu area were 2,057kcal/㎏ and 1,877kcal/㎏.

縣垂微生物接觸法 (HBC)에 의한 染色廢水處理

曺秉樂(Cho Byeung Rak),徐裕德(Suh You Duck),權起弘(Kwon Gee Hong) 한국환경관리학회 1995 環境管理學會誌 Vol.1 No.1

방해물질 존재하의 암모니아성 질소 제거를 위한 생물학적 활성탄 여과탑의 설계

조병락 영남이공대학 1989 論文集 Vol.18 No.-

It is confirmed from the biofilm model developed in the presence of inhibitors that ammonia-nitrogen is limiting species from the ratio of S_(??)S_(??) above 2.36 in the nitrification process. The residual ammonia-nitrogen obtained is corresponded the experimental value with the calculated value at various filter height on the low concentration of ammonia-nitrogen. Therefore, biofilm reactor in the presence of inhibitors can be proposed to design with biofilm model developed.

大規摸 染色工業團地 廢水의 綜合處理에 關하여

曺秉樂,李種達,朴永圭,李哲熙,李武康 嶺南大學校 環境問題硏究所 1981 環境硏究 Vol.1 No.1

In this study, a method of treating waste water from the Bisan Dyeing Industry complex has been developed. This process will be used as a model for treating waste water from the future large-scale dyeing industy complex. If the concentrated dyeing waste water may be seperated from the scouring waste water the C-2 process is the most economical to treat the concentrated dyeing waste water first by the coagulation precipitation process and the scouring waste water mixed with the effluent of coagulation precipitaion next by the activated sludge process. When it is impossible to seperate the concentrated dyeing waste water from scouring water for the Biasn Dyeing Industry complex, the B-2 process treating by the activated sludge process following coagulation precipitation with alum can be applied.

염색폐수에 포함된 색도와 유기물의 효과적인 동시제거 방안

조병락(Byeung-Rak Cho) 한국환경관리학회 2009 環境管理學會誌 Vol.15 No.2

날염폐수 중의 색도와 유기물을 동시에 효과적으로 제거하기 위하여 새로운 복합조성물을 합성하고 그 효과를 검증하였다. 색도제거 효과는 단일 약품보다는 복합조성물이, 복합조성물에서는 성분수가 많을수록 상승효과를 가져왔으며, Fe(2)염 : Fe(1)염 : Al(1)염의 2 : 1 : 0.5 조성물이 가장 우수하였다. 유기물 제거를 위한 최적 응집조건은 응집제로는 Fe(2)염, 주입량은 2,000 ㎎/L, pH는 7.5이었으며, 새로운 복합조성물 DFC100을 사용한 pilot plant 연속실험에서 COD는 평균 63%, 색도는 평균 84.1%의 높은 제거효과를 나타내어 색도와 유기물의 동시제거에 만족할만한 결과를 얻었다. This study synthesized the new complex-coagulant and verified its effects to remove the colors and organics of printing wastewater simultaneously. For effects of the color removal, complex coagulants, rather than simple coagulant, and complex coagulants with many ingredients had a upward tendency, of which Fe(2)salt : Fe(1)salt : Al(1) salt 2 : 1 : 0.5 coagulants were the best. The optimum conditions of coagulation for removing organics are as follows; coagulant is Fe(2)salt, injection quantity is 2,000㎎/L, and pH is 7.5. The pilot plant continuant experiment, using DFC100, shows that COD is 63% in average, color is 84.1% in average, means high removal effects. So, this study provides the satisfied results for the removal of the color and organics simultaneously.