Integrated management of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Fusarium head blight and deoxynivalenol contamination through host resistance and fungicide application in Ethiopia

Getahun Muluken,Fininsa Chemeda,Mohammed Abdi,Bekeko Zelalem 한국작물학회 2024 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.27 No.2

Fusarium head blight (FHB) caused by Fusarium spp. is an emerging destructive wheat disease in Ethiopia. This disease significantly reduces grain yield and quality leading to small, shriveled, lightweight kernels and subsequently contaminating the grain with mycotoxins, particularly deoxynivalenol (DON). Field experiments were conducted in Mareko district, southern Ethiopia during the 2020 and 2021 main cropping seasons to determine the impact of integrated wheat variety resistance and fungicide application against FHB development and associated DON. Three bread wheat varieties (Denda'a, Hidase, and Kingbird), two fungicides (propiconazole and tebuconazole), and untreated wheat were used as a treatment in a split-plot design arranged in three replications. The main plots received wheat varieties, while the subplots received fungicides. The effect of fungicides on the FHB severity index was highly significant. Propiconazole and tebuconazole spraying at the anthesis growth stage reduced FHB incidence, severity, Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK), and DON contamination in harvested grain while increasing thousand seed weight and yield in all varieties. Kingbird variety sprayed with tebuconazole had low mean FHB disease severity (19.33 and 20.20%), disease progression (0.0065 and 0.0079 units day–1), and AUDPC (316.52 and 330.17%-days) in 2020 and 2021, respectively. High mean grain yields were also obtained from a variety of Kingbird sprayed with tebuconazole. Furthermore, fungicide efficacy was found to be higher in the Kingbird variety treated with tebuconazole, with a 67% DON contamination reduction compared to the control. Unsprayed plots of each variety had the highest disease severity, DON contamination, AUDPC, and the lowest grain yield in both cropping years. The efficacy of fungicides in reducing the FHB severity index and yield increase was lower in the susceptible variety (Denda’a). Grain yield was negatively correlated to severity index, FDK, and DON, whereas the latter traits were positively correlated among themselves. The study indicated that fungicide efficacy in reducing FHB, and increasing grain yield was higher in moderately resistant varieties than in susceptible ones. The results imply that integrating fungicide application at the anthesis growth stage with moderately resistant variety is a more effective management approach for reducing FHB and DON contamination in wheat, than either approach used alone, and increasing wheat production and food security in major wheat growing areas of Ethiopia

Construction of a solution of split equality variational inequality problem for pseudomonotone mappings in Banach spaces

Getahun Bekele Wega 대한수학회 2022 대한수학회지 Vol.59 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to introduce an iterative algorithm for approximating a solution of split equality variational inequality problem for pseudomonotone mappings in the setting of Banach spaces. Under certain conditions, we prove a strong convergence theorem for the iterative scheme produced by the method in real reflexive Banach spaces. The assumption that the mappings are uniformly continuous and sequentially weakly continuous on bounded subsets of Banach spaces are dispensed with. In addition, we present an application of our main results to find solutions of split equality minimum point problems for convex functions in real reflexive Banach spaces. Finally, we provide a numerical example which supports our main result. Our results improve and generalize many of the results in the literature.

CONSTRUCTION OF A SOLUTION OF SPLIT EQUALITY VARIATIONAL INEQUALITY PROBLEM FOR PSEUDOMONOTONE MAPPINGS IN BANACH SPACES

Wega, Getahun Bekele Korean Mathematical Society 2022 대한수학회지 Vol.59 No.3

The purpose of this paper is to introduce an iterative algorithm for approximating a solution of split equality variational inequality problem for pseudomonotone mappings in the setting of Banach spaces. Under certain conditions, we prove a strong convergence theorem for the iterative scheme produced by the method in real reflexive Banach spaces. The assumption that the mappings are uniformly continuous and sequentially weakly continuous on bounded subsets of Banach spaces are dispensed with. In addition, we present an application of our main results to find solutions of split equality minimum point problems for convex functions in real reflexive Banach spaces. Finally, we provide a numerical example which supports our main result. Our results improve and generalize many of the results in the literature.

Potato Breeding for Nitrogen-Use Efficiency: Constraints, Achievements, and Future Prospects

Baye Berihun Getahun 한국작물학회 2018 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.21 No.3

In this review, the genetic potential and efforts made on different aspects of potato breeding for nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and the possible physiological and genetic mechanisms determining NUE in potato in relation to other model crops are presented. Strategies to utilize the diverse gene pool of potato and improve the NUE in contrasting N environments are currently evaluated under field conditions using different selection approaches. So far, focused efforts have been made on the identification of potato genotypic differences which will allow for the analysis of specific components of nitrogen-use efficiency and the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on a range of physiological processes and morphological traits of potato. To my knowledge, despite the availability of genome sequence and QTLs identified for NUE and related agronomic and physiological traits in potato, and genomic information from other model crops, candidate genes on NUE have not yet been identified in potato. To maximize the success rate of potato breeding for NUE, basic knowledge how plants respond to different N regimes and other environmental conditions and use of DNA marker technology are vital.

Empowering Female Civil Servants through Education

Abay Akemachew GETAHUN 이화여자대학교 아시아여성학센터 2016 이화여자대학교 아시아여성학센터 학술대회자료집 Vol.2016 No.1

Empowerment is the process of creating enabling conditions for marginalized or discriminated groups of people so as to obtain and widen opportunities to contribute and benefit from the socioeconomic and political spheres. Women are those who make up half of the world’s population needs to be empowered. This is due to the fact that although the degree varies from one country to the other, women around the globe have been facing prejudice and discrimination based on their gender for several years. Education is one of the key strategies to empower women in terms of enhancing their knowledge and skill, increasing their representation at public spaces, to have more access to and control over resources and the like. They primary responsibility for women’s empowerment rests in their hands. However, other stakeholders like governments have key roles to their empowerment especially by creating conducive conditions. The Ethiopian Civil Service University as one of the governmental Higher Learning Institutions of Ethiopia has been playing a critical role to empower female civil servants through its various educational programs. Especially, the initiative taken by taking the University to admit female students from formerly marginalized regional states of Ethiopia through alternative admission program can be as one of its remarkable achievements.

Reproductive biology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Hayq, Ethiopia

Tessema Assefa,Getahun Abebe,Mengistou Seyoum,Fetahi Tadesse,Dejen Eshete 한국수산과학회 2020 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.23 No.2

This study was conducted in Lake Hayq between January and December 2018. The objectives of this study were to determine the growth, condition, sex ratio, fecundity, length at first sexual maturity (L50), and spawning seasons of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Monthly fish samples of C. carpio were collected using gillnets of stretched mesh sizes of 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 13 cm and beach seines of mesh size of 6 cm. Immediately after the fish were captured, total length (TL) and total weight (TW) for each individual were measured in centimeters and grams, respectively, and their relationship was determined using power function. Length at first maturity (L50) was determined for both males and females using the logistic regression model. The spawning season was determined from the frequency of mature gonads and variation of gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of both males and females. Fecundity was analyzed from 67 mature female specimens. The length and weight relationship of C. carpio was TW = 0.015TL2.93 for females and TW = 0.018TL2.87 for males that indicate negative allometric growth in both cases. The mean Fulton condition factor (CF) was 1.23 ± 0.013 for females and 1.21 ± 0.011 for males. The value of CF in both cases was > 1 that shows both sexes are in good condition. Among the total 1055 C. carpio collected from Lake Hayq, 459 (43.5%) were females and 596 (56.5%) were males. The chi-square test showed that there was a significant deviation between male and female numbers from 1:1 ratio (χ2= 22, df = 11, P > 0.05) within sampling months. The length at first sexual maturity (L50) for females and males were 21.5 and 17.5 cm, respectively. Males mature at smaller sizes than females. The spawning season of C. carpio was extended from February to April, and the peak spawning season for both sexes was in April. The average absolute fecundity was 28,100 ± 17,462. C. carpio is currently the commercially important fish while Nile tilapia fishery has declined in Lake Hayq. Therefore, this baseline data on growth, condition, and reproductive biology of common carp will be essential to understand the status of the population of carp and design appropriate management systems for the fish stock of Lake Hayq, Ethiopia, and adjacent countries.

Reproductive biology of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Hayq, Ethiopia

Tessema, Assefa,Getahun, Abebe,Mengistou, Seyoum,Fetahi, Tadesse,Dejen, Eshete The Korean Society of Fisheries and Aquatic Scienc 2020 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.23 No.6

This study was conducted in Lake Hayq between January and December 2018. The objectives of this study were to determine the growth, condition, sex ratio, fecundity, length at first sexual maturity (L₅₀), and spawning seasons of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Monthly fish samples of C. carpio were collected using gillnets of stretched mesh sizes of 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 13 cm and beach seines of mesh size of 6 cm. Immediately after the fish were captured, total length (TL) and total weight (TW) for each individual were measured in centimeters and grams, respectively, and their relationship was determined using power function. Length at first maturity (L₅₀) was determined for both males and females using the logistic regression model. The spawning season was determined from the frequency of mature gonads and variation of gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of both males and females. Fecundity was analyzed from 67 mature female specimens. The length and weight relationship of C. carpio was TW = 0.015TL^2.93 for females and TW = 0.018TL^2.87 for males that indicate negative allometric growth in both cases. The mean Fulton condition factor (C_F) was 1.23 ± 0.013 for females and 1.21 ± 0.011 for males. The value of C_F in both cases was > 1 that shows both sexes are in good condition. Among the total 1055 C. carpio collected from Lake Hayq, 459 (43.5%) were females and 596 (56.5%) were males. The chi-square test showed that there was a significant deviation between male and female numbers from 1:1 ratio (χ²= 22, df = 11, P > 0.05) within sampling months. The length at first sexual maturity (L₅₀) for females and males were 21.5 and 17.5 cm, respectively. Males mature at smaller sizes than females. The spawning season of C. carpio was extended from February to April, and the peak spawning season for both sexes was in April. The average absolute fecundity was 28,100 ± 17,462. C. carpio is currently the commercially important fish while Nile tilapia fishery has declined in Lake Hayq. Therefore, this baseline data on growth, condition, and reproductive biology of common carp will be essential to understand the status of the population of carp and design appropriate management systems for the fish stock of Lake Hayq, Ethiopia, and adjacent countries.

Adaptability and Stability Analysis of Groundnut Genotypes Using AMMI Model and GGE-biplot

Amare Kebede B,Adisu Getahun 한국작물학회 2017 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.20 No.5

Unpredictable rainfall, variations in farm inputs, crop-diseases, and the inherent potential of genotypes are among the major factors for low and variable crop yield. Fourteen elite groundnut genotypes were examined in 14 environments to analyze adaptability and stability of genotypes, and identify mega-environments if they exist. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) model, cultivar-superiority measure, and genotype plus genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analysis were used for data analysis. The environment (69.8%) and genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) effects (21.4%) were dominating the genotypic effect (8.8%). The GEI was significant (P < 0.01), and two distinct environments (mega-environments) were identified, suggesting separate national groundnut breeding strategies for Babile and Pawe. ICGV-94100 and ICGV-97156 were stable and had the highest-yield at Babile and Pawe, respectively. The higher heritability value was recorded in more homogeneous and favorable environments, indicating the genetic potential of groundnut genotypes were better attained in more homogeneous and favorable environments. AMMI model, cultivar-superiority measure, and GGE biplots were helpful methodologies and complemented each other to evaluate the adaptability and stability of groundnut genotypes in diverse environments.

Identification and characterization of fish breeding habitats on Lake Kyoga as an approach to sustainable fisheries management

Rebecca Walugembe Nambi,Abebe Getahun,Fredrick Jones Muyodi,John Peter Obubu 한국수산과학회 2023 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.26 No.4

Nile perch and Nile tilapia are major commercial species in Uganda, and thus require continuous production. However, their production is impacted by anthropogenic activities such as fishing in breeding habitats. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize Nile perch and Nile tilapia fish breeding habitats on Lake Kyoga. Water quality, lake bottom, fish and vegetation type samples were collected from 20 sites in April of 2021 and 2022. Key informant interviews were conducted with experienced fishermen at five fish landing sites. The water quality parameters indicated significant difference within the sites using analysis of variance. Sandy and muddy bottom types were equally spread at 40% each by use of a pie chart. Fish gonads showed no significant difference among the 20 sites. Bivariate correlation analysis of the vegetation types indicated a strong negative correlation with Nile perch while Nile tilapia had a positive correlation. Principal component analysis of the water quality, fish gonads and habitat vegetation components cumulatively contributed 82.5% in characterizing a fish breeding habitat. Four sites for Nile perch and four sites for Nile tilapia were characterized as breeding sites on Lake Kyoga and are recommended for mapping and gazettement as breeding habitats for sustainable fisheries management.

Diet composition and feeding habits of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Shala, Ethiopia

Wagaw Solomon,Mengistou Seyoum,Getahun Abebe 한국수산과학회 2022 Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Vol.25 No.1

The present study was carried out to investigate the food and feeding habits of Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Shala to manage this species in this high Soda Lake. Stomachs of 226 fish (65.9%) had different food items, while those of 117 fish (34.1%) were empty. Phytoplankton was the dominant food categories occurring in 90.3% of the stomachs estimated and contributed 75.5% of the total volume. Bacillariophyceae (Nitzschia, Anomoeoneis, Navicula and Melosira) were identified as the most desired phytoplankton item. The prey items of O. niloticus differed among size classes (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The main prey items were zooplankton by the smaller-size class, and phytoplankton in fish of the larger-size class. Seasonal variation in the diet composition was evident (t-test, p < 0.05) and zooplankton, chironomids, nematodes, fish scales and detritus were important during the wet season, while phytoplankton predominates during the dry season. This study concludes that O. niloticus had a phytoplanktivores feeding mainly on phytoplankton and their feeding habits influenced by season and fish size in Lake Shala.