Naphthenic Acids in Coastal Sediments after the <i>Hebei Spirit</i> Oil Spill: A Potential Indicator for Oil Contamination

Wan, Yi,Wang, Beili,Khim, Jong Seong,Hong, Seongjin,Shim, Won Joon,Hu, Jianying American Chemical Society 2014 Environmental science & technology Vol.48 No.7

<P>Naphthenic acids (NAs) as toxic components in most petroleum sources are suspected to be one of the major pollutants in the aquatic environment following oil spills, and the polarity and persistence of NAs make it a potential indicator for oil contamination. However, the contamination and potential effects of pollutants in oil spill affected areas remain unknown. To investigate NAs in oil spill affected areas, a sensitive method was first established for analysis of NAs, together with oxy-NAs in sediment samples by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Then the method was applied to determine the NA mixtures in crude oil, weathered oil, and sediments from the spilled sites after the <I>Hebei Spirit</I> oil spill, Taean, South Korea (Dec. 2007). Concentrations of NAs, O<SUB>3</SUB>–NAs, and O<SUB>4</SUB>–NAs were found to be 7.8–130, 3.6–44, and 0.8–20 mg kg<SUP>–1</SUP> dw in sediments from the Taean area, respectively, which were much greater than those measured in the reference sites of Manlipo and Anmyundo beaches. Concentrations of NAs were 50–100 times greater than those (0.077–2.5 mg kg<SUP>–1</SUP> dw) of PAHs in the same sediment samples, thus the ecological risk of NAs in oil spill affected areas deserves more attention. The sedimentary profiles of oil-derived NAs and background NAs centered around compounds with 21–35 and 12–21 carbons, respectively, indicating that the crude-derived NA mixtures originating from the 2007 oil spill were persistent. Acyclic NAs<SUB><I>n</I>=5–20</SUB> were easily degraded compared to cyclic NAs<SUB><I>n</I>=21–41</SUB> during the oil weathering processes, and the ratio of oxy-NAs<SUB><I>n</I>=21–41</SUB> relative to NAs<SUB><I>n</I>=21–41</SUB> could be a novel index to estimate the degree of oil weathering in sediments. Altogether, the persistent oil-derived NAs<SUB><I>n</I>=21–41</SUB> could be used as a potential indicator for oil-specific contamination, as such compounds would not be much affected by the properties of coastal sediments possibly due to the high sorption of the negatively charged compounds (NAs) in sediment.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/esthag/2014/esthag.2014.48.issue-7/es405034y/production/images/medium/es-2013-05034y_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/es405034y'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

机器人的法律主体地位辨析

조만일(Zhao Wanyi)(赵,万一) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2018 圓光法學 Vol.34 No.3

人是现代民法制度设计的基础和主要保护对象,强调对人的尊重和保护是现代法治文明的主要标志。人工智能机器人的出现不但对现有的社会主体构造和社会关系造成很大冲击,而且对传统的以自然人为核心的民事主体制度也提出了严重挑战。但无论从哲学角度还是从法学角度,都不应当赋予机器人以与人相同的法律主体地位。其原因不仅在于机器人作为人类活动的结果其本身并不具有与周围环境交互影响的内在感知能力,因此并无与自然人类似的基于内心观察(认识)、判断、选择等一系列复杂行为所构成的意思能力,而且更在于机器人就其生成机理来说不可能产生生命和生命权,也没有作为责任承担主体所必备的道德、良心、良知、伦理、宗教、规矩和习惯。因此如果仓促确认机器人的独立民事主体资格,有可能给人类带来灾难性的后果。为了保证机器人的健康发展,一方面应当充分肯定科学技术对社会发展的巨 大促进作用,并利用良好的法律制度为机器人的进一步提档升级留下足够的发展空间; 另一方面则应确立人类优先和社会公共利益优先之理念,突出利益平衡要求,在充分考虑中国国情的基础上,建构符合中国国情需要的人工智能法律制度体系。 Human beings are the basis and major targets of protection in the designing of contemporary civil law system. The emphasis on paying respect to and providing protection to human beings is a major sign of the rule of law. However, the appearance of artificial intelligence robots has a profound impact on the current structuring of social subjects and social relations. It is also a big challenge to civil subject system which traditionally focuses on natural persons. From the perspectives of philosophy and jurisprudence, this paper suggests that robots should not be granted the status of legal subjects like that of human beings. When robots behave like human beings, their behaviors are not resulted from any internal perceptive capacity, which prohibit them from interacting with surroundings. Consequently, unlike natural persons robots do not have any mental capacity, which prohibits them from making observation, making judgements, making choices, and producing other complex behaviors. Furthermore, it is impossible for robots to have any life or right to life due to mechanisms producing those robots. Roberts are unable to assume any responsibility for their lack of any consciousness of morals, conscience, ethics, religions, rules and customs. As a result, if robots are granted the status of civil subjects in haste, there will be disastrous consequences to human beings. In order to promote the development of robots, legal regulations on robots should acknowledge the positive influence of science and technology on social development, while leave space for the further development and upgrading of robots. At the same time, legal regulations on artificial intelligence need to be based on the concept of giving priority to human beings and public social interests, focus on the balancing of interests, as well as be suitable to China’s conditions.

资本三原则的功能更新与价值定位

赵万一(Zhao Wanyi,조만일),王亮(Wang Liang,왕량) 원광대학교 법학연구소 2016 圓光法學 Vol.32 No.4

In the amendment of Company Law published in the end of 2013,the contributed capital system has changed into subscribed capital system. Theory of Three Principles of Capital has been shook which focused attention to transaction security and creditor benefits by Enforcement of the new Company Law. There are a few disagreement over whether or not The Three Principles of Capital has necessity to exist. Therefore, we need to reexamine the historical values and theoretical contexts of Three Principles of Capital. Moreover, we should discuss the actual value under the background of reform of subscribed capital system.Onthepremiseofreorientingthevalue of Three Principles of Capital, we must update and adjust the doctrines of capital determination, capital maintenance and unchanging Capital.

試論中國傳統戱劇的服飾藝術

孫晥怡 中韓人文科學硏究會 2003 한중인문학연구 Vol.10 No.-

중국 전통희극의 복식예술은 중국문화의 빼놓을 수 없는 부분이다. 희극에 정통한 전문가가 되려면, 희극복식의 예술적 효용을 무시할 수 없다. 희극복식은 조형예술의 수단으로 희극공연 중 실용적 기능과 심미적 기능이 발휘되고, 인물의 형상화를 보충·부각할 뿐만 아니라, 관중들에게 고도의 예술적 아름다움을 가져다주는 데에 기여한다. 필자가 그 예술적 특징을 세 가지로 나눈다면, 정식성(程式性), 장식성(裝飾性), 가표성(可表性)으로 볼 수 있다. 정식성은 주로 경극에서의 ‘衣箱制’에서 반영된다. 예를 들어, 망, 피, 고, 습, 네 가지 복장은 배역의 종류, 나이, 성별, 신분, 성격, 기질, 외모에 따라 엄격하게 규정되어있다. 裝飾性은 모든 희극복식에서 반영된다. 靴鞋, 회모는 양식, 색채, 문양 등 많은 측면에서 장식미를 반영한다 可表性은 희극복식이 하나의 공연기구로서 움직이고 춤출 수 있는 것을 말하며, 극중 인물의 처지와 심정을 표현한다. 구체적으로 뻗어나감(水袖, 髥口, 솔발, 翎子 등), 넉넉함( 망, 피, 고, 습 등), 매달고 드리움(飄帶, 鸞帶, 流蘇, 珠穗, ??巾, 狐尾 등), 떨림(翎子, 紗帽翅, 珠子 絨球 등), 확대(반오, 厚底靴 등)로 표현된다. 이 세 가지의 특징은 서로 융합·통일되어 예술적 일체감과 조화로움을 준다. 中國素有"衣冠古國"的美譽, "黃帝垂衣裳而天下治" 中華民族的服飾文 化歷史悠久, 積渡豊厚, 絢爛多彩, 是人類服飾藝術成果的一種典範性, 特色性, 鮮活性, 詩意性的體現. 中國服飾藝術, 以其特有的"蒙太奇"組合, 將中國人在政治, 經濟, 宗敎, 歷史 民俗, 倫理, 觀念, 審美等諸多方面的奮鬪, 體悟, 曲折和收穫等等, 以服飾符號的方式, 直觀地, 零散地, 形象地, 斷斷續續地展示了出來, 具有顯著的代表中國文化全息性的特徵. 因此, 考察中國服飾藝術, 對於我們這些硏究中國文化的學者而言, 便成爲一個必不可少的課題. 鑒於此論題的內容??大而煩雜, 本論文僅就中國服飾藝術的現實表達-中國傳統戱劇的服飾藝術, 力求作一個較爲全面而系統的考奈和硏究. 中國傳統戱劇是極具中國民族文化特色的舞臺表演藝術, ??們經歷長時期的發展, 形成了一整套程式化的表演模式, 尤其講究扮相, 講究暗, 念, 做, 打, 其中服飾在戱劇全過程中承擔着極爲重要的作用. 今行傳統戱劇的服飾大多採用的是古典時期的服飾, 以明代爲主, 雜??了上自唐代, 下至淸朝的各時代服飾式樣, 是對古代服飾的一種美化和再創造, 極具典型性, 槪括性和裝飾性. ??非漢非唐, 非宋非明, 却亦漢亦唐, 亦宋亦明, 不限時代, 不分季節地使用 戱劇服飾的這從超越時空性, 與中國傳統戱劇的注重虛實結合 追求神似, 表現上突破舞臺空問和時間的限制, 多虛擬性, 象徵性的風洛是一致的, 從大的方向着手 本文將傳統戱劇服飾的美學特徵歸結爲以下三點來論述: 程式性. 裝飾性, 可表性.

Can Threatened Moral Self Make People Prefer Ecological Product? - An Eye Tracking Research based on Chinese Face Consciousness

Zhuomin Shi,Wanyi Zheng,Ning Yang 한국마케팅학회 2016 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.17 No.4

Purpose: Social influence has a decisive role in shaping a person's cognition and behavior. Chinese face consciousness, including moral component, is an important part of Chinese traditional culture, which influences people to implement moral behavior. With both eye-tracking technology and traditional questionnaire, this research aims to explore people's moral psychology and the psychological processing mechanisms of Chinese face consciousness, as well as the impact of Chinese face consciousness on the preference for the ecological product. Method and Data: 75 college and MBA students' eye movement data were collected when they read different kinds of moral materials, as well as data from the subsequent questionnaires. To test the hypothesis, ANOVA analysis and Heat Map analysis were performed. Besides, the PROCESS of bootstrap was used to test mediation effect. Findings: The results reveal that: 1. Compared to the moral-situation reading, when subjects read immoral situations, they need more processing time due to the moral dissonance and cognitive load. 2. Compared to the control condition, when threatened moral self is primed, subjects prefer to choose ecological product. 3. Protective face orientation is the mediator between threatened moral self and preference to ecological product. Key Contributions: First, this study broadens the use of eye-tracking technology in marketing and demonstrates a better understanding of the relationship between morality and consumer behavior in a more scientific way. Second, this study not only distinguishes the meanings between “protective face orientation" and “acquisitive face orientation", but also innovatively validates that when moral self is threatened, consumers tend to choose ecological product as moral compensation in order to protect their face. It can shed light on the promotion of ecological product in practical applications.

Expression Pattern of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Genes under Cold Stress by using cDNA Microarray

Dool-YiKim,Hye-EunLee,Ki-WanYi,Sang-EunHan,Hawk-BinKwon,Seung-JooGo,Myung-OkByun 한국유전학회 2003 Genes & Genomics Vol.25 No.4

Role of Organic Counterion in Lead- and Tin-Based Two-Dimensional Semiconducting Iodide Perovskites and Application in Planar Solar Cells

Mao, Lingling,Tsai, Hsinhan,Nie, Wanyi,Ma, Lin,Im, Jino,Stoumpos, Constantinos C.,Malliakas, Christos D.,Hao, Feng,Wasielewski, Michael R.,Mohite, Aditya D.,Kanatzidis, Mercouri G. American Chemical Society 2016 Chemistry of materials Vol.28 No.21

<P>Hybrid halide perovskites are emerging semiconducting materials, with a diverse set of remarkable optoelectronic properties. Besides the widely studied three-dimensional (3D) perovskites, two-dimensional (2D) perovskites show significant potential as photovoltaic (PV) active layers while exhibiting high moisture resistance. Here, we report two series of new 2D halide perovskite solid solutions: (HA)Pb1-xSnxI4 and (BZA)(2)Pb1-xSnxI4 (x = 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0), where HA stands for the organic spacer histammonium and BZA stands for benzylammonium cations. These compounds are assembled by corner-sharing octahedral [MI6](4-) units stabilizing single-layered, anionic, inorganic perovskite sheets with organic cations filled in between. The optical band gaps are heavily affected by the M-I-M perovksite angles with the band gap steadily decreasing when the angle approaches 180 degrees, ranging from 2.18 eV for (BZA)(2)PbI4 to 2.05 eV for (HA)PbI4. We find an anomalous trend in electronic band gap in the mixed compositions (HA)Pb1-xSnxI4 and (BZA)(2)Pb1-xSnxI4. When Sn substitutes for Pb to form a solid solution, the band gap further decreases to 1.67 eV for (HA)SnI4. The minimum band gap is at x = 0.75 at 1.74 eV. For BZA, the irregular trend is more intense, as all the intermediate compounds (BZA)(2)Pb(1-x)SnxI(4) (x = 0.75, 0.5, 0.25) have even slightly lower band gaps than (BZA)(2)SnI4 (1.89 eV). DFT calculations confirm the pure Pb and Sn compounds are direct band gap semiconductors. Relatively shorter photoluminescence (PL) lifetime in (BZA)2PbI4 than (HA)PbI4 is observed, suggesting faster recombination rates of the carriers. Solution deposited thin films of (HA)PbI4 and (BZA)2PbI4 show drastically different orientations with (HA)PbI4 displaying a perpendicular rather than parallel growth orientation with respect to the substrate, which is more favorable for PV devices. The higher potential in PV applications of the HA system is indicated by device performance, as the champion air stable planar device with the structure ITO/PEDOT:PSS/2D-perovskite/PCBM/Al of (HA)PbI4 achieves a preliminary power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.13%, featuring an open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.91 V.</P>

Stable isotopes of Lithosiini and lichens in Hong Kong show the biodindicator potential of lichenivorous moths

Caren P. Shin,Abby Hoffman,Wanyi Lee,Roger C. Kendrick,David M. Baker,Timothy C. Bonebrake 한국응용곤충학회 2018 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.21 No.4

Urban landscapes provide unique environments for a wide variety of plants and animals, but their suitability may be limited by anthropogenic impacts such as pollution. We examined the potential utility of lichen and lichen-feeding moths as biodindicators of air pollution in Hong Kong by comparing carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stable isotope values in lichens, lichenivorous and non-lichenivorous moths (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) and a moth outgroup (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Our results show that stable isotope values for C and N were similar for lichens and lichen feeding moths, while non-lichen feeding moths formed a distinct group. In addition, we found consistent δ 13 C and δ 15 N values across moth body parts, indicating that any portion of the specimen is suitable for isotopic fingerprinting. Our results highlight that lichen feeding moths may be useful for integrating signals of atmospheric nitrogen pollution and could therefore have utility in monitoring and quantifying air quality over time and space.

Rat Lens Aldose Reductase Inhibitory Activities of Cissus assamica var. pilosissima and Syzygium oblatum

Ki Ho Lee,이상현,이동구,이상우,Wanyi Li 한국생약학회 2013 Natural Product Sciences Vol.19 No.4

Aldose reductase (AR) has been shown to play an important role in the development of diabetic complications. To search for AR inhibitors from Chinese plants, the ethanol extracts of Chinese plants was tested against an inhibition of rat lens AR in vitro. Among Chinese plants tested, Cissus assamica var. pilosissima and Syzygium oblatum showed highest inhibition of AR (IC50 values, 0.71 and 0.79 mg/ml, respectively). Cissus assamica var. pilosissima and Syzygium oblatum showed more potent inhibitory activity against AR than the positive control, TMG. Consequently, C. assamica var. pilosissima and S. oblatum have a possibility of new natural resources for the development of AR inhibitor for the prevention of diabetic complications.

Rapid quantification of viable spore used in healing concrete cracks by a simple spectrophotometric method

Jinlong Zhang,Jingkun Lu,Bing Liu,Qiuyue Liu,Fan Jin,Miaojun Zhang,Yerong Liu,Yujun Song,Chenhui Dong,Wanyi Zhang,Ningxu Han,Xu Deng,Feng Xing 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2019 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.20 No.S1

Quantification of viable spores is a time taking task due to the lack of rapid, efficient and accurate methods. This studypresented a simple spectrophotometric method for the detection of viable spores based on spore’s property of losing refractivityduring the germination process. By comparison of the results obtained by both spectrophotometric method and colonycounting method, a good linear correlation (R2 = 0.99) was achieved between viable spore concentration and OD loss underappropriate conditions. To avoid interference from ungerminable spores and vegetative cells, a turbidity complementationstrategy of keeping the initial concentration of spore suspensions at the same and relatively lower level was required. Thecalibration equation developed could be used to predict the viable spore yield produced in a series of fermentation experiments. The experimental results proved that this novel spectrophotometric method was sensitive, rapid, and easy to performcompared to conventional colony counting method.