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Ji, Cheong-Il,Cho, Sueng-Mock,Yun, Young-Soo,Kim, Seon-Bong The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2007 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.10 No.3
High prices, overfishing, and contamination have limited the availability of natural caviar as a food product. We attempted to apply encapsulation by calcium-alginate gel membranes to caviar analog preparation in an effort to produce a high-quality replacement for natural caviar. Physical conditions of stirring speed $(X_1,\;rpm)$ and gelation time $(X_2,\;min)$ as the independent variables for gelation were optimized by response surface methodology. Sphericity $(Y_1,\;%)$, diameter $(Y_2,\;mm)$, membrane thickness $(Y_3,\;mm)$, rupture strength $(Y_4,\;g)$, and rupturing deformation $(Y_5,\;mm)$ were used as the dependent variables to compare characteristics of the capsules for caviar analogs with natural caviar. The values of the independent variables as evaluated by multiple response optimization were $X_1=-0.1271 (278 rpm) and $X_2=0.4436$ (12.2 min), respectively. Predicted values of the four dependent variables were $Y_1=97.7%,\;Y_2=2.97mm,\;Y_4=1,465g,\;and\;Y_5=1.15mm$. Membrane thickness $(Y_3)$ was eliminated from the dependent variables for multiple response optimization because it could not be measured with an image analyzer. The experimental values prepared under the optimal conditions for verification nearly coincided with the predicted values and satisfied the conditions of natural caviar.
The Processing Optimization of Caviar Analogs Encapsulated by Calcium-Alginate Gel Membranes
Cheong-Il Ji,Sueng-Mock Cho,Yeun-Suk Gu,Seon-Bong Kim 한국식품과학회 2007 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.16 No.4
We prepared caviar analogs encapsulated by calcium-alginate gel membranes as a means to replace higher priced natural caviars. Processing the caviar analogs (beluga type) was optimized by response surface methodology with central composite design. Concentrations of sodium alginate (X<sub>1</sub>) and CaCl<sub>2</sub> (X<sub>2</sub>) were chosen as the independent variables. In order to compare characteristics of the caviar analogs with the natural caviar, sphericity (Y<sub>1</sub>), diameter (Y<sub>2</sub>), membrane thickness (Y<sub>3</sub>), rupture strength (Y<sub>4</sub>), rupturing deformation (Y<sub>5</sub>), and sensory score (Y<sub>6</sub>) were used as the dependent variables. The sphericity of the caviar analogs showed a similar value to that of natural caviar (over 94%) in the range of independent variables. Generally, the CaCl<sub>2</sub> concentration (X<sub>2</sub>) affected all dependent variables to a greater extent than the sodium alginate concentration (X<sub>1</sub>). For the multiple response optimization of the 5 dependent variables (Y<sub>1</sub>, Y<sub>2</sub>, Y<sub>4</sub>, Y<sub>5</sub>, and Y<sub>6</sub>), the desirability function was defined as the following conditions: target values (Y<sub>1</sub> = 100%, Y<sub>2</sub> = 3.0 mm, Y<sub>4</sub> = 1,470 g, Y<sub>5</sub> = 1.1 mm, and Y<sub>6</sub> = 10 points). Membrane thickness (Y<sub>3</sub>) was eliminated from the dependent variables for multiple response optimization because it could not be measured with an image analyzer. The values of the independent variables as evaluated by multiple response optimization were X<sub>1</sub> = -0.093 (0.78%) and X<sub>2</sub> = -0.322 (1.07%), respectively.
Ophthalmological manifestations in patients with Leigh syndrome
Han, Jinu,Lee, Young-Mock,Kim, Sang Myung,Han, So Young,Lee, Jong Bok,Han, Sueng-Han British Medical Association 2015 British journal of ophthalmology Vol.99 No.4
<P><B>Background</B></P><P>To describe the ophthalmological manifestations in patients with childhood onset Leigh syndrome (LS) and investigate the correlation between genotypes and phenotypes in patients with LS.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Childhood onset LS was clinically and enzymatically confirmed in a total of 63 patients. Among them, 44 patients who underwent ophthalmologic consultation were included in this study. Patients with LS underwent genotyping for the whole genome of mitochondrial DNA and SURF1 mutations. The clinical demographic and ophthalmologic phenotypes were compared between the good prognosis group and the poor prognosis group.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>Strabismus (40.9%) was the most frequently observed ophthalmologic manifestation, followed by pigmentary retinopathy (22.5%), optic atrophy (22.5%), ptosis (15.9%), and nystagmus (13.6%). Thirteen patients were exotropes and five patients were esotropes. The mean exodeviation was 29.6±12.5 prism dioptres (PD) and the mean esodeviation was 24.0±8.9 PD. All patients with esotropia reported disease onset at <1 year old. Among 26 patients older than 4 years, eight (30.8%) patients had better than 0.4 in the best eye was noted. Eyelid ptosis was a main presenting sign in four patients (9.1%). Among these patients, two patients had m.13513G>A mutation in the <I>MT-ND5</I> gene. Age at onset was 2.47±2.06 years in the good prognosis group and 0.92±0.98 years in the poor prognosis group (p=0.002). Serum lactate peak concentration was 3.23±1.36 mmol/L in the good prognosis group and 4.54±2.31 mmol/L in the poor prognosis group (p=0.051).</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>LS is a group of mitochondrial disorders with variable ophthalmologic manifestations, the most frequent being strabismus in this study. Ptosis could be an initial sign in patients with LS and these patients can be easily misdiagnosed as having juvenile myasthenia gravis.</P>