Negative effects on medical students’ scores for clinical performance during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan: a comparative study

Eunice Jia-Shiow Yuan,Shiau-Shian Huang,Chia-An Hsu,Jiing-Feng Lirng,Tzu-Hao Li,Chia-Chang Huang,Ying-Ying Yang,Chung-Pin Li,Chen-Huan Chen 한국보건의료인국가시험원 2023 보건의료교육평가 Vol.20 No.-

Purpose Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has heavily impacted medical clinical education in Taiwan. Medical curricula have been altered to minimize exposure and limit transmission. This study investigated the effect of COVID-19 on Taiwanese medical students’ clinical performance using online standardized evaluation systems and explored the factors influencing medical education during the pandemic. Methods Medical students were scored from 0 to 100 based on their clinical performance from 1/1/2018 to 6/31/2021. The students were placed into pre-COVID-19 (before 2/1/2020) and midst-COVID-19 (on and after 2/1/2020) groups. Each group was further categorized into COVID-19-affected specialties (pulmonary, infectious, and emergency medicine) and other specialties. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to compare and examine the effects of relevant variables on student performance. Results In total, 16,944 clinical scores were obtained for COVID-19-affected specialties and other specialties. For the COVID-19-affected specialties, the midst-COVID-19 score (88.51–3.52) was significantly lower than the pre-COVID-19 score (90.14–3.55) (P<0.0001). For the other specialties, the midst-COVID-19 score (88.32–3.68) was also significantly lower than the pre-COVID-19 score (90.06–3.58) (P<0.0001). There were 1,322 students (837 males and 485 females). Male students had significantly lower scores than female students (89.33–3.68 vs. 89.99–3.66, P=0.0017). GEE analysis revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic (unstandardized beta coefficient=-1.99, standard error [SE]=0.13, P<0.0001), COVID-19-affected specialties (B=0.26, SE=0.11, P=0.0184), female students (B=1.10, SE=0.20, P<0.0001), and female attending physicians (B=-0.19, SE=0.08, P=0.0145) were independently associated with students’ scores. Conclusion COVID-19 negatively impacted medical students' clinical performance, regardless of their specialty. Female students outperformed male students, irrespective of the pandemic.

기업 이사회의 여성이사 비율 확대를 위한 제언

( Eunice K. Kim ) 이화여자대학교 법학연구소 2017 法學論集 Vol.21 No.4

우리나라 상장회사 기업이사회의 여성이사 비중은 다년간 OECD나 G20 회원국 중가장 낮다. 본 논문은 지난 30년간 미국에서 간접차별 법리의 미흡함에 대한 대안으로 활발하게 논의되어온 무의식적인 편견 (unconscious bias, 또는 implicit bias)의 개념을 여성이사의 비중을 늘리는 새로운 해법으로 제시한다. 무의식적인 편견 개념은 모든 사람들에게 사회적 약자에 대한 편견이 무의식에 잠재해 있으며 편견이나 고정관념으로부터 자유롭다고 공언 하는 사람들조차도 무의식적으로 또는 즉흥적으로 행동하는 경우에는 무의식적인 편견과 일관된 행동이나 결정을 내린다고 주장한다. 2차젠더편향 (second generation gender bias)은 무의식적인 편견 개념을 젠더에 적용하여 인적 넷트워크 형성 및 교류패턴, 오랜 관행 및 전통으로 인하여 여성이 은연중에 특정영역 또는 기회에서 배제되는 것을 의미하는 개념이다. 2차젠더편향은 고용차별 이외에도 불평등이 존재하는 여러 상황에 유연하게 적용될 수 있으며 무의식적인 편견을 약화시키거나 제거하는 것을 목적으로 하는 방안을 해법으로 제시해줄 수 있다. 특히 기업과의 관계가 고용관계가 아닌 위임관계에 있으며 기업 지배구조 관행 상 이사 후보 풀의 구축 과정이 불투명하고 후보 선발 시 평가 기준이 탄력적이며 주관적인 판단이 크게 반영되는 이사들에게는 2차젠더편향의 영향력으로 인하여 여성이 배제될 가능성이 높기 때문에 2차젠더편향을 약화시키고 궁극적으로 제거하는 방안으로 행동수정프로그램과 성비할당제 (gender quota)를 동시에 시행하는 것을 제안한다. For as long as we can remember, the percentage of female corporate directors at Korean listed corporations has been the lowest along all OECD member countries and the G20 nations. This Article proposes that the theory of unconscious (or implicit) bias, which was developed over the past 30 years in response to what some American legal scholars viewed as deficiencies in disparate impact approach to discrimination, be used to address the challenge of achieving gender balance on corporate board. The theory of unconscious bias posits the pervasiveness of unconscious bias against stigmatized groups such as racial minorities, women, disabled, and sexual minorities. Even individuals who avow that they are free of discriminatory biases against minority groups, are likely to behave in a manner that evidences their unconscious bias. Theory of unconscious bias as applied to gender relations in the context of social practices and patterns of interaction, formation of human networks that have the effect of excluding women from opportunities are referred to as second generation gender bias. Glass-ceiling, sexual harassment are common examples of second generation gender bias. Second generation gender bias is a useful tool for analyzing exclusion of women in various situations, enabling formuation of corrective and prevention measures above and beyond legal remedies. In recognition of the likelihood that women are excluded from corporate directorships as a result of second generation gender bias, this paper proposes recommends 2 measures to be undertaken concurrently in order to weaken and ultimately eliminate the impact of second generation gender bias: first a behavior modification program grounded in education and training, designed to raise awareness of implicit bias; secondly, imposition of mandatory gender quota to be implemented in several stages.

Soluble and Insoluble Yeast β-Glucan Differentially Affect Upper Respiratory Tract Infection in Marathon Runners: A Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

Eunice Mah,Valerie N. Kaden,Kathleen M. Kelley,DeAnn J. Liska 한국식품영양과학회 2020 Journal of medicinal food Vol.23 No.4

In a previous study, consumption of a dairy beverage incorporating insoluble β-glucan decreased upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptomatic days and severity in marathon runners. In this report, we extended our previous findings by presenting data on a dairy beverage containing soluble β-glucan and URTI in marathon runners. Healthy adults running in the 2017 Austin Marathon consumed dairy beverages (250 mL/day) containing 250 mg of insoluble (n = 69) or soluble (n = 76) baker's yeast β-glucan (Wellmune®) or placebo (n = 133) for the 45 days before, day of, and 45 days after the marathon (91 days total). Participants completed a daily online survey assessing compliance and URTI symptoms, which were evaluated using the Jackson Index and confirmed by the study physician. Total severity of URTI was significantly lower in the insoluble yeast β-glucan group compared to the placebo group, but was not different between the soluble yeast β-glucan group and placebo group. Severity ratings for nasal discharge were significantly lower in both the insoluble and soluble yeast β-glucan groups compared to the placebo group. Additionally, severity rating for sore throat was lower in the insoluble, but not the soluble yeast β-glucan group compared to the placebo group. The insoluble yeast β-glucan group, but not the soluble yeast β-glucan group also reported fewer URTI symptomatic days compared to the placebo group. The results suggest that soluble and insoluble yeast β-glucan, incorporated into a food matrix, differentially affected exercise-induced URTI in marathon runners.

비리제보제도의 활성화

Eunice K. Kim 梨花女子大學校 法學硏究所 2014 法學論集 Vol.19 No.2

Whistleblowing has long been recognized as the most effective way to detect and prevent fraud, corruption and other unlawful activities. As with many countries around the world, Korea has enacted laws to encourage whistleblowing and to protect whistleblowers from retaliation and discrimination. The purpose of this paper is to examine and compare the 3 major laws that apply to whistleblowing illegal activities in the private sector, namely, the Protection of Public Interest Reporters Act, Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act, and Act on External Audit of Stock Companies. In an effort to understand the current legal landscape for whistleblowers, the paper examines what kind of whistleblowers are eligible for protection, what kind of unlawful activities may be reported, what kind of financial incentives and protective measures available to the whistleblowers, and the penalties to be applied to those who take retaliatory action against the whistleblowers. The paper concludes by making recommendations to be considered and adopted by lawmakers with a view to strengthening the efficacy of these laws thereby inducing more potential whistleblowers to actually blow the whistle. 비리제보제도는 부패, 불법행위 및 비윤리적인 행위를 예방‧근절하는데 효과적인 방안의 하나로 인식되고 있음에 따라 주요국가 대부분이 이제도의 활성화에 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 우리나라도 90년대부터 공공부문과 민간부문에서 비리제보를 장려하는 법을 제정하여 시행하고 있다. 본 논문은 민간부문에서 발생하는 비리를 제보하는 자를 보호하는 주요 법률인 공익신고자보호법, 자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법, 주식회사의 외부감사에 관한 법을 제보자 보호관점에서 비교 검토한다. 구체적으로 위 세 개의 법에서 규정하는 제보자의 자격, 제보의 대상, 제보자에 대한 포상과 보호, 책임감면과 정보보호, 그리고 제보자에게 불이익을 가한 자에게 부과되는 벌칙에 대한 조항을 검토하고 이에 대한 분석을 통하여 민간 부문에서의 우리나라의 비리제보제도의 현황과 문제점을 파악하였다. 더 나아가 우리나라의 비리제보제도를 강화하고 활성화하기 위하여 고려해야하는 다양한 개선안을 제안하였다. 특히 현재 위 세 개의 법이 모두 허용하지 않고 있으나 비리제보의 활성화를 위해서 익명 제보의 허용이 반드시 이루어져야 함을 강조하였다.

Preliminary Study on Organosolv Pulping of Acacia Hybrid

Eunice Wan Ni Chong,Kang Chiang Liew,Siaw Kian Phiong 강원대학교 산림과학연구소 2013 Journal of Forest Science Vol.29 No.2

An attempt was made on pulp production from the fast growing plant, Acacia hybrid to determine the total yield, screened yield, Kappa number, and fibre morphology of organosolv Acacia hybrid pulp. Uniform- sized chips were taken to undergo pulping in a digester with five different concentrations of ethanol, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90% (v/v) with 1 M of sodium hydroxide as catalyst. All chips were digested in a temperature-controlled digester with constant amount of water added and temperature of 185oC with the duration of three hours cooking time and correspond pressure 1.1-1.2 MPa. It was observed that increasing of ethanol concentration has led to pulp yield increment and decreased in the degree of delignification at the same time. This study was aimed to focus on the effect of the varied concentration of organic solvent towards the pulp yield and its relationship with Kappa number and pulp yield.

The role of calmodulin in regulating calcium-permeable PKD2L1 channel activity

Eunice Yon June Park,Julia Young Baik,Misun Kwak,Insuk So 대한약리학회 2019 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.23 No.3

Polycystic kidney disease 2-like-1 (PKD2L1), polycystin-L or transient receptor potential polycystin 3 (TRPP3) is a TRP superfamily member. It is a calcium-permeable non-selective cation channel that regulates intracellular calcium concentration and thereby calcium signaling. Although the calmodulin (CaM) inhibitor, calmidazolium, is an activator of the PKD2L1 channel, the activating mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify whether CaM takes part in the regulation of the PKD2L1 channel, and if so, how. With patch clamp techniques, we observed the current amplitudes of PKD2L1 significantly reduced when co-expressed with CaM and CaMΔN. This result suggests that the N-lobe of CaM carries a more crucial role in regulating PKD2L1 and guides us into our next question on the different functions of two lobes of CaM. We also identified the predicted CaM binding site, and generated deletion and truncation mutants. The mutants showed significant reduction in currents losing PKD2L1 current–voltage curve, suggesting that the C-terminal region from 590 to 600 is crucial for maintaining the functionality of the PKD2L1 channel. With PKD2L1608Stop mutant showing increased current amplitudes, we further examined the functional importance of EF-hand domain. Along with co-expression of CaM, ΔEF-hand mutant also showed significant changes in current amplitudes and potentiation time. Our findings suggest that there is a constitutive inhibition of EF-hand and binding of CaM C-lobe on the channel in low calcium concentration. At higher calcium concentration, calcium ions occupy the N-lobe as well as the EF-hand domain, allowing the two to compete to bind to the channel.

Muscling My Way to My Positive Future: Physical Exertion of Strength and Preference for Risk

Eunice Kim Cho,안희경 한국마케팅학회 2020 ASIA MARKETING JOURNAL Vol.22 No.1

Building on the growing literature on how physical bodily expressions influence psychological processes, the authors propose that exerting physical strength decreases risk perceptions and increases preference for risky options by increasing perceptions of control or agency. The present research is based on the belief of “no pain, no gain”, that when an individual exerts physical strength and effort, he believes he can be the agent in bringing about the desired outcome. Because of this automatic association between exerting physical strength and the sense of being in control of the outcome, the authors hypothesize that even in situations where the outcome is determined by chance and luck, individuals exerting effort feel they have more control and thus choose riskier, but more desirable, options. Furthermore, this research clarifies the distinction between physical exertion of strength, high- and low-power poses, and psychological power.

Structure Based Drug Design

Eunice E . Kim 생화학분자생물학회 1996 생화학분자생물학회 춘계학술발표논문집 Vol.- No.-

금융회사임직원의 감독책임제도 도입에 대한 고찰 -미국법의 사례를 참고하여-

( Eunice K Kim ) 이화여자대학교 법학연구소 2014 法學論集 Vol.18 No.3

1990년대 말 외환위기를 겪으면서 우리나라도 이사회에 의한 경영감시와 내부통제 기능을 정착시키기 위하여 금융회사 지배구조 개선을 도모하였고 그 일환으로 내부통제기준을 법제화하여 도입하였다. 내부통제기준의 준수여부를 확인하고 보고해야 하는 준법감시제도는 올해 도입된 지 15년째이지만 금융권 내외에서 아직도 제대로 기능을 못하고 있다는 시각이 지배적이다. 많은 사람들이 준법감시제도에 대하여 회의를 가지고 있는 이유는 준법감시제도가 단지 법규가 요구하기 때문에 비자발적으로 형식상으로만 갖추고 있는 제도라는 데 있다. 이 논문의 목적은 준법감시제도가 우리나라 현실에서 제대로 작동할 수 없는 근본 원인을 살펴보고 그 개선방안을 제시하는 데 있다. 이 논문은 준법감시에 대한 CEO 등 경영진의 유인체계(incentive structure)에 주목하고 경영진을 포함한 임직원들의 이해와 부합되는 효과적인 준법감시제도를 만들기 위하여 미국 컴플라이언스제도의 주축이라고 평가 받는 금융법 상의 임직원의 개인 감독책임제도를 우리나라에 도입할 것을 제안한다. 개인 감독책임제도란 금융회사가 일정 기준에 부합하는 컴플라이언스제도를 구축하고 감독책임을 가진 감독자가 컴플라이언스제도에서 감독자로서 요구되는 모든 의무를 성실하게 집행했고 내부통제 규정이 잘 지켜지고 있으며 지켜지지 않고 있다고 의심할 만한 이유가 없다는 사실을 입증할 수 있으면 그 금융회사에서 위반행위가 발생하여도 해당 금융 회사와 감독자 임직원을 감독책임 미이행으로 인한 행정처벌로부터 감면시켜 주는 혜택을 부여하는 개념이다. 이 제도는 모두가 감독자인 미국 금융회사의 경영진에게 컴플라이언스제도가 아군이라는 시각을 갖게 하는 매우 강력한 유인 요소이다. 미국 연방 의회는 감독책임을 조문화 하면서 이를 절대적인 책임(absolute liability)으로 하지 않고 그 책임에서 벗어날 수 있는, 즉 적극적 방어 및 면책이 가능 하도록 하는 단서도 함께 마련했다. (i) 회사에 금융회사 소속 임직원들의 위반행위를 예방하고 적발할 수 있을 것이라고 기대할 수 있는 각종 내부 규정(internal procedures)들이 이미 제정되어있고 그 규정들을 적용하는 시스템이 갖추어져 있으며 (ii)감독책임을 지는 감독자는 내부 규정에서 요구하는 각종 의무와 책무를 이행하였고 이런 절차들이 지켜지지 않고 있다는 의구심이 없는 경우 감독 책임을 다한 것으로 인정된다. 이렇게 미국은 컴플라이언스제도를 의무화하지 않고도 모든 금융회사가 컴플라이언스제도를 갖추는 효과적인 동기부여를 하였고 미국의 감독당국과 법원은 컴플라이언스제도를 감독책임의 이행을 증명하는 최선의 방법으로 보고 있기 때문에 미국 금융회사의 이사회와 경영진은 컴플라이언스제도가 법에서 요구되지 않아도 기꺼이 구축하고 집행하게 된다. 즉 금융회사의 영향력 있는 임직원은 금융회사의 타 임직원의 행위에 대한 통제력을 가지고 있어 자기 자신 뿐 아니라 그들이 영향력을 행사하는 자들까지 규제를 준수하도록 강요할 수 있기 때문에 감독당국의 입장으로서는 가장 효과적인 규제수단이라고 할 수 있다. 우리나라의 법규는 감독책임에 대한 언급은 있으나 명확하게 정의하지는 않았다.「자본시장과 금융투자업에 관한 법률」(이하 “자본시장법”) 제422조에 의하면 “금융위원회는 금융투자업자의 임직원에 대하여 조치를 하거나 이를 요구하는 경우 그 임직원에 대하여 관리,감독의 책임이 있는 임직원에 대한 조치를 함께 하거나 이를 요구할 수 있고, 다만, 관리,감독의 책임이 있는 자가 그 임직원의 관리,감독에 상당한 주의를 다한 경우에는 조치를 감면할 수 있다”고 쓰여 있지만 “위반행위를 방지하기 위”한 “상당한 주의와 감독”을 언급한 제448조와는 달리 관리,감독이 무엇을 의미하는지 확실치 않다.「금융기관 검사 및 제재에 관한 규정」은 임원의 감독책임을 부하직원의 위반행위를 예방하거나 적발하는 것에 초점을 두지 않고 결과적으로 회사에게 피해를 끼치거나 금융 불안 등 금융위기를 야기하는 것에 초점을 두어 임원의 준법의지를 강화시키는 것과는 거리가 멀다. 제재규정은 금융감독당국의 금융회사의 내부통제에 대한 시각을 반영하는데 내부통제의 주목적은 금융관련 법규의 준수이기보다 금융사고의 예방이라고 명시되어 있다. 감독책임제도 도입을 통하여 준법감시제도의 확실한 정착을 이루어내기 위해서는 감독당국의 면밀한 지침과 지도가 필요하다. 감독책임이 무엇을 의미하는지, 감독자체계를 어떻게 갖추어야 하는지, 감독책임준수내부규정을 포함한 내부규정은 어떻게 제정해야 하는지 등이 금융회사들에게 충분히 전달되고 감독당국의 금융회사 준법감시제도에 대한 평가능력도 제고되어 금융회사에 대한 제재 감면의 혜택도 공정하게 부여될 수 있다면 우리나라 금융권의 준법감시제도는 경영진의 전폭적인 지지 하에 성공적으로 정착될 수 있을 것이다. Since 2000, Korean financial service companies have been required to adopt several governance strengthening measures, such as appointing independent outside directors, establishing an audit committee, adopting internal control system and appointing compliance officers, among others. However, 15 years after adopting internal control system, experts agree that the compliance function has yet to be fully embraced, established and functioning effectively in Korean financial services companies. This is due to a number of reasons, but the most important reason may be inadequate understanding of and support for compliance on the part of the board of directors and senior management, who tend to view the compliance function as a cost center without palpable benefits to the organization on the whole or to its management. As a result, the board and senior management do not set the right “tone at the top” nor create compliance culture throughout the organization. In order to remedy this situation, this paper argues that the Korean legislators and regulators adopt the concept of “supervisory responsibility.” “Supervisory responsibility” or “duty to supervise” is an important cornerstone in the regulatory framework of compliance in the US financial services sector, but was not introduced to Korea when the compliance function was adopted in 2000. In a nutshell, it is a duty imposed on any person who is associated with a broker-dealer (or an investment adviser) to supervise another person (usually a subordinate) with a view to preventing violations of the provisions of Securities Act of 1933, the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Investment Company Act of 1940, Investment Advisers Act of 1940, the Commodity Exchange Act, the rules or regulations under any of such statutes, or the rules of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board. This duty is deemed to be fulfilled if the broker-dealer (or the investment adviser) has (A) “established procedures, and a system for applying such procedures, which would reasonably be expected to prevent and detect, insofar as practicable, any such violation” by those who are subject to such duty to supervise and (B) “such person has reasonably discharged the duties and obligations incumbent upon him by reason of such procedures and system without reasonable cause to believe that such procedures and system were not being complied with.” In other words, while the US regulatory framework imposes duty to supervise on supervisors, it also provides that if an appropriate and reasonable compliance program has been established and the supervisor has properly fulfilled his or her duties required by such compliance program, such supervisors will be exempt from being held liable even if a subordinate has committed a regulatory violation. Under the current Korean regulatory framework, financial services companies are required to establish a compliance program. A reference to supervisory responsibility is mentioned in Article 422 of the Capital Markets Consolidation Act, which provides that the Financial Supervisory Commission can take action against an officer or employee of a financial investment company as well as the officer or employee who is responsible for supervising the former officer or employee, provided however, that the latter officer or employee may be exempted from such action if the latter officer or employee’s management and supervision reasonably satisfies the requirements of duty of care. However, it is unclear exactly what is meant by supervisory responsibility and the legislative intent for imputing supervisory duty to officers and employees. It is also unclear who qualifies as a supervisor under the Capital Markets Consolidation Act, given the classification used in the Financial Supervisory Services Regulation regarding Sanctions against Financial Services Companies. Most importantly, Korean regulatory framework does not explicitly provide that a compliance program consisting of procedures aimed at preventing and detecting regulatory violation, combined with satisfactory discharge of the duties incumbent upon the supervisor to the extent that the supervisor has not reason to doubt non-compliance with the compliance program, will be deemed to fulfill the duty of care required of the supervisor, thereby exempting the supervisor from administrative sanctions. In view of the disparity between the US approach, which is more process-oriented by providing strong incentives for senior management of financial services companies to establish compliance, and the Korean approach, which is more result-oriented by failing to provide such incentives and by focusing on whether or not the financial service companies suffer financial losses, this paper proposes the following measures be undertaken by the Korean financial regulators: (i)clearly define the notion of supervisory responsibility and its requirement; (ii)encourage or require financial services companies to assign supervisors for officers and employees; (iii)encourage or require financial services companies to formulate and adopt supervisory programs that individual supervisors must comply with; (iv)provide guidance to financial service companies in formulating effective internal control regulations, (v)take into consideration the relevant factors and circumstances surrounding each financial services company when assessing the effectiveness of its compliance and supervisory programs; and (vi) refrain from taking disciplinary sanctions against individual supervisors if they made reasonable efforts to prevent and detect regulatory violations of their subordinates. These suggestions, if appropriately implemented, would effectively induce senior management of financial service companies to set the right tone at the top and establish effective compliance system throughout the company.

IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: THE NIGERIAN PERSPECTIVE

EUNICE ODUFA ERHAGBE 숭실대학교 법학연구소 2023 法學論叢 Vol.56 No.-

전세계적인 COVID-19 대유행으로 인한 혼란은 환경과 기후에 많은 영향을 초래하였다. 수역, 대기, 생태계가 모두 영향을 받았으며 상당한 긍정적, 부정적 영향을 경험하게 되었던바, 인간의 건강도 여기서 예외가 아니었다. 기후 변화와 COVID-19 대유행이 어느 정도 연관성이 있고 둘 다 전세계적 문제를 야기한다는 것은 더 이상 놀라운 일이 아니다. 이 논문에서 코비드 19는 나이지리아의 환경에 긍정과 부정의 양쪽에서 영향을 미친 것으로 밝혀졌다. 긍정적 영향에는 다음과 같은 것들이 있다. 먼저 봉쇄의 효과로 화석연료 사용이 엄청나게 감소하여 라고스, 포르타르쿠르, 아부자와 같은 대도시 지역에서 대기질이 향상되었다. 둘째, 석유채굴활동이 감소되어 해당지역의 동식물이 증가하고 복원이 촉진되었다. 또한 라고스나 포르타르쿠르와 같이 인구밀도가 높은 지역에서 특히 탄소배출 수준이 낮아지고 대기질이 개선된 것도 긍정적 영향에 포함된다. 이러한 효과가 지속되기 위해서는 화석 연료에서 재생 가능한 에너지원으로 전환되는 것이 필요하다. COVID-19 대유행은 농업에 더욱 큰 충격을 주어, 코비드로 인한 봉쇄가 가정의 식료품 공급 보장에 영향을 미쳤고, 부실한 폐기물 관리는 수질 등 환경 오염으로 이어질 수 있다. 따라서 재생 가능한 에너지원을 개발하여 지상과 지하 양측에서 탄소 배출 수준을 줄이려는 노력을 지속할 필요가 있다. 이 논문은 간략한 포괄적 검토로부터 나이지리아의 환경 및 환경 보호에 대한 팬데믹의 긍정적 및 부정적 영향을 강조하고 논의하였다. 이 논의를 바탕으로, 나이지리아의 미래를 위한 몇 가지 중요한 권고 사항을 제시하고자 한다. The disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide has resulted in numerous impacts on the environment and the climate. Water bodies, the atmosphere and ecosystems have all been affected, and have experienced significant positive and negative impacts. Human health has not been excluded. It is no longer news that COVID-19 pandemic as well as climate change are somewhat interwoven and both are regarded as global emergencies. In this paper COVID-19 was found to have immense impacts on the Nigerian environment, both positive and negative. The positive impacts include (but not limited to) the following: The use of fossil fuels was grossly diminished as a result of the lockdown. Consequently metropolitan areas like Lagos, Portharcourt and Abuja enjoyed better air quality. The positive impacts also extended to biodiversity in areas like Nigeria’s Niger Delta region, as the reduced oil exploration activities promoted the enhancement and restoration of flora and fauna in the region. The positive impact include improved air quality, low levels of emission especially in highly populated areas like Lagos and Port Harcourt. This calls for a shift from fossil fuel to renewable energy sources to make sure these benefits are sustained. The COVID-19 also had a higher impact on agriculture, where COVID lockdown affected household food security and safety, poor management of waste, which could lead to water and other environmental pollution. There is need to sustain efforts at reducing emission levels, above and below ground carbon by making available renewable energy sources. Drawing from a brief global overview, this paper highlights and discusses the positive and negative impacts of the pandemic on the environment and environmental protection in Nigeria. Based on this discussion, it makes some important recommendations for Nigeria for the future.