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Comprehensive approach to controlling chronic hepatitis B in China
Shan Shan,Xinyan Zhao,Jidong Jia 대한간학회 2024 Clinical and Molecular Hepatology(대한간학회지) Vol.30 No.2
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was highly endemic in China, where the prevalence of HBsAg was 9.7% in 1992. Comprehensive strategies, including universal infant hepatitis B vaccination with emphasis on timely birth-dose and 3-dose coverage, dramatically reduced the mother-to-infant transmission and early childhood acquisition of HBV, resulting in estimated HBsAg prevalence rates of 5.6% and 0.1% in the general population and among children aged <5 years in 2022, respectively. Clinical guidelines on the prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B have been periodically updated based on emerging evidence from clinical research. The continuously improved reimbursement policy and the massively reduced price of antiviral drugs through government negotiation and central procurement have increased treatment accessibility and affordability. However, due to the low rates of diagnosis and treatment, China still faces a large challenge in achieving the 2030 goal of lowering HBV-related mortality by 65%. A public health approach involving concerted efforts from the government, medical community, industry, and society as a whole would be necessary to increase the uptake of HBV tests and treatment to achieve the global goal of eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030.
Shanshan Li,Fang Ding,Xinghuan Lin,Zhiguang Li,Xuehong Ren 한국섬유공학회 2019 Fibers and polymers Vol.20 No.3
In this study, a novel organic-inorganic hybrid intumescent flame-retardant composed of nanosilica (SiO2) coveredwith polyethyleneimine (PEI) and phytic acid (PA) was coated on cotton fabrics by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly toimprove flame retardancy of cotton fabrics. FT-IR, SEM and EDX were used to characterize the deposition of SiO2-PEI/PA on the surface of cotton fabrics. The LbL assembly process had a minor effect on the tensile strength of cotton fabrics. With the synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen and silicon, the coated cotton fabrics with only 7 bilayers exhibited excellent flame retardancy with an LOI value of 33.7 % and a char length of 7.5 cm. TG analysis results showed that cotton/(SiO2-PEI/PA)7 had 40.7 % char residue at 600 oC, compared with 8 % char residue of uncoated cotton fabrics. Cone calorimetry test confirmed that cotton/(SiO2-PEI/PA)7 displayed a major reduction in peak of heat release rate (pHRR) of 75 % and total heat release (THR) of 52 %.
Interlingual Syntactic Errors in Chinese EFL Learners’ Writing
Shanshan Yan,Seung-Man Kang 언어과학회 2021 언어과학연구 Vol.- No.98
This paper examines syntactic errors in 50 Chinese college EFL learners" writing. The syntactic errors include the following errors of ‘run-on sentence’, ‘subject ellipsis’, ‘word order’, ‘conjunction’, ‘relative clause’, and ‘subject-verb agreement’. Their error rates are 32.20%, 28.00%, 17.79%, 11.01%, 7.62%, and 3.38%, respectively. We argue that syntactic errors are the gravest ones in writing because they give a bad impression to the rater. We propose that all these errors are caused by interlingual differences between English and Chinese, mainly derived from different language typology with the former as a hypotactic and the latter as a paratactic language. Accordingly, Chinese EFL teachers are suggested to explicitly teach their students English grammar via directing their attention to these interlingual syntactic differences.
Shanshan Tang,Axin Liang,Miao Liu,Wei Wang,Fulai Zhang,Aiqin Luo 한국탄소학회 2023 Carbon Letters Vol.33 No.7
A glassy carbon electrode modified with a composite consisting of electrodeposited chitosan and carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (e-CS/MWCNTs/GCE) was used as a working electrode for simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and melatonin (MT), which were related to circadian rhythms. The electrochemical characterizations of the working electrode were carried out via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and chronocoulometry. It was found that electrochemical modification method, that was cyclic voltammetry, may can cause continuous CS polymerization on MWCNTs surface to form a dense membrane with more active sites on the electrode, and the electrochemically active surface area of e-CS/MWCNTs/GCE obtained was about 7 times that of GCE. The electrochemical behaviour of DA, 5-HT and MT on working electrode were carried out via differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that e-CS/MWCNTs/GCE solved the problem that the bare electrode could not detect three substances simultaneously, and can catalyze oxidation potential difference as low as 0.17 V of two substances reaction at the same time, indicating very good electrocatalytic activity. By optimizing the detection conditions, the sensor showed a good linear response to DA, 5-HT and MT in the range of 20-1000 μmol/L, 9-1000 μmol/L and 20-1000 μmol/L, and the detection limits were 12 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L and 22 μmol/L (S/N = 3), respectively. In addition, the proposed sensor was successfully applied to the simultaneous detection of DA, 5-HT and MT in human saliva samples.
Research in Distributed Evolution based on Real-time Collaboration Technology
Shanshan Wang,Liping Gao,Sizhen Zhu,Chunxue Wu 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Multimedia and Ubiquitous Vol.10 No.3
Evolution design takes the advantage of the evolution technology into the art design, and designers can achieve satisfactory products by performing evolutionary operations. It’s a powerful method in the procedure of the art design. However, the traditional evolution running on single site leads to the low efficiency and the less diversity. In addition, the products just represent the aesthetics of the single site. Based on these problems, this paper aims at using distributed evolution technology to complete the collaborative evolution, broadcasting evolutionary operations among distributed sites and executing evolutionary operations on each site. Then, the acquired products could represent the aesthetics of most sites due to its rich diversity. The paper mainly solves the problems of the operation conflicts which come from different sites, builds a new hybrid document model designs several algorithms based on Operation Transformation (OT) to solve the conflicts, and describes the procedure of the consistency maintenance. The proposed solution has been theoretically verified for its correctness in hybrid model.
Shanshan Zhao,Seung-Ki Sul 전력전자학회 2024 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.24 No.1
The control system design of grid-forming (GFM) converters requires prior knowledge of grid parameters such as grid impedance, grid equivalent electromagnetic force (EMF), and short-circuit ratio (SCR), which are normally time-variant and preferably estimated in real time. However, existing estimation methods are either unable to estimate multiple parameters simultaneously or involve complex calculation algorithms for nonintrusive estimations. To address this issue, this study proposes a real-time grid parameter estimation method for GFM converters. Without introducing disturbances into the system, multiple parameters can be simultaneously estimated during the transient state with a simple algorithm, while the effects of the virtual impedance of the GFM converter and the output filter are both considered. In addition, a parameter estimation-based adaptive synchronous power control (SPC) is proposed, which exhibits improved dynamic performance and enhanced robustness of the GFM converter under various grid conditions. The validity of the proposed method is verified by simulation and hardware-in-loop-simulation (HILS) results.