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< 구두-C-16 > 미국내 산업용재의 보존처리; 붕사와 나프텐산 구리를 이용한 2중처리
김재우,( Jeff Lloyd ) 한국목재공학회 2018 한국목재공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2018 No.1
미국내 산업용재는 주로 철도침목, 교량용 목재, 전신주 파일링 목재 등이며 대부분의 경우 유성 (크레오소트) 혹은 유용성 (나프텐산 구리) 방부제로 처리되고 있다. 철도 침목등에 사용되는 크레오소트는 최근 인체 유해성과 함께 환경 및 생태계에 대한 위해성이 제기 되고 있으며 따라서 크레오소트를 대체 할 목재 방부제의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 또한 크레오소트로 처리된 목재의 폐기도 여러가지 문제점을 가지고 있으며 미국에서는 제한된 용도로 재활용, 엄격한 관리체계에 따른 보일러 열원으로 이용, 혹은 매립되고 있다. 현재 미국에서의 목침목의 수명은 지역 (Decay Hazard Zone) 에 따라 보통 18-40년으로 국내의 일반적인 목침목 내구연한인 15년 보다 훨씬 길다. 이러한 이유는 침목생산에 약액 주입이 불량한 열대산 활엽수재를 사용하고 또 방부처리전 스파이크 예배 천공을 하지 않고 현장에서 천공하여 스파이크를 박고 있어 방부제 미침투 부위의 노출로 인해 내부 부후가 쉽게 진행되기 때문으로 알려져 있다. 한편 미국에서는 주로 자국산 활엽수를 사용하며 방부제 주입성은 양호에서 극히 불량까지 나누어 진다. 1960년대 말레이시아에서 붕사 (Sodium Borate)를 이용한 목침목의 2중처리가 처음 시도된 이후 1980년대 미국에서 붕사와 크레오소트, 혹은 붕사와 나프텐산 구리를 이용한 목침목의 2중처리에 대한 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 이러한 2중처리는 수용성인 붕사의 확산을 기반으로 침목의 외부를 나프텐산 구리 혹은 크레오소트가, 내부를 확산된 붕사가 보호하여 목침목의 수명을 늘려주는 것으로 판명되었다. 최근 크레오소트의 유해성으로 인해 나프텐산 구리가 목침목, 특히 교량용 침목에 사용되고 있으며 나프텐산 구리/붕사의 2중 처리된 목침목의 사용이 꾸준히 증가 되고 있다. 현재 국내에서는 크레오소트가 유일한 목침목 방부제로 사용되고 있다. 나프텐산 구리와 나프텐산 구리/붕사가 크레오소트의 대체 방부제로 사용된다면 인체와 환경에 대한 영향을 최소화 하며 목침목의 내구성도 향상되고, 아울러 내구연한 이후 조경용재 등으로 재활용도 가능 할 것으로 예상된다.
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What do we know about mouthguards? (Report of the 1st International Sports Dentistry Workshop, 2016)
( Richard Leesungbok ),( Jeff Lloyd ),( Yoshinobu Maeda ),( Tomotaka Takeda ) 국제태권도학회 2017 International Symposium for Taekwondo Studies Vol.2017 No.-
Purpose: Our goal is to one day formulate consensus statements related to these questions, which will be based on current scientific evidence-based research, to motivate the inter national community of the importance of dentally fitted laminated mouthguards and the wearing of them by athletes of all sports. Methods: The 1st International Sports Dentistry Workshop took place in Honolulu, Hawaii, July 26-27, 2016. It was composed of sixteen sports dentists from Japan, Korea, Australia and the USA, who began their work months before the workshop by dividing up into four small groups and developing questions about their assigned topic. The topics were: ㆍ What do we know about mouthguards? ㆍ What do we know about mouthguards and impact force? ㆍ What do we know about mouthguards and performance enhancement? ㆍ What do we know about sports drinks and nutrition? The group searched the literature for current scientific evidence-based articles to try to find answers to questions that they had developed. The body of the work was then reviewed at the Hawaii workshop. Overall, the group shared the following concerns about some of the topics: ㆍ the age of the research could have been more current ㆍ there was a general lack of scientific evidence-based research ㆍ there were conflicting results from researchers on similar topics. It is the intention of the group to continue to meet and search for new scientific evidence-based literature so that consensus statements can eventually be formulated for these topics. Results: The purpose of the international sports dentistry workshop was to formulate and answer leading questions relevant to mouthguards and their use in sports. Dentally fitted laminated mouthguards worn on the upper jaw offer the best protection when compared with the “boil and bite” design in trauma prevention. Workshop collaboration in combina tion with scientific evidence suggests mouthguard design requires strict adherence to spe cific dimensions in order to reduce the effects of impact force. On the contrary, there was no difference in effectiveness of reducing impact force to the head with or without a mouth guard without clenching teeth. Mouthguards can attribute to enhancement of postural con trol and muscle performance during teeth clenching. Additionally, consumption of sports drinks prior to mouthguard use increases places athletes at a higher risk for dental caries. Conclusions: Collectively it was felt amongst all of the participants that more current re search with more uniform controls (use of a dentally laminated mouthguard) would be most beneficial in the evaluation of more current scientific evidence based research and facilitate an international consensus statement regarding mouthguards that hopefully could promote more mandated usage internationally.
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Urban rainwater harvesting systems: Research, implementation and future perspectives
Campisano, Alberto,Butler, David,Ward, Sarah,Burns, Matthew J.,Friedler, Eran,DeBusk, Kathy,Fisher-Jeffes, Lloyd N.,Ghisi, Enedir,Rahman, Ataur,Furumai, Hiroaki,Han, Mooyoung Elsevier 2017 Water research Vol.115 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>While the practice of rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be traced back millennia, the degree of its modern implementation varies greatly across the world, often with systems that do not maximize potential benefits. With a global focus, the pertinent practical, theoretical and social aspects of RWH are reviewed in order to ascertain the state of the art. Avenues for future research are also identified. A major finding is that the degree of RWH systems implementation and the technology selection are strongly influenced by economic constraints and local regulations. Moreover, despite design protocols having been set up in many countries, recommendations are still often organized only with the objective of conserving water without considering other potential benefits associated with the multiple-purpose nature of RWH. It is suggested that future work on RWH addresses three priority challenges. Firstly, more empirical data on system operation is needed to allow improved modelling by taking into account multiple objectives of RWH systems. Secondly, maintenance aspects and how they may impact the quality of collected rainwater should be explored in the future as a way to increase confidence on rainwater use. Finally, research should be devoted to the understanding of how institutional and socio-political support can be best targeted to improve system efficacy and community acceptance.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A review of practical, theoretical and social aspects or urban rainwater harvesting systems. </LI> <LI> Much of the implemented systems do not consider the multi-purpose nature of RWH. </LI> <LI> Need of datasets including water saving, stormwater management and energy consumption aspects. </LI> <LI> Institutional and socio-political support to improve RWH efficacy and community acceptance. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
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