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Recent Advances and Trends in Reactive Polyurethane Adhesives
Krebs, Michael The Society of Adhesion and Interface 2006 접착 및 계면 Vol.7 No.4
The paper highlights technical advances and introduces recent innovations such as smart curing laminating adhesives for flexible packaging with low migration rates of aromatic isocyanates and amines. Latent reactive one-part systems on the basis of surface deactivated solid isocyanates open up new dimensions for heat setting adhesives and waterborne PU dispersions. The new generation of Purmelt Micro Emission adhesives contains less than 0.1% of MDI monomer, thereby drastically reducing the emission of hazardous isocyanate vapors during processing and setting a significantly improved technical standard in occupational safety. Once again, polyurethane adhesives have demonstrated their unique ability to adapt to new process, product, safety and environmental requirements.
Koller Juliane,Bismarck Carsten,Krebs Sona,Hitzl Wolfgang,Mayer Michael,Koller Heiko 대한척추외과학회 2021 Asian Spine Journal Vol.15 No.2
Study Design: Cross-sectional population-based study.Purpose: The study objective was to evaluate the coexistence of neck- and shoulder-disability, to establish normative scores for Neck Disability Index (NDI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS)-neck, VAS-arm, Quick Disability of Shoulder and Hand (Quick-DASH), and modified Constant score (mConstant score), and to determine the influence of psychological distress (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]) on the disability measures. The authors also investigated the distribution of dysphagia across the population and its relation to the NDI scores.Overview of Literature: Several factors can adversely influence the clinical outcomes after cervical surgeries. The interaction of neck and shoulder disability in the perspective of psychological distress is not well understood.Methods: Prospective questionnaire-based assessment was performed for 1,000 participants. Questionnaires consisted of validated generic and disease-specific queries and specific questions. The survey included patients without pathologies of cervical spine/shoulders/upper extremities.Results: Mean age of participants was 39 years. The average neck VAS score was 1.2, NDI% was 7.3, arm VAS score was 0.8, QuickDASH was 6.2, mConstant score was 70.7, HADS-A score was 4.9, and HADS-D score was 3.2. The psychological scores showed a significant correlation with neck- and shoulder-disability (<i>p</i><0.0001, <i>r</i>=0.3 to <i>r</i>=0.5). However, correlations between neck (NDI%, neck VAS score) and shoulder disability (mConstant score, arm VAS score, Quick-DASH) were stronger (<i>p</i><0.0001, <i>r</i>=0.5 to <i>r</i>=0.6). A body mass index >35 kg/m<sup>2</sup> influenced shoulder-disability (<i>p</i><0.005) and psychological distress (HADS-D score, <i>p</i><0.00001). Limited neck rotation was present in those with higher age, psychological distress, neck and shoulder disability (<i>p</i><0.001).Conclusions: Normative scores for neck and shoulder disability were established. The outcomes of cervical spine surgery can be normalized to these results. A better understanding of the interdependencies of neck and shoulder disability and psychological distress would enable superior decision-making and patient counseling.