좌식공간관습의 건축사적 함의 - 신발의 문제를 중심으로 -

조재모,Cho, Jae-Mo 한국건축역사학회 2012 건축역사연구 Vol.21 No.1

The starting point of this study is the concerning of simple behavioral pattern that whoever enters the inner space with taking off his shoes should go out from the position where he laid his shoes. The using of Ondol (floor heating room) and Maru (lifted wood floor) had changed the architectural space from chair-sitting to floor-sitting space, and it also made the behavior of taking off the shoes at the entrance of building and stepping on the lifted floor. This simple behavior has possibility to make lots of changes to the culture of architectural design. With this noticeable point, this paper is talking about the cultural feature of Korean traditional architecture, especially about the influence of tanking off and putting on shoes. The matter of shoes has changed diverse aspects of building and layout planning. It maximized the difference between front and rear part of building and characterized the lateral extension of Korean traditional house. The ritual space also had evolved from chair-sitting to floor-sitting space according to the type of ritual behavioral pattern. The change on the single building level had influenced on the layout planning of architectural complex. For examples, the parallel layout of ChangDeok-gung palace and the long sequential process to the main pavilion of Buddhist temple are the result of the matter of shoes. And NuGak(樓閣), the double-storied pavilion, on the axis of entering sequence's node is one of the unique planning elements that makes possible to go through the building without taking off the shoes and also makes upper level space for staying. In short, Korean traditional architecture that has the chair-sitting spatial origin of the East Asian cultural sphere has pursued new architectural issues and planning methods according to evolution to the floor-sitting culture.

朝賀 儀禮動線과 宮闕 正殿의 建築型式

조재모(Cho Jae-Mo) 대한건축학회 2010 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.26 No.2

This study is on the King's movement during the political ceremony and also on the architectural norm of JeongJeon the main pavilion of the palace of Joseon dynasty. It needs the analysis on the alternatives of King's movement and comparative study about other palaces of East Asian country such as China, Japan and Vietnam. The ideal concept of royal ritual ceremony is the process that the King who lived in the palace meets the officials who comefrom outside. So the ritual space has the meaning of border between private and public(or political) area. JeongJeon at JoHa(朝賀, great ceremony), the main gate at JoCham(朝參, every 5 days meeting) and PyeonJeon at SangCham(常參, daily meeting) can be the border of each case and in the ancient idea, every border has the image of the 'gate' as ritual space. According to this concept, King's movement has to be the way from back to front via the rear door and the five mountains' folding screen of main pavilion.

지속되고 있는 건축역사학의 위기와 고민

조재모(Cho, Jae-Mo) 대한건축학회 2023 建築 Vol.67 No.6

한국건축 전통논의의 성격

조재모(Cho, jae_mo) 강원대학교 기초과학연구소 1999 기초과학연구 Vol.10 No.-

본 논문은 1960년대 말부터 진행되어온 한국의 건축전통 논의의 성격을 분석하고 보다 발전적인 관점으로 전환하기 위한 시도이다. 국립종합박물관 설계경기와 부여박물관의 왜색논쟁으로 촉발된 건축전통에 관한 논의는 형태를 위주로 한 것이었다. 1970년대를 거치면서 콘크리트조의 전통형 태 계승이 유행하면서 형태 위주의 논의는 우리전통논의의 큰 맥을 형성하여 왔지만 이는 수동적인 성격을 갖고 있었고,따라서 전통의 문제를 ‘계승하여야 하는 타자로 인식하게 하는 오류를 범하였다 본고는 1920년대 이래의 주택개량운동과 도시형한옥에 주목하여 수동적인 형태 중심의 전통 논의를 극복하여야 한다는 점을 주장하며, 전통논의의 핵심은 점진적 지속성과 방법론적 다양성의 확보임을 결론으로 제시하였다. This study is an attempt to reconsider the angle of vision with analysis on the discussion about Korean architectural tradition, that was provoked by the competition of national museum and PUYO museum of Kim Sugeon. Through 1970s, form-oriented discussion has been the leading issue but on the other hand misguided 'the tradition' as the object to be succeeded. I think we have to pay attention to the long term continuance such as the residential renewal movement since 1920s and construction of urban Han-Ok. Finally, the key point of discussion about architectural tradition might be the continuance and the gradual transition.

고종대 경복궁의 중건과 궁궐 건축형식의 정형성

조재모(Cho, Jae-Mo) 서울시립대학교 서울학연구소 2007 서울학연구 Vol.- No.29

This study is on the reconstruction of KyeongBok-Gung palace from the viewpoint of the architectural history. KyeongBok-Gung palace was built in the year of 1395 for the first time and had been demolished by Japanese attack at the end of 16th century. For near 200 years, KyeongBok-Gung was the primal palace of Joseon dynasty and also regarded so even after demolition. In the period of King Kojong, it could be reconstructed at length. Ostensibly the reconstruction of this palace might be the attempt to revive the prestige of the early period of the dynasty but it was impossible to restore because of the long gap of more than 270 years. So we have to understand that the reconstruction was not restoring but new construction in the situation of the 19th century. This paper is the research of the architectural transition of KyeongBok-Gung palace basically on above kind of standpoint. First of all, I want to understand the feature of the reconstruction by analysis on the discussion for the reconstruction and condition of the remained site. Secondly, I checked out the common and different points between the original and reconstructed architectures; it shows the change of cognition of Joseon government on the palatial space. And with Buk-Gwul-Do-Hyeong the drawing of the plan made at the early years of 20th century and other documental records of KyeongBok-Gung palace, I analyzed the architectural features of the reconstructed palace and understood the phase of palatial constructing since the period of King Sunjo. The root of reconstructed KyeongBok-Gung palace is clearly the original palace of the early period of the dynasty. We cannot deny that fact because of the term reconstruction itself, sustained names of main buildings, the continuous layout with central axis, the rank of primal palace and so on. On the other hand, it might be a new palace. It is because the whole sequence from planning to construction was finished in short time and moreover it was the case of the last stage of the dynasty, so there could be reflected the cumulative demand for improvement proposed during long time. This kind of feature could be revealed on the characteristics of each zone and the architectural plan types of pavilions. As the result, reconstructed KyeongBok-Gung palace has the independence of each zone and architectural pattern of pavilions that could not be found in other palaces before. The separation of Kings and Queens residences, the completion of Princes zone and the advent of isolated space for funeral rites such as lying-in-state room are the solutions to problems of past time palaces and the symmetric-room-type plan was the wide used pattern for the reconstruction during 19th century based on the ritual ceremonies. In short, the reconstruction of KyeongBok-Gung palace could not be understood only as restoring, but we have to comprehend it as the object showing the whole history of palatial architecture of Joseon dynasty.

조선시대 국장의 절차와 공간이용

조재모(Cho, Jae-Mo) 대한건축학회 2013 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.29 No.2

Royal funeral was not only the most biggest accident that made emotional shock to the people and also the important political event. So it needed the strict ritual norm and long time. However the most important feature of this ceremony was the uncertainty of schedule. Actually King’s death was the accidence itself. They could not fix the date beforehand. All process of Royal funeral rites could start at that time of King’s death and it needed the urgent preparation and spatial setting. This paper is on the preparation and progression of Royal ritual ceremony and its spatial use. Also it’s about how they can solve the urgency of process. I have to check and analyse Gukjo-Oreyi(國朝五禮儀) and Gukjo-SangreBopeon(國朝喪禮補編) as the basic law for funeral ceremony and King Jeongjo’s funeral rites as the actual case with four official record books. There were broad discussion for Royal funeral rites and that ceremony needed diverse facilities such as King’s death place(昇遐所), mortuary(殯殿), tablet shrine(魂殿), tomb grave, T-shape pavilion(丁字閣), Sudogak(隧道閣), Yeongak-jeon(靈幄殿), Jaesil(齋室), GilyuGumg(吉?宮), Ong’ga(甕家) and so on. And also some more facilities for the auspicious ceremony(吉禮) of Ruyal shrine(宗廟), SeonwonJeon(璿源殿) and several JinJeon(眞殿) were needed. In this condition, those bureaus of BinJeonHonJeon-Dogam(殯殿魂殿都監), Gukjang-Dogam(國葬都監) and San’neung-Dogam(山陵都監) did their own tasks and sometimes they cooperated together for most important task. It was for the solving the urgency of Royal funeral rites.

『春官通考』를 통해 살펴본 慶熙宮의 儀禮空間

조재모(Cho Jae-Mo) 대한건축학회 2008 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.24 No.5

This study focuses on the royal rituals in palaces of late Joseon ? especially in KyeungHee-Gung Palace ? with the document of ChunGuanTongGo(春官通考). The social and political change of Late Joseon dynasty made the royal ritual system of GukJoOreyi (國朝五禮儀)and GyeongGukDaeJeon(經國大典) revised to the additional edition. ChunGuanTongGo written by YuYiYang(柳義養) in 1788 under the reign of King JeongJo(正祖) is the ritual document on the affair of the Protocol Board composed of five categories of rites - religious(吉禮), auspicious(嘉禮), diplomatic(賓禮), military(軍禮) and funeral(凶禮) ones. This record with 96 volumes, which is bound to 60 books, includes the chronicles, revisional process of ritual prescription, and some related figures. It is found that KyeungHee-Gung Palace had features of 1)adaptable space for Prince's or his son's ritual, 2)royal banquet, and 3)temporal enshrinement of royal ancestral tablets or portraits. The functions of those pavilions were comparatively flexible according to the conditions of other palaces or pavilions. And it is also found that there were lots of differences between the original rituals in KyeungBok-Gung Palace and revised ones in KyeungHee-Gung Palace in terms of spatial layout and the concept of JeongChim(正寢).

도동서원

조재모(Cho, Jae-Mo) 대한건축학회 2012 建築 Vol.56 No.11

동궐의 궁궐운영 경험과 서궐의 계획

조재모(Cho, Jae-Mo) 서울시립대학교 서울학연구소 2017 서울학연구 Vol.- No.67

본 연구는 조선시대 궁궐이 건축적 관점에서 상호 어떤 영향관계에 놓여 있는지를 살펴보고자 하는 것이다. 특히 조선적 궁궐배치법으로 지칭되는 창덕궁식 배치가 이후의 궁궐에 미친 영향과 역방향의 영향에 대해 보다 정교하게 살펴보려는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 특히 좁은 경사지에 입지한 창덕궁과 창경궁, 경희궁의 지형인식과 조정방식을 분석하였으며, 그 속에서 편전 영역의 배치에 대해 창덕궁, 창경궁과 경희궁의 입장은 다른 것이었으며, 이를 해결하기 위해 편전에 대한 해석이 달라짐을 고찰하였다. 조선의 궁궐은 고대 중국의 궁궐 배치법을 수용하였지만 평탄하고 넓은 지형을 선택하지 못했던 창덕궁 등 이궁에 있어서는 규범적 배치법을 변형할 수밖에 없었다. 창덕궁은 정전, 편전, 침전의 영역을 종방향이 아닌 횡방향으로 병렬시킴으로써 지형의 문제를 해결하고자 하였다. 창경궁 역시 동남쪽으로 낮아지는 완만한 지형조건에 대응하여 전각의 배치법을 설정하였다. 이들 두 궁궐이 좁은 경사지를 활용하면서도 궁궐 각 영역을 하나의 영역으로 조성하는데 큰 문제가 없었던 반면, 경희궁은 이보다 훨씬 심한 경사지에 입지함으로써 영역간에 단절이 있을 수밖에 없는 상황이었다. 이는 정전과 침전 영역이 경사지에 의해 분리되는 결과를 낳았으며, 여기에서 편전의 입지가 첨예해졌다. 한편 조선왕실의 편전은 원론적으로 정침의 역할을 부여받았음에도 불구하고 전각의 유형상 연거의 기능을 수용하기 어려웠고, 이는 정침 기능의 분화로 이어졌다. 또한 창덕궁 희정당과 같이 편전의 기능을 일부 분할하여 담당하는 전각이 등장하였는데, 이는 창경궁 숭문당, 경희궁 흥정당, 인경궁 화정당 등 반복적으로 나타나는 양상이기도 하였다. 경희궁의 편전은 자정전과 흥정당으로 그 기능이 양분되었다. 이는 창덕궁 이래 궁궐 전통에서 본받은 것이었지만, 경사지형 조건 속에서 두 전각은 서로 분화된 영역에 각각 입지하였다는 특성이 있다. 그럼으로써 정전과 함께 연동되는 입식 의례는 주로 자정전으로, 편전 단독으로 사용될 수 있는 좌식 의례는 주로 흥정당으로 분화되는 양상을 만들어내었다. 이는 경희궁의 독특한 해법이었지만 이후 창덕궁의 운영에도 영향을 준 것으로 이해된다. 요컨대, 경희궁의 편전 영역 구성은 창덕궁 이래로 경험해 온 편전 기능의 실질적 분화가 전각의 형식뿐만 아니라 위치에 있어서도 완전히 분화된 모습이라 할 수 있다. 소위 조선적인 궁궐 배치법은 단순히 지형에 대한 대응만이 아니라, 전각의 일상과 의식에도 연동되는 것으로 이해할 수 있을 것이다. This study is on the influencing relationship among palaces of Joseon Dynasty from the architectural viewpoint. Especially it is focused on the influence between Changdeok-gung and Gyeonghee-gung palace in detail. For this, the topography and way of cut and fill the ground of two palaces located on narrow sloping site are analyzed. And also it is understood that the layout for the area of Pyeonjeon, the King’s office of each palace is different and the way of using Pyeonjeon was changed according to the different layout. The palace of Joseon Dynasty adopted the ancient Chinese norm supposed that its construction site should be wide flat ground. But the topography of Seoul is not flat so they could not choose those wide flat site and so had to modify the classical norm for secondary palaces. the layout of Changdeok-gung palace is not longitudinal one but parallel horizontal one composing three axis of Jeongjeon, Pyeonjeon and Chimjeon. It was a kind of solution of the conflict between topography and classical norm. Changgyeong-gung also has modified layout according to sloping site. Though these two palaces could get wholly unified area for Jeongjeon, Pyeonjeon and Chimjeon even on the narrow sloping grounf, Gyeonghee-gung could not do that because its site is much steeper than other two palaces. There had to be isolated areas for each main pavilions of Jeongjeon, Pyeonjeon and Chimjeon. In this case, the location of Pyeonjeon might be solved in detail. Meanwhile, though Pyeonjeon of Joseon Danasty was regarded as Jeongchim conceptually, actually its partial function of dwelling could not be admitted in this pavilion because it did not have heating room. It specialized and divided the functions of Jeongchim to Pyeonjeon and Chimjeon. And also the unique type like Heejeong-dang of Changdeokgung palace appeared as a kind of secondary Royal office. Sungmun-dang in Changgyeonggung, Heungjeong-dang in Gyeonghee-gung and Hwajeong-dang in Ingyeong-gung that existed in short time were in the same category. The function of Pyeonjeon of Gyeonghee-gung was divided to two pavilion of Jajeongjeon and Heungjeong-dang. This tendency of division was imitated Changdeok-gung’s experience, but in the case of Gyeonghee-gung, these two pavilions were separated in each isolated area according to steep topography. In this condition, some standing type ceremonies that were held at bigger area including Sungjeong-jun used Jajeong-jun, while sitting type ceremonies that were held at single pavilion used Heungjeong-dang on the other hand. This aspect was the uniqueness of Gyeonghee-gung, but it influenced to other palaces such as Changdeok-gung inversely. Finally, the composition of Pyeonjeon area of Gyeonghee-gung means that the functional division of Pyeonjeon experienced in Changdeok-gung for long time made more elaborated way of dividing even to the zoning. So called ‘the architectural layout system of palaces of Joseon Dynasty’ is applied not only to the matter of topography but also to the ritual ceremony and function of pavilions in the palace.

근현대기 대구지역 한옥건축의 전개와 유형

조재모(Cho, Jae-mo) 계명대학교 한국학연구원 2015 한국학논집 Vol.0 No.58