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Enhancement of Innate and Adaptive Immune Functions by Multiple Echinacea Species
Zili Zhai,Yi Liu,Lankun Wu,David S. Senchina,Eve S. Wurtele,Patricia A. Murphy,Marian L. Kohut,Joan E. Cunnick 한국식품영양과학회 2007 Journal of medicinal food Vol.10 No.3
Echinaceapreparations are commonly used as nonspecific immunomodulatory agents. Alcohol extracts fromthree widely used Echinaceaspecies, Echinacea angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, and Echinacea purpurea, were investigatedfor immunomodulating properties. The three Echinaceaspecies demonstrated a broad difference in concentrations of indi-vidual lipophilic amides and hydrophilic caffeic acid derivatives. Mice were gavaged once a day (for 7 days) with one of theEchinaceaextracts (130 mg/kg) or vehicle and immunized with sheep red blood cells (sRBC) 4 days prior to collection ofimmune cells for multiple immunological assays. The three herb extracts induced similar, but differential, changes in the per-centage of immune cell populations and their biological functions, including increased percentages of CD49. and CD19.lymphocytes in spleen and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Antibody response to sRBC was significantly increased equally byextracts of all three Echinacea species. Concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes from E. angustifolia- and E. pallida-treatedmice demonstrated significantly higher T cell proliferation. In addition, the Echinaceatreatment significantly altered the cy-tokine production by mitogen-stimulated splenic cells. The three herbal extracts significantly increased interferon-. produc-tion, but inhibited the release of tumor necrosis factor-. and interleukin (IL)-1.. Only E. angustifolia- and E. pallida-treatedmice demonstrated significantly higher production of IL-4 and increased IL-10 production. Taken together, these findingsdemonstrated that Echinaceais a wide-spectrum immunomodulator that modulates both innate and adaptive immune responses.In particular, E. angustifoliaor E. pallidamay have more anti-inflammatory potential.
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