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Companion animals as a source of infectious diseases in human-animal interface
( Daesub Song ) 대한인수공통전염병학회 2019 창립총회 및 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2019 No.1
Human-animal interactions are critical for understanding the zoonotic viral diseases. The complex relationship between human and animal species has evolved since the advent of human species, bringing the interface without ceasing evolution, promoting the transmission, emergence and eventual evolution of infectious agents. Although companion animals which comprise a wide variety of species are major member of animals, along with farm or industrial animals and wildlife, their role in zoonosis has been neglected. Therefore, we reviewed the literature and several lists from world health organization (WHO) for infections of companion animals by zoonotic viruses and listed in hierarchy in terms of human health and economic impact. Viruses of highest concern included coronavirus, paramyxovirus, tick or mosquito borne viruses, creamian congo virus, hepatitis E virus, rotavirus, LCMV etc… Also, we have listed and described the possible zoonotic infectious diseases that can spread in domestic wild animal cafes And as examples of role of companion animals for viral infections, we reported the avian-to-dog interspecies transmission of influenza viruses and its continuous mutation have led the zoonotic possibilities from recent animal model studies. And we also found evidence for the anthroponotic transmission of human flu viruses to dogs. The above list of viruses provides an objective basis for more analysis of the risk of companion animals as sources of viruses for human. And the continuous emergences of zoonotic diseases emphasize the more targeted actions to reduce and prevent the risk of zoonosis transmitted via companion animals for healthy human-animal interfaces.
Experimental Infection of Dogs with Avian-Origin Canine Influenza A Virus (H3N2)
Song, Daesub,Lee, Chulseung,Kang, Bokyu,Jung, Kwonil,Oh, Taehoon,Kim, Hyekwon,Park, Bongkyun,Oh, Jinsik Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2009 Emerging infectious diseases Vol.15 No.1
<P>Susceptible dogs were brought into contact with dogs experimentally infected with an avian-origin influenza A virus (H3N2) that had been isolated from a pet dog with severe respiratory syndrome. All the experimentally infected and contact-exposed dogs showed elevated rectal temperatures, virus shedding, seroconversion, and severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis and bronchioalveolitis.</P>
Canine susceptibility to human influenza viruses (A/pdm 09H1N1, A/H3N2 and B)
Song, Daesub,Kim, Hyekwon,Na, Woonsung,Hong, Minki,Park, Seong-Jun,Moon, Hyoungjoon,Kang, Bokyu,Lyoo, Kwang-Soo,Yeom, Minjoo,Jeong, Dae Gwin,An, Dong-Jun,Kim, Jeong-Ki Society for General Microbiology 2015 The Journal of general virology Vol.96 No.2
<P>We investigated the infectivity and transmissibility of the human seasonal H3N2, pandemic (pdm) H1N1 (2009) and B influenza viruses in dogs. Dogs inoculated with human seasonal H3N2 and pdm H1N1 influenza viruses exhibited nasal shedding and were seroconverted against the viruses; this did not occur in the influenza B virus-inoculated dogs. Transmission of human H3N2 virus between dogs was demonstrated by observing nasal shedding and seroconversion in naïve dogs after contact with inoculated dogs. The seroprevalence study offered evidence of human H3N2 infection occurring in dogs since 2008. Furthermore, serological evidence of pdm H1N1 influenza virus infection alone and in combination with canine H3N2 virus was found in the serum samples collected from field dogs during 2010 and 2011. Our results suggest that dogs may be hosts for human seasonal H3N2 and pdm H1N1 influenza viruses.</P>
Song, Daesub,Ha, Gunwoo,Serhan, Wissam,Eltahir, Yassir,Yusof, Mohammed,Hashem, Farouq,Elsayed, Elsaeid,Marzoug, Bahaaeldin,Abdelazim, Assem,Al Muhairi, Salama American Society for Microbiology 2015 Journal of clinical microbiology Vol.53 No.4
<P>We present here a rapid immunochromatographic assay for the detection of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) antigen in the nasal swabs of dromedary camels. The assay is based on the detection of MERS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in a short time frame using highly selective monoclonal antibodies at room temperature. The relative sensitivity and specificity of the assay were found to be 93.90% and 100%, respectively, compared to that of the UpE and open reading frame 1A (Orf1A) real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR). The results suggest that the assay developed here is a useful tool for the rapid diagnosis and epidemiological surveillance of MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels.</P>
Virulence of a novel reassortant canine H3N2 influenza virus in ferret, dog and mice models
( Woonsung Na ),( Kwang-soo Lyoo ),( Minjoo Yeom ),( Dae-gwin Jeong ),( Daesub Song ),( Chang-ung Kim ),( Jeong-ki Kim ),( Daesub Song ) 대한인수공통전염병학회 2016 창립총회 및 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2016 No.1
The outbreak of a canine influenza virus (CIV) H3N2 reassortanted from pandemic (pdm) H1N1 and CIV H3N2 in companion animals has underscored the urgent need to monitor CIV infection for potential zoonotic transmission of influenza viruses to humans. In this study, we assessed the virulence of a novel CIV H3N2 (VC378) from a pdm H1N1 and CIV H3N2 coinfected dog in ferrets, dogs, and mice. Significantly enhanced virulence of VC378 was demonstrated in mice, although the transmissibility and pathogenicity of VC378 were similar to those of classic H3N2 in ferrets and dogs. This is notable because mice inoculated with an equivalent dose of classic CIV H3N2 showed no clinical signs and no lethality. We found that the PA and NS gene segments of VC378 were introduced from pdmH1N1, and these genes included amino acid substitutions; PAP224S and NS-I123V, that were previously found to be associated with virulence enhancement in mice. Thus, we speculate that the natural reassortment of CIV between pdm H1N1 and CIV H3N2 can confer virulence and that continuous surveillance is needed to monitor the evolution of CIV in companion animals.
( Woonsung Na ),송대섭 ( Daesub Song ) 대한인수공통전염병학회 2018 창립총회 및 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2018 No.1
Influenza viruses have continuously evolved into multiple mutant strains from several regions, resulting in aggravated endemic or epidemic outbreak conditions. In the 2000s, several outbreaks of inter-species transmission were reported, such as, the avian H3N2 influenza virus that crossed the host barrier to dogs. It showed a distribution similar to that of the avian sialic acid (SA) receptor, which enables the invading virus to enter the target cell. The inter-species transmission gave rise to the H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) that spread from East Asia to North America. The newly emerged H3N2 CIV was likely to infect to cats; however, ferrets, which had an SA receptor-binding pattern similar to that of humans, were not suitable natural hosts. In addition to avian-to-dog transmission, we found evidence for the transmission of human seasonal H3N2 and pandemic (pdm) H1N1 viruses to dogs. Serum samples collected from field dogs revealed human H3N2 infection in dogs since 2008, and pdm H1N1 infection alone or in combination with H3N2 CIV after 2009. The infectivity of pdm H1N1 and seasonal H3N2 viruses in dogs was proven when artificial inoculation of the viruses with active viral shedding in dogs caused pathologic changes in the lungs. Studies on sero-prevalence and artificial infection suggested the possibility of co-infection of and reassortment between the two viruses in dogs; later, H3N1 and variants of M-variant H3N2 reassortants between pandemic H1N1/2009 and prototype H3N2 CIV were isolated. We isolated 23 CIV reassortants from a naturally co-infected dog, and found that the M gene of pdm H1N1 and the HA gene of H3N2 CIV were predominant in reassortants that showed increased virulence in mice. Notably, the H3N2 CIV with the matrix gene of the pdm H1N1 virus showed more efficient transmission in ferrets than the classic H3N2 CIV. Recently, the H5 lineage of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus has spread in Asia. There is some concern regarding the potential transmission of HPAI viruses into dogs. We have found that dogs are susceptible to HPAI clade 1.1.2 (H5N1), 2.3.2.1c (H5N1), and 2.3.4.4 (H5N6). Infected dogs showed clinical signs, suggesting that dogs co-infected with HPAI could act as intermediate hosts for avian-human influenza virus reassortment. Dogs are an integral part of family life, sharing our lifestyles, houses, and even beds. We had previously shown the possibility of inter-species virus transmissions and natural reassortments in dogs. These results implied that this primary companion animal, which lives in closer proximity to humans than pigs, might act as a mixing vessel or a source of novel influenza A virus in humans. Our findings emphasized the necessity of intensive monitoring for influenza infection in companion animals for investigating the potential for the emergence of novel human influenza strains.