전투이론에 대한 고전역할 개념의 적용과 그 한계

문장렬 원광대학교 2006 圓光軍事論壇 Vol.- No.2

This paper reviews and delves into the problem of how to apply concepts of the classical Newtonian mechanics to the theory of combat. Starting with identifying elements of combat we point out some confusions lingering in existing theories, especially on maneuver, in relating mechanical concepts to combat elements and in describing combat phenomena in general. Then we proceed to reaffirm the definitions of basic terms in mechanics and try to find or define better terminology of combat corresponding to the mechanical concepts through analogy, abstraction, and generalization. Lastly, several key factors that limits our endeavor to formulate a combat theory using this method are presented with some suggestions to further develop the theory. We identify the combat elements in four categories: physical, mental, motional, and methodological. Physical elements are essentially time, space, and matter, out of which the latter two are related to 'combat proceeding' for the physical distance and 'combat mass' for the physical mass, respectively, in combat theory. Mental elements, consisting of knowledge, emotion, and will, are the 'motive' force of combat. Motional elements, consisting of movement, collision, and destruction, includes all sorts of concepts related to combat actions named, for instance, combat velocity (tempo), combat acceleration, combat momentum, combat work, combat (kinetic) energy, etc., by analogy to terms of classical mechanics. Such corresponding shows that conceptually similar interrelationship among combat terms holds as among mechanical ones to some degree. However, there exist insurmountable limitations to such an approach due to the fundamental difference between the two theories. They may be said to originate from the tremendous complexity of the combat phenomena and include intractabilities of establishing a precise correspondence between the terminologies of the two disciplines, quantifying combat resources and actions, dealing with mental factors in combat. Nevertheless. vanous scientific methods are still worth being applied for the development of combat theory and it seems necessary to integrate mathematical rnodellings for combat analysis toward the more general and consistent theory.

Production of Useful Secondary Metabolites in Plants : Functional Genomics Approaches

Liu, Jang Ryol,Choi, Dong-Woong,Chung, Hwa-Jee,Woo, Sung-Sick 한국식물학회 2002 Journal of Plant Biology Vol.45 No.1

The paradigm of biological research has been changed by recent developments in genomics, high-throughput biology, and bioinformatics. Conventional biology often was based on empirical, labor-intensive, and time-consuming methods. In the new paradigm, biological research e is driven by a holistic approach on the basis of rational, automatic, and high-throughput methods. New functional compounds can be discovered by using high-throughput screening systems. Secondary metabolite pathways and the genes involved in those pathways are then determined by studying functional genomics in conjunction with the data-mining tools of bioinformatics. In addition, these advances in metabolic engineering enable researchers to confer new secondary metabolic pathways to crops by transferring three to five, or more, heterologous genes taken from various other species. In the future, engineering for the production of useful compounds will be designed by a set of software tools that allows the user to specify a cell's genes, proteins, and other molecules, as well as their individual interactions.

Homeobox protein Hhex negatively regulates Treg cells by inhibiting Foxp3 expression and function

Jang, Sung Woong,Hwang, Soo Seok,Kim, Hyeong Su,Kim, Min Kyung,Lee, Woo Ho,Hwang, Soh Un,Gwak, Jinu,Yew, Si Kyoung,Flavell, Richard A.,Lee, Gap Ryol National Academy of Sciences 2019 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.116 No.51

<P><B>Significance</B></P><P>Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis. Studying factors that control Treg differentiation and function are critically important to understand immune homeostasis. In this manuscript, we discovered that transcription factor Hhex exerts an inhibitory effect on Treg cell differentiation and function. Hhex-overexpressing Treg cells lose their Foxp3 expression and fail to suppress immune responses. Hhex directly binds to Foxp3 protein and the <I>Foxp3</I> locus and inhibits expression of Foxp3 and its target genes. Thus, Hhex plays an essential role in inhibiting Treg cell differentiation and function via inhibition of Foxp3. This study will benefit clinical research in developing a therapeutic strategy for Treg cell-related diseases.</P><P>Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an essential role in maintaining immune homeostasis, but the suppressive function of Treg cells can be an obstacle in the treatment of cancer and chronic infectious diseases. Here, we identified the homeobox protein Hhex as a negative regulator of Treg cells. The expression of Hhex was lower in Treg cells than in conventional T (Tconv) cells. Hhex expression was repressed in Treg cells by TGF-β/Smad3 signaling. Retroviral overexpression of Hhex inhibited the differentiation of induced Treg (iTreg) cells and the stability of thymic Treg (tTreg) cells by significantly reducing Foxp3 expression. Moreover, Hhex-overexpressing Treg cells lost their immunosuppressive activity and failed to prevent colitis in a mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). <I>Hhex</I> expression was increased; however, <I>Foxp3</I> expression was decreased in Treg cells in a delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, a type I immune reaction. Hhex directly bound to the promoters of <I>Foxp3</I> and other Treg signature genes, including <I>Il2ra</I> and <I>Ctla4</I>, and repressed their transactivation. The homeodomain and N-terminal repression domain of Hhex were critical for inhibiting Foxp3 and other Treg signature genes. Thus, Hhex plays an essential role in inhibiting Treg cell differentiation and function via inhibition of Foxp3.</P>

Viscosity measurement of non-Newtonian fluids in pressure-driven flows of general geometries based on energy dissipation rate

Jang, Hye Kyeong,Hong, Sun Ok,Lee, Sang Bok,Kim, Ju Min,Hwang, Wook Ryol Elsevier Scientific Pub. Co 2019 Journal of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics Vol.274 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>A novel viscosity measurement method is presented, which can be applied to the pressure-driven flow of an inelastic non-Newtonian fluid in an arbitrary geometry. The method is established on the balance of the energy dissipation rate such that the external power is dissipated within the system as viscous dissipation in a laminar regime in the absence of a body force. The effective viscosity can be expressed algebraically in terms of the pressure drop and flow rate and the corresponding effective shear rate is readily determined by flow rate; the relationship between effective viscosity and effective shear rate is found identical to the true material viscosity behavior. The two flow numbers, which depend on flow geometry only and are almost independent of fluid rheology, are involved: the coefficient of energy dissipation rate that associates the total energy dissipation rate to the Reynolds number; and the coefficient of effective shear rate, which relates flow rate to effective shear rate. After analytically validating the method for pressure-driven flow of a power-law fluid in a circular pipe, three different flows with complicated geometries were tested: numerical validations for axisymmetric expansion-contraction flows and flows in a Kenics mixer, and experimental validation for flows in a complex microfluidic array with Xanthan gum solutions. Errors in viscosity were less than 2.9% and 16% in simulations and in experiments, respectively. The method is well-suited for on-line monitoring of <I>in-situ</I> viscosity for non-Newtonian fluid flow in industrial processes.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> An energy dissipation-based viscosity measurement technique is proposed. </LI> <LI> Only two flow numbers are employed for viscosity measurement of inelastic fluids. </LI> <LI> The method is applicable to <I>in-situ</I> viscosity monitoring of non-Newtonian fluids. </LI> </UL> </P>

Casein kinase 2 is a critical determinant of the balance of Th17 and Treg cell differentiation

Jang, Sung Woong,Hwang, Soo Seok,Kim, Hyeong Su,Lee, Keoung Oh,Kim, Min Kyung,Lee, Wonyong,Kim, Kiwan,Lee, Gap Ryol Nature Publishing Group 2017 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.49 No.9

<P>Th17 cells promote inflammatory reactions, whereas regulatory T (Treg) cells inhibit them. Thus, the Th17/Treg cell balance is critically important in inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this balance are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that casein kinase 2 (CK2) is a critical determinant of the Th17/Treg cell balance. Both the inhibition of CK2 with a specific pharmacological inhibitor, CX-4945, and its small hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated knockdown suppressed Th17 cell differentiation but reciprocally induced Treg cell differentiation <I>in vitro</I>. Moreover, CX-4945 ameliorated the symptoms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and reduced Th17 cell infiltration into the central nervous system. Mechanistically, CX-4945 inhibited the IL-6/STAT3 and Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Thus, CK2 has a crucial role in regulating the Th17/Treg balance.</P>

A general approach on the quantification of effective quantities in a pressure-driven flow of inelastic non-Newtonian fluid in arbitrary geometries based on the energy balance

Jang, Hye Kyeong,Hwang, Wook Ryol Elsevier 2018 Journal of non-Newtonian fluid mechanics Vol.253 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In this work, we propose a systematic approach in quantifying the effective viscosity, effective shear rate and pumping characteristics of pressure-driven continuous flows of non-Newtonian fluids in general flow geometries based on the energy balance. Only two flow constants (i.e., the coefficient of effective shear rate and the coefficient of energy dissipation rate), which depend solely on the flow geometry, are employed to quantify flow characteristics of continuous flow systems, independent of viscosity behaviors of a shear-thinning fluid. A similar approach based on the energy dissipation rate, so-called Metzner-Otto correlation [Metzner and Otto, AIChE J., vol. 3, p. 3–10] has been available for more than sixty years in a confined flow of agitator without rigorous derivation. In the present work, we extend the original Metzner-Otto correlation to continuous flows and begin with analytical derivation for this method in a circular pipe flow. Having validated analytically, we apply the present quantification method with the two flow constants to more general types of flows with various viscosity models (Newtonian, power-law, Carreau and Herschel-Bulkley models) such as an axisymmetric expansion/contraction flow with various expansion ratios and a flow in a Kenics mixer in order to show its accuracy and feasibility.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> A general quantification of non-Newtonian fluid flows is proposed. </LI> <LI> Only two flow numbers are employed in inelastic flow quantification. </LI> <LI> The method based on the energy balance and is applicable to arbitrary geometries. </LI> </UL> </P>

아로마테라피가 스트레스 관련 호르몬에 미치는 영향

김장순 ( Jang Soon Kim ),이종렬 ( Jong Ryol Lee ),전용수 ( Yong Su Jun ),김보라 ( Bo Ra Kim ),박천만 ( Chun Man Park ) 한국미용학회 2009 한국미용학회지 Vol.15 No.4

The purpose of this study was to observe the effects of aroma treatment on some stress related hormones to obtain the basic data for prevention of stress-related disease. On November 18, 2006, 37 healthy soldiers for the subject of investigation were divided into 4 groups. The four groups included aroma inhalation, aroma massage, regular oil massage and the control group that did not have any treatment. The effect of each treatment on the blood levels of ACTH and cortisol and blood pressure, pulse rate was observed. The results of this study: 1. At 40 minutes after the test, all the test groups except the control showed a tendency to elevate in blood pressure, especially the aroma massage group was higher in systolic (p<0.05) or diastolic blood pressure (p<0.01). And in the massage group, the systolic pressure was higher than the control (p<0.05). 2. After 20 or 40 minutes, all the groups except the control showed significantly decreased blood levels of ACTH (p<0.01). Furthermore, the aroma inhalation group showed the highest decreasing levels of ACTH among all groups (p<0.001). 3. Cortisol was significantly reduced in the all test groups but the control group (p<0.01) 20 minutes after the test. Cortisol continuously decreased in the aroma inhalation group (p<0.01) and massage group (p<0.05) 40 minutes after the test. The highest decrease of cortisol in the blood was shown in the aroma inhalation group. These results suggested that aroma inhalation and physical treatment such as massage might reduce the initial stress. To improve health science and alternative medical treatment, aroma inhalation is considered to be the meaningful method of treatment.

서울 전농초등학교 시설기본계획 및 안전진단연구 요약

장성준(Jang, Seong-Jun),최문식(Choi, Mun-Shik),이상호(Lee, Sang-Ho),민병렬(Min, Byung-Ryol) 한국교육시설학회 1996 敎育施設 Vol.3 No.3

연구논문 : 아마로 사용실태 및 향 선호도

김장순 ( Jang Soon Kim ),이종렬 ( Jong Ryol Lee ),박천만 ( Chun Man Park ) 한국미용학회 2006 한국미용학회지 Vol.12 No.3

The purpose of this study is to offer fundamental data for establishing a theory on aroma therapy by understanding Korean use and preference of aroma. The subjects of the study were 130 skin care specialists who worked for skin care salons and 410 general people in Daegu. The study was carried out through a questionnaire and inhalation test. The data were collected from September 1, 2003 to October 1, 2003. The result were as follows : 1. The rate of people who had experienced aroma less than 3 times was 40.5%. The rate of people who had not experienced aroma was 26.1%, who had experienced aroma massage was 33%, and who had inhaled aroma was 47.5%. The people who were older, wealthy, female, married, graduated from college were more experienced aroma(p<0.0l) and housewives in the thirties had more opportunities of experiencing aroma than other subjects. 2. General people preferred aroma Orange(66.3%) the most among 8 essential oils used in the test. The second preference was blended oil with Rosemary, Geranium and Lemon(26.1%). The third preference was the Lavender(25.8%). The order of preference in skin care specialists was Orange(83.3%), Lavender (48.8%), blended oil with Rosemary, Geranium and Lemon(42.9%), and blended oil with Lavender, Sandalwood, Ylangylang and Mandarin(26.2%). Both general people and skin care specialists disliked Teatree the most. 3. Lavender was more preferred by women than men (p<0.05) and Teatree was more preferred by men than women(p<0.0l). In particular, people in thirties liked Lavender the most(p<0.01). Teatree(p<0.001) and Sandalwood (p<0.05) were more preferred by married people than unmarried people. 4. The more educated people were, the more they liked the blended oil with Rosemary, Geranium, and Lemon(p<0.01). Housewives preferred Lavender(p<0.001) and Frankincense(p<0.05) and workers preferred Teatree(p<0. 001) and Sandalwood(p<0.05). As people were not healthy, they tended to prefer Teatree(p<0. 01) As people experienced essential oil, aroma massage and aroma inhalation more, they preferred Lavender and Frankincense. 5. Women`s average score was higher than men`s(women : 4.58, men: 4.18, total score: 6.0). Younger people more preferred aroma than older people(p<0.05). 6. 51.3% of specialists answered they used aroma for skin care less than one time a day, 35.7% of them used 2 or 3 times a day. 29.6% of specialists answered that the biggest difficulty in their work was the lack of knowledge of aroma. The next one was relationship with co-workers and pay(20.4%) and overwork was 13.9% 7. 37.3% of specialists had got massages 10~20 times from a skin care specialist and 31.7% of them had got massages less than 10 times. About experiencing aroma in everyday life, 42.9% of them experienced aroma 10~20 times and 28.6% of then experienced less then 10 times. 8. Generally, the more experienced people liked Lavender, Teatree, Sandalwood and Frankincense(p<0.05). 9. As a result of the survey on the specialists` preference, preferred oils were Lavender(22.4%), Rosemary (13.4%), Rose(10.1%), Jasmine(9.2%) and Orange(8.4%). Unpleasant oils were Teatree(16.0%), Yiangyiang(13.6%), Peppermint(9.9%) and Patchouli(8.6%). The specialists used Lavender the most (67.6%) in aroma therapy and used Rosemary(6.5%), Teatree(5.6%) and Peppermint(4.6%). In conclusion, the subjects` experience and knowledge of aroma were not high, and there was difference in preferences of aroma by their ages, gender, education, occupations, and experiences. However, both general people and the specialists had a difficulty in aroma use due to the lack of knowledge of aroma. So, if we apply aroma therapy to patients in consideration of their preferences, the best result will be expected. A systemic aroma education program for specialists is needed as soon as possible.

Ginseng radix Suppresses Ischemia-induced Increase in c-Fos Expression and Apoptosis in the Hippocampal CA1 Region in Gerbils

Keung Ryol Park,Mi-Hyeon Jang,Chang-Ju Kim,Choong-Yeol Lee 한의병리학회 2005 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.19 No.1