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우수, 중수 : 빗물저장탱크에서의 미생물 변화와 초기 유출수 배제의 효과 분석
( Muhammad Tahir Amin ),( Mooyoung Han ) 대한상하수도학회 2007 공동추계 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2007 No.-
Domestic Rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems have been practiced for thousands of years. Although the collection of rainwater for potable purposes is an ancient practice but is not widespread due to many reasons. Though, RWH has been receiving increased attention worldwide, as an alternative source of non-potable water, its use as potable water supply is very limited and the main reason is obviously the quality of stored rainwater in domestic tanks that believe not to meet the drinking water quality standards. Assessments of roof runoff quality that can be found in the literature do have rather differing result, while some authors concluded that rain runoff from roof surfaces is polluted other found a low pollution potential associated with roof runoff. This paper presents the results of microbial quality of stored rainwater in the underground storage tanks of two buildings in Seoul National University, Seoul. The main objectives were to find the horizontal and vertical microbial quality variation within storage tank, and the effects of first flush removal on microbial quality of rainwater. The microbial quality of stored rainwater improves from inlet to outlet point so the present design of rainwater tank with long distance between inlet and outlet points is the best but it may not be optimum when considers the vertical quality variation in tank since water at the surface of tank provided the better quality than at bottom or mid-point of water depth at inlet or outlet points and thus suggesting the outlet near the surface of tank using some kind of suction device. Also, the first flush of runoff water that occurs at the beginning of a rainfall event contains a high proportion of the pollutant load and it must be diverted for improved microbial quality of stored rainwater or should be treated in an appropriate way. Microbiological investigations have revealed interesting results and low-cost microbial disinfection such as solar disinfection of stored rainwater for drinking purposes can be viewed as future research.
Muhammad Ajaz Hussain,Khawar Abbas,Muhammad Sher,Muhammad Nawaz Tahir,Wolfgang Tremel,Mohammad Saeed Iqbal,Muhammad Amin,Munair Badshah 한국고분자학회 2011 Macromolecular Research Vol.19 No.12
This article presents the synthesis of novel hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC)-aspirin (ASP) conjugates,i.e. macromolecular prodrugs, through the reaction of HPMC with ASP after its in situ activation by 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride. The highly pure ASP prodrugs obtained by this homogeneous and elegant esterification method were characterized using different spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques. Nanoparticulate drug design was successfully achieved by the conversion of free hydroxyls of the polymer into acetates. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed nanoparticle formation with the major population size distribution of around 450 nm. Nevertheless, the pharmacokinetics of the HPMC conjugates were studied using high performance liquid chromatography. The pharmacokinetic data indicated that a single dose of 132.6 mg of HPMC-ASP was well tolerated in animal studies without any adverse effects. The maximum plasma concentration (C_max) of HPMC-ASP was found to be 14.6 μg·L^-1 with a t_max of 1 h. The plasma half-life and clearance and the volume of HPMC-ASP distribution were 4.6 h, 3.23 L·h^-1, and 21.8 L·kg^-1, respectively. The elimination of HPMC-ASP followed first-order kinetics with r^2 of 0.9643. The results presented in this paper show the great potential of HPMCASP as a more effective, safe, and stable prodrug.
Amin, Muhammad Tahir,Han, Mooyoung IWA Publishing 2009 Water Science & Technology Vol.60 No.2
<P>Efficiency of solar disinfection (SODIS) was evaluated for the potability of rainwater in view of the increasing water and energy crises especially in developing countries. Rainwater samples were collected from an underground storage tank in 2 L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles and SODIS efficiency was evaluated at different weather conditions. For optimizing SODIS, PET bottles with different backing surfaces to enhance the optical and thermal effects of SODIS were used and different physicochemical parameters were selected and evaluated along with microbial re-growth observations and calculating microbial decay constants. Total and fecal coliforms were used along with Escherichia Coli and Heterotrophic Plate Counts (HPC) as basic microbial and indicator organisms of water quality. For irradiance less than 600 W/m2, reflective type PET bottles were best types while for radiations greater than 700 W/m2, absorptive type PET bottles offered best solution due to the synergistic effects of both thermal and UV radiations. Microbial inactivation did not improve significantly by changing the initial pH and turbidity values but optimum SODIS efficiency is achieved for rainwater with acidic pH and low initial turbidity values by keeping air-spaced PET bottles in undisturbed conditions. Microbial re-growth occurred after one day only at higher turbidity values and with basic pH values. First-order reaction rate constant was in accordance with recent findings for TC but contradicted with previous researches for E. coli. No microbial parameter met drinking water guidelines even under strong experimental weather conditions rendering SODIS ineffective for complete disinfection and hence needed more exposure time or stronger sunlight radiations. With maximum possible storage of rainwater, however, and by using some means for accelerating SODIS process, rainwater can be disinfected and used for potable purposes.</P>