Effect of Long-Term Spentwash Application on Soil Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties

Vittal Kuligod,Rubeena C. M,Mahamedali Doddamani 한국토양비료학회 2014 한국토양비료학회 학술발표회 초록집 Vol.2014 No.6

An Estimation of Private Household Costs to Receive Free Oral Cholera Vaccine in Odisha, India

Mogasale, Vittal,Kar, Shantanu K.,Kim, Jong-Hoon,Mogasale, Vijayalaxmi V.,Kerketta, Anna S.,Patnaik, Bikash,Rath, Shyam Bandhu,Puri, Mahesh K.,You, Young Ae,Khuntia, Hemant K.,Maskery, Brian,Wierzba, Public Library of Science 2015 PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol.9 No.9

<▼1><P><B>Background</B></P><P>Service provider costs for vaccine delivery have been well documented; however, vaccine recipients’ costs have drawn less attention. This research explores the private household out-of-pocket and opportunity costs incurred to receive free oral cholera vaccine during a mass vaccination campaign in rural Odisha, India.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Following a government-driven oral cholera mass vaccination campaign targeting population over one year of age, a questionnaire-based cross-sectional survey was conducted to estimate private household costs among vaccine recipients. The questionnaire captured travel costs as well as time and wage loss for self and accompanying persons. The productivity loss was estimated using three methods: self-reported, government defined minimum daily wages and gross domestic product per capita in Odisha.</P><P><B>Findings</B></P><P>On average, families were located 282.7 (SD = 254.5) meters from the nearest vaccination booths. Most family members either walked or bicycled to the vaccination sites and spent on average 26.5 minutes on travel and 15.7 minutes on waiting. Depending upon the methodology, the estimated productivity loss due to potential foregone income ranged from $0.15 to $0.29 per dose of cholera vaccine received. The private household cost of receiving oral cholera vaccine constituted 24.6% to 38.0% of overall vaccine delivery costs.</P><P><B>Interpretation</B></P><P>The private household costs resulting from productivity loss for receiving a free oral cholera vaccine is a substantial proportion of overall vaccine delivery cost and may influence vaccine uptake. Policy makers and program managers need to recognize the importance of private costs and consider how to balance programmatic delivery costs with private household costs to receive vaccines.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>The price of vaccine and the costs of its delivery are two important economic measures considered by governments and various international organizations in their decisions on the use of a new vaccine. However, the costs to the vaccine recipients resulting from their travel, time and wage loss are hardly considered and rarely documented. Even if the vaccine is provided for free, the costs borne by vaccine recipients could be sufficient enough to be a hurdle for taking vaccine. We elucidate this less explored angle of “vaccine recipient cost” in the context of oral cholera vaccine mass campaign in Odisha, India. Our research shows that the potential loss of income for individuals for receiving oral cholera vaccine ranged from 25% to 38% of overall vaccine delivery costs. We believe our findings have global implications on future decisions and policy making on vaccine introduction in balancing programmatic delivery costs with private household costs to receive vaccines.</P></▼2>

A forecast of typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction and demand in typhoid endemic low- and middle-income countries to support vaccine introduction policy and decisions

Mogasale, Vittal,Ramani, Enusa,Park, Il Yeon,Lee, Jung Seok TaylorFrancis 2017 Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Vol.13 No.9

<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>A Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) is expected to acquire WHO prequalification soon, which will pave the way for its use in many low- and middle-income countries where typhoid fever is endemic. Thus it is critical to forecast future vaccine demand to ensure supply meets demand, and to facilitate vaccine policy and introduction planning. We forecasted introduction dates for countries based on specific criteria and estimated vaccine demand by year for defined vaccination strategies in 2 scenarios: rapid vaccine introduction and slow vaccine introduction. In the rapid introduction scenario, we forecasted 17 countries and India introducing TCV in the first 5 y of the vaccine's availability while in the slow introduction scenario we forecasted 4 countries and India introducing TCV in the same time period. If the vaccine is targeting infants in high-risk populations as a routine single dose, the vaccine demand peaks around 40 million doses per year under the rapid introduction scenario. Similarly, if the vaccine is targeting infants in the general population as a routine single dose, the vaccine demand increases to 160 million doses per year under the rapid introduction scenario. The demand forecast projected here is an upper bound estimate of vaccine demand, where actual demand depends on various factors such as country priorities, actual vaccine introduction, vaccination strategies, Gavi financing, costs, and overall product profile. Considering the potential role of TCV in typhoid control globally; manufacturers, policymakers, donors and financing bodies should work together to ensure vaccine access through sufficient production capacity, early WHO prequalification of the vaccine, continued Gavi financing and supportive policy.</P>

Study on Wound Healing Activity of Punica granatum Peel

K.N. Chidambara Murthy,Vittal K. Reddy,Jyothi M. Veigas,Uma D. Murthy 한국식품영양과학회 2004 Journal of medicinal food Vol.7 No.2

The methanolic extract of dried pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels showed the presence of a high content of phenolic compounds (44.0%) along with other constituents. This extract was formulated as a 10% (wt/wt) water-soluble gel and was studied for its wound healing property against an excision wound on the skin of Wistar rats. The activity was compared with that of a commercial topical antibacterial applicant. The wound healing activity was assessed by measuring the percent contraction in skin and estimation of collagen content in terms of hydroxyproline content. Healed skin was also subjected to histopathological studies to examine the microscopic changes. The animals treated with 2.5% gel showed moderate healing (55.8% and 40.8% healing compared with negative and positive controls, respectively), whereas the group treated with 5.0% gel showed good healing (59.5% and 44.5% healing compared with negative and positive controls, respectively). The amount of hydroxyproline increased by twofold in the group treated with 5.0% gel. Histopathological studies also supported the wound healing on application of the gels. The group of rats that received 5.0% gel showed complete healing after 10 days, whereas in rats treated with 2.5% gel, healing was observed on day 12, in contrast to the positive control animals receiving the blank gel, which took 16–18 days for complete healing. The results of this study may be extended to different types of wounds so that the formulation could be exploited to develop it as a topical dermatological formulation. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the extract showed the presence of gallic acid and catechin as major components.

Solid-state reactivity and structural transformations involving coordination polymers

Kole, Goutam Kumar,Vittal, Jagadese J. The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 Chemical Society reviews Vol.42 No.4

<P>This tutorial review discusses recent literature on coordination polymers and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) that exhibit solid-state reactivity and structural transformation under various experimental conditions. Removal or exchange of solvents and guest molecules, exposure to reactive vapours, and external stimuli such as heat, light or mechanochemical force cause such structural transformations and these are often manifested by various physical properties such as colour, magnetism, luminescence, chirality, porosity, <I>etc.</I> due to change in coordination number and geometry, dimensionality, interpenetration, <I>etc.</I> More drastic transformations related to the exchange of metal ions, pillar ligands and insertion of additional ligands between the layers have also been demonstrated. The vast area of dynamic behaviour of coordination polymers and their stimuli-responsive properties have also been addressed briefly.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Recent advances in solid-state reactivity and structural transformations involving the formation and breakage of chemical bonds in coordination polymers are discussed. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2cs35234f'> </P>

A novel heterogeneous colorimetric and spectrophotometric chemosensor for detection and adsorption of Hg0 and Hg2+.

Kim, Eunjeong,Cho, Namjun,Vittal, Jagadese J,Lee, Shim Sung,Han, Won Seok,Jung, Jong Hwa American Scientific Publishers 2010 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Vol.10 No.8

<P>Functionalized mesoporous silica with an immobilized azobenzene-coupled receptor 1 (FMS-1) as heterogeneous 'naked-eye' colorimetric and spectrophotometric chemosensor was prepared by sol-gel reaction. The optical sensing ability of FMS-1 was studied by addition of metal ions such as K+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Zn2+, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ in aqueous solution. Interestingly, upon the addition of Hg2+ in aqueous suspension, FMS-1 resulted in a color change from maroon to red within 10 s. On the other hand, no significant color changes were observed with the other metal ions. These findings confirm that FMS-1 can be useful as a chemosensor for selective detection of Hg2+ over a range of metal ions. Furthermore, the adsorption ability of the FMS-1 was also estimated by measuring the amount of Hg2+ and Hg0 adsorbed on the FMS-1, resulting in 95% for Hg2+ and 75% for Hg0, respectively, suggesting that the FMS-1 is potentially useful as the adsorbent for separation of Hg0 and Hg2+ in chromatography.</P>

Use of Normal Forms Tcchnique In Control Design : Part Ⅰ : General Theory

Gilsoo Jang(장길수),Vijay Vittal,Sae-Hyuk Kwon(권세혁) 대한전기학회 1998 대한전기학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.1998 No.7

Reflection and Dissipation Characteristics of Non-overtopping Quarter Circle Breakwater with Low-mound Rubble Base

Balakrishna, K,Hegde, Arkal Vittal,Binumol, S Korean Society of Ocean Engineers 2015 Journal of advanced research in ocean engineering Vol.1 No.1

Breakwaters are the coastal structures constructed either perpendicular (shore connected) or parallel (detached) to the coast. The main function of breakwater is to create a tranquil medium on its leeside by reflecting the waves and also dissipating the wave energy arriving from seaside, resulting in ease of manoeuvrability to boats or ships to their berthing places. Different types of breakwaters are being used at present, such as rubble mound breakwater, vertical wall type breakwater and composite breakwater. The objective of this paper is to investigate reflection coefficients (Kr) and dissipation (loss) coefficients (Kl) for physical models of Quarter circle caisson breakwater of three different radii of 0.550 m, 0.575 m and 0.600 m with S/D ratio of 2.5 (S=spacing between perforations, D=diameter of perforations). The models were tested in the monochromatic wave flume of the department, for different incident wave heights (Hi), Wave periods (T) and water depths (d). It was observed that reflection coefficient increased with increase in the wave steepness (Hi/gT2) and decreased with increase in depth parameter (d/gT2) and hs/d (Height of structure including rubble base/depth of water). The loss coefficient decreased with increase in the wave steepness and increased with increase in depth parameter and hs/d.

DC Fault Protection in Multi-terminal VSC-Based HVDC Transmission Systems with Current Limiting Reactors

M. Mohan,K. Panduranga Vittal 대한전기학회 2019 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.14 No.1

Multi-terminal VSC-based HVDC transmission system is the recent interest for grid integration of large-scale offshore wind farms. Protection of multi-terminal voltage source converters (VSC)-based HVDC transmission systems against DC faults is challenging. This paper presents a single-ended protection scheme for DC faults in a three-terminal VSC-HVDC transmission system. The under-voltage criterion is used to distinguish the DC faults from the transient and normal conditions. The rate of change of DC voltage and current as well as the variation of transient energy is used to discriminate the internal faults from the external faults. The DC fault current has very high value within a few milliseconds during the transient phases such as the capacitor discharging and diode freewheeling stages. Therefore, current limiting reactors are introduced in series with the DC circuit breaker to maintain the DC fault current within the breaker capacity. The single-ended protection scheme is tested with the three-terminal VSC-HVDC transmission system with current limiting reactors for various DC fault conditions. The DC fault data is generated from PSCAD/EMTDC simulation and the protection scheme is tested in MATLAB environment. Test results show that the proposed protection scheme gives reliable protection for the DC faults in a three-terminal VSC-HVDC transmission system.

Photocurrent Improvement by Incorporation of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in TiO2 Film of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Kyoung-hwaJung,장송림,R.Vittal,김동환,김강진 대한화학회 2003 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.24 No.10