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Exploring Capitalist Development in Greater China: A Synthesis
Christopher A. McNally,Yin-Wah Chu 경남대학교 극동문제연구소 2006 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.30 No.2
This article explores the dynamics of capitalist development in the three political economies of Greater China. We have two purposes in mind. First, we hope to produce a fresh understanding of Mainland China’s economic rise, interpreting it as associated with the process of late capitalist development. Second, we use a comparison with Taiwan and Hong Kong to examine whether China has converged with or diverged from four salient aspects of late capitalist development: the character of state ruler incentives, or the “will to develop”; the nature and structure of state-society relations; the role of business enterprises and business networks in supporting initial capitalist accumulation; and the transition of state-business interactions over time from mutual distrust to engagement and cooperation. In so doing, we hope to use comparative analysis to integrate the crucial case of China into broader inquiries on the nature and logic of capitalist development.
Cortically projecting basal forebrain parvalbumin neurons regulate cortical gamma band oscillations
Kim, Tae,Thankachan, Stephen,McKenna, James T.,McNally, James M.,Yang, Chun,Choi, Jee Hyun,Chen, Lichao,Kocsis, Bernat,Deisseroth, Karl,Strecker, Robert E.,Basheer, Radhika,Brown, Ritchie E.,McCarley, National Academy of Sciences 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.112 No.11
<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>When we are awake, purposeful thinking and behavior require the synchronization of brain cells involved in different aspects of the same task. Cerebral cortex electrical oscillations in the gamma (30–80 Hz) range are particularly important in such synchronization. In this report we identify a particular subcortical cell type which has increased activity during waking and is involved in activating the cerebral cortex and generating gamma oscillations, enabling active cortical processing. Abnormalities of the brain mechanisms controlling gamma oscillations are involved in the disordered thinking typical of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. Thus, these findings may pave the way for targeted therapies to treat schizophrenia and other disorders involving abnormal cortical gamma oscillations.</P><P>Cortical gamma band oscillations (GBO, 30–80 Hz, typically ∼40 Hz) are involved in higher cognitive functions such as feature binding, attention, and working memory. GBO abnormalities are a feature of several neuropsychiatric disorders associated with dysfunction of cortical fast-spiking interneurons containing the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV). GBO vary according to the state of arousal, are modulated by attention, and are correlated with conscious awareness. However, the subcortical cell types underlying the state-dependent control of GBO are not well understood. Here we tested the role of one cell type in the wakefulness-promoting basal forebrain (BF) region, cortically projecting GABAergic neurons containing PV, whose virally transduced fibers we found apposed cortical PV interneurons involved in generating GBO. Optogenetic stimulation of BF PV neurons in mice preferentially increased cortical GBO power by entraining a cortical oscillator with a resonant frequency of ∼40 Hz, as revealed by analysis of both rhythmic and nonrhythmic BF PV stimulation. Selective saporin lesions of BF cholinergic neurons did not alter the enhancement of cortical GBO power induced by BF PV stimulation. Importantly, bilateral optogenetic inhibition of BF PV neurons decreased the power of the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response, a read-out of the ability of the cortex to generate GBO used in clinical studies. Our results are surprising and novel in indicating that this presumptively inhibitory BF PV input controls cortical GBO, likely by synchronizing the activity of cortical PV interneurons. BF PV neurons may represent a previously unidentified therapeutic target to treat disorders involving abnormal GBO, such as schizophrenia.</P>
Zant, Janneke C.,Kim, Tae,Prokai, Laszlo,Szarka, Szabolcs,McNally, James,McKenna, James T.,Shukla, Charu,Yang, Chun,Kalinchuk, Anna V.,McCarley, Robert W.,Brown, Ritchie E.,Basheer, Radhika Society for Neuroscience 2016 The Journal of neuroscience Vol.36 No.6
<P>Understanding the control of sleep–wake states by the basal forebrain (BF) poses a challenge due to the intermingled presence of cholinergic, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons. All three BF neuronal subtypes project to the cortex and are implicated in cortical arousal and sleep–wake control. Thus, nonspecific stimulation or inhibition studies do not reveal the roles of these different neuronal types. Recent studies using optogenetics have shown that “selective” stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons increases transitions between NREM sleep and wakefulness, implicating cholinergic projections to cortex in wake promotion. However, the interpretation of these optogenetic experiments is complicated by interactions that may occur within the BF. For instance, a recent <I>in vitro</I> study from our group found that cholinergic neurons strongly excite neighboring GABAergic neurons, including the subset of cortically projecting neurons, which contain the calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin (PV) (Yang et al., 2014). Thus, the wake-promoting effect of “selective” optogenetic stimulation of BF cholinergic neurons could be mediated by local excitation of GABA/PV or other non-cholinergic BF neurons. In this study, using a newly designed opto-dialysis probe to couple selective optical stimulation with simultaneous <I>in vivo</I> microdialysis, we demonstrated that optical stimulation of cholinergic neurons locally increased acetylcholine levels and increased wakefulness in mice. Surprisingly, the enhanced wakefulness caused by cholinergic stimulation was abolished by simultaneous reverse microdialysis of cholinergic receptor antagonists into BF. Thus, our data suggest that the wake-promoting effect of cholinergic stimulation requires local release of acetylcholine in the basal forebrain and activation of cortically projecting, non-cholinergic neurons, including the GABAergic/PV neurons.</P><P><B>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</B> Optogenetics is a revolutionary tool to assess the roles of particular groups of neurons in behavioral functions, such as control of sleep and wakefulness. However, the interpretation of optogenetic experiments requires knowledge of the effects of stimulation on local neurotransmitter levels and effects on neighboring neurons. Here, using a novel “opto-dialysis” probe to couple optogenetics and <I>in vivo</I> microdialysis, we report that optical stimulation of basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons in mice increases local acetylcholine levels and wakefulness. Reverse microdialysis of cholinergic antagonists within BF prevents the wake-promoting effect. This important result challenges the prevailing dictum that BF cholinergic projections to cortex directly control wakefulness and illustrates the utility of “opto-dialysis” for dissecting the complex brain circuitry underlying behavior.</P>
Francisco J. Ortega,Francisco J. Navarro,Moisés García-Morales,Tony McNally 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.48 No.-
Polymer modified bitumens (PMBs) have largely been utilized as a construction material. However, lackof affinity between bitumen and polymer leads to phase separation, and eventually, performancedepletion. In this paper, alternative formulations of bitumen with an organically-modified montmorillonite(OMMT) Cloisite 20A1 and polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) were prepared bymelt blending. Their comprehensive rheological characterisation evidenced improved linear viscoelasticproperties when OMMT is added, revealing a noticeable structural reinforcement and thermal stability. Rheological data also showed that MDI-involved reactions control the composite end properties, beinggreatly influenced by the shear conditions applied
Daewon Kwon,Dohun Hyun,Miji Kim,Youlim Ko,Helen A McNally,Anthony H Smith 제어로봇시스템학회 2019 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2019 No.10
In today’s society, we see a constant struggle with intersections that bring in constant crimes. This has become a problem in our society, especially because this is raising a level of risk for other people within the intersection. This means that bikers, walkers, and other cross-traffic drivers are placed in an unfair position because of the decisions and actions of drivers who choose to illegally cross the intersection at a red light. Therefore, this system was put in place to help prevent this and hold drivers accountable in order to ensure that, despite law enforcement not being in place to monitor the situation, consequences are given to those that did not follow this traffic regulation. This allowed for drivers to become aware of the red light cameras and follow the rules, as well as making it possible to give tickets to the drivers that continued to break the rules. While this is the first approach to further developing tracking systems for this type of illegal activity, the cameras remain basic enough that they do not always capture correct image processing. This indicates a need to advance the technology so to better gather information on vehicles and other objects within a camera view.