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Evaluating the Legacy of State-building in Timor-Leste
( Joanne Wallis ),( Guteriano Neves ) 서울대학교 통일평화연구원 2021 Asian Journal of Peacebuilding Vol.9 No.1
With the benefit of almost 20 years of hindsight, in this article we evaluate the legacy of state-building in Timor-Leste. We find that much of the academic critique of the state-building mission has proven to be largely accurate: political and economic development has indeed been challenged by the legacy of key decisions made during the early state-building process. First, the focus on centralised state institutions has led to the underdevelopment of administrative, political, and economic decentralization. Second, the partisan nature of the constitution-making process has facilitated the continued concentration of political and economic power in the hands of certain elites. Third, the ambiguous―and at times conflictual―division of powers between state institutions has facilitated the emergence of political clientelism and undermined broad-based economic diversification and development.
Seismic properties of lawsonite eclogites from the southern Motagua fault zone, Guatemala
Kim, D.,Wallis, S.,Endo, S.,Ree, J.H. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co 2016 Tectonophysics Vol.677 No.-
<P>We present new data on the crystal preferred orientation (CPO) and seismic properties of omphacite and lawsonite in extremely fresh eclogite from the southern Motagua fault zone, Guatemala, to discuss the seismic anisotropy of subducting oceanic crust. The CPO of omphacite is characterized by (010)[001], and it shows P-wave seismic anisotropies (AV(P)) of 1.4%-3.2% and S-wave seismic anisotropies (AV(S)) of 1.4%-2.7%. Lawsonite exhibits (001) planes parallel to the foliation and [010] axes parallel to the lineation, and seismic anisotropies of 1.7%-6.6%AV(P) and 3.4%-14.7% AV(S). The seismic anisotropy of a rock mass consisting solely of omphacite and lawsonite is 1.2%-4.1%AV(P) and 1.8%-6.8%AV(S). For events that propagate more or less parallel to the maximum extension direction, X, the fast S-wave velocity (Vs) polarization is parallel to the Z in the Y-Z section (rotated from the X-Z section), causing trench-normal seismic anisotropy for orthogonal subduction. Based on the high modal abundance and strong fabric of lawsonite, the AV(S) of eclogites is estimated as similar to 11.7% in the case that lawsonite makes up similar to 75% of the rock mass. On this basis, we suggest that lawsonite in both blueschist and eclogite may play important roles in the formation of complex pattern of seismic anisotropy observed in NE Japan: weak trench-parallel anisotropy in the forearc basin domains and trench-normal anisotropy in the backarc region. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>