한국(韓國) 공동주택(共同住宅) 변천(變遷)에 관(關)한 고찰(考察) - 근대기(近代期) 아파트의 정착과정(定着過程)을 중심으로 -

정순영,윤인석,Chung, Soon-Young,Yoon, In-Suk 한국건축역사학회 2002 건축역사연구 Vol.11 No.2

The purpose of this study is to examine the changing process of the collective housing in Korea; focusing on the alteration process of the apartment housing, which became a representative housing type in Korea, nowadays. The alteration process of the apartment housing in Korea can be divided into three stages: the introduction stage, the trial stage and the settled stage. The introduction stage is the period between 1920, when the collective-housing buildings were constructed in Korea for the first time, and the Liberation of Korea(1945). The trial stage is the period between 1945 and 1975. During this period, common housing has been constructed. And the massive apartment buildings were started to be supplied after 1975. The settled stage is the period between 1975 and the present. The main scope of this study will be the introduction and trial stages, since a lot of in-depth studies have been executed on the settled stage. The history of the collective housing of Korea starts with City Housing of Seoul, in 1921. It is guessed that this housing was to be small-sized and row-housing type. The first-built, apartment-type building, in Korea, was Mikuni Apartment House, which was constructed as a boarding room of Mikuni Company. In the introduction stage, apartment buildings were built by Japanese architects, with Japanese housing style. Most of them were planned in dormitory type, and some of them were run as tenant houses. Most of them were constructed by bricks, but sometimes by timbers. Tadami was laid in every room and inside-corridor was located in the middle of the house. Although the major style of the apartment buildings was Japanese, the Korean dwellers of those apartments has been influencing the housing type of them. In the trial stage, apartment housing has been experienced in diverse ways. With the development of building technology, floor heating system was settled in apartment housing. This improved the amenities of apartment dwelling remarkably. Although some heterogeneous characteristics still remained in the apartments of Korea, in terms of housing style, the housing style of apartments has been changed into own style of Korea, in accordance with Korean people's life style. The results of this study give us some good implications regarding contemporary housing plan: First, if the unit size of a collective housing is small, the more space could be available for community activities. Second, when planning of collective housing, more concerns should be payed on surroundings. Third, more attention should be payed about low-rise apartment housing, and more land-friendly planning would be required.

사진 에세이, 오늘의 수원모습

윤인석,Yoon, In-Suk 대한건축사협회 1998 建築士 Vol.1998 No.8

말레이시아 화인거리의 형성과정과 도시주거에 관한 연구 -말레이시아 말라카와 싱가포르를 중심으로-

이상헌,윤인석,Lee, Sang-Hun,Yoon, In-Suk 한국건축역사학회 1998 건축역사연구 Vol.7 No.4

The formation of Chinese Town in Malacca of Malaysia and Singapore would explain that Chinese gradually played an important role of commerce and urban service according to the Western European advance to southeast Asia and the construction of colonial cities from the 16th century to 19th and massed residence in many cites of southeast Asia. Chinese was usually separated from the Western European by western colonial policy and city planning. Common architectural characteristics in Chinese towns of Malaysia can refer to the transmission of the Chinese architectural material, the combination of dwelling and commerce in a house and the space organization centered on a court or an air well in the narrow and long site, lying adjacent to street etc. The Chinese dwellings in Malaysia rooted with Chinese settlement in southeast Asia. The Chinese dwellings was not always a shop on 1th floor and a dwelling on 2nd floor before the 19th century. But as Chinese immigration and commercial activity progressed in earnest in the early of 19th century, the row house of Chinese for dwelling was autonomously changed to two functional shophouse for dwelling and commerce. Chinese row house can refer to the use of Malay regional material, change of symmetrical Chinese traditional housing type by the narrow and long site and the tendency of the eclectic elevation of Western and China. Another architectural characteristics of the shophouse is an appearance of the continuous verandah with a cover regulated by Stamford Raffles in Singapore. This regulation was applied to architecture in Chinese Town as Stamford Raffles constructed Singapore. It was spread to South China reversely and became the regulation of streetscape for the modern city. Shophouse of Chinese towns in Southeast Asia and south China can be understood by context of Chinese immigration, colonialism, housing type of commerce and dwelling and the Western European city planning.

중국계 동남아인(華人) 주거에 관한 연구 -말레이시아와 싱가포르 사례를 중심으로-

이상헌,윤인석,Lee, Sang-Hyun,Yoon, In-Suk 한국건축역사학회 2000 건축역사연구 Vol.9 No.2

The region of Southeast Asia had already experienced rapid urbanization and cultural change before the East Asia region did. None the less, nowadays shophouses and rowhouses still form the major portion of streets in Chinese town in Southeast Asia countries. The purpose of this study is to examine the adaptation process of shophouse and rowhouse in the Southeast Asia region and the architectural characteristics between the middle of 18th and the early of 20th, which Chinese people of the region inherit and develop, for more thorough understanding of cultural adaptability and regionalism of Chinese architecture in Southeast Asia. The common fact found in the Southeast Asia region is that Chinese people in countries of this region gradually started to live densely as a group in a certain zone in city area since they got to play important roles in commerce, trade and service works related with cities, due to European countries' advance into Southeast Asia and their construction of colonial cities in the region. Chinese people in the region utilized residential rowhouse and special shophouse, which is a kind of shop adapted from rowhouses' sitting room or storage, for their commercial and industrial activities in urban areas, which had problems of limited space. They also realized high densities through vertical expansion of space in order to adjust to changing urban structure under execution of urban planning in cities of colonial area and rapid urbanization. Even though residence of Chinese in Southeast Asia was influenced by new political, social, economic and cultural rules of European colonies in Southeast Asia, it has continuously succeeded to the cultural tradition of China, their home country, in terms of planning principle which puts air well in the middle and hierarchial spacial construction method. Appearance of the open connected verandah, designed by Stamford Raffles, the founder of Singapore, can be regarded as one of the architectural characters. Hence, Chinese residence in cities of Southeast Asia can be understood as a new regional architectural culture in the context of European countries' urban planning and urbanization of colonial areas, Immigrants from southern China and their role, their adjustment to urban areas by utilizing mixed type houses of residence and business, cultural tradition of Chinese home country.

조선시대 도시연구를 위한 지리지(地理志)의 기초연구 - 『동국여지지(東國輿地志)』·『여지도서(輿地圖書)』·『여도비지(輿圖備志)』·『대동지지(大東地志)』를 중심으로 -

강서연,윤인석,Kang, Seo-Yeon,Yoon, In-Suk 한국건축역사학회 2012 건축역사연구 Vol.21 No.5

The purpose of this study lies on reinterpreting the geography books in Joseon dynasty as records of the cities and consequently suggesting directions for further urban research. Geography books of Joseon dynasty are valuable references to understand the national policy, and imply that the focus of the contents is on the system. Especially, military system is an important concept to understand city type in that period, relationships between cities, selection of location, etc. The results of review are as following: First, military system is not a permanent fixture and therefore reflects changes in urban policies along with the history. The system suggests valuable clues on urban development as it is state-run, and closely associated with national land development. Second, counties and prefectures under jurisdiction of district called Eupchi(邑治) had cities as important as or even more important than local government such as Yeong-a(營衙), Jinbo(鎭堡), Yeok(驛: administrative cities). Such special regions need to be studied as other type of cities in Joseon dynasty by defining their architectural characteristics and roles. Third, the relationship of cities such as Eupch, Yeong-a, and Jinbo, was reorganized according to the local military system. Eupchi, administrative city, along with Yeong-a and Jinbo evolved into a military city as it became systematically organized. The characteristics of Yeok needs to be reconsidered in the context of such new inter-city relationship. Fourth, considerations which should be reviewed in the geography based on this concept can be mainly classified into architecture and landscape. This will also lay the foundation, and suggest new directions for further research for Eupchi, Yeong-a, Jinbo, and Yeok. Fifth, description of the geography looks simple at first sight, but with thorough understating on the system, there are chances to interpret objective reasoning of position and landscape in the overall flow of region, area, etc. Bongsu(烽燧), signal-fire, can be an object of comparison with geographical features and position. Furthermore, advantageous position is a historical and geographical element showing the major context of the region.

한국 근현대건축에 나타난 전통성 표현에 관한 연구

정순영,윤인석,Chung, Soon-Young,Yoon, In-Suk 한국건축역사학회 1999 건축역사연구 Vol.8 No.3

The subjects of the research is the architecture expressed traditionality from the time of the Open Port on, including North Korea region. The scope is divided into three periods; the first is from the Open Port to the Rehabilitation (光復),1945, the second is from then to 1960, and the last is from 1960 to the present. The expression of Koreanity(韓國性) should be concerned with the states at the time. In the beginning of the first period the alienate culture and the new modern facilities, like electricity, telecommunication system, train service, etc., rushes to Korea and the traditional architecture accepted the most of the new-comings; therefore, the original form was transformed. That seems to be the beginning of the discourse on traditionality in Korea architecture. The expression was showed up in four parts: ${\bullet}$ Korea traditional architecture accepting the foreign culture and the modern facilities ${\bullet}$ the compromise between foreign and traditional architectural form ${\bullet}$ the compromise between the Modem and traditional architecture ${\bullet}$ the Imperial Crown Style(帝冠樣式) which is the eclectic architecture with transformed roof. The figurative expression in the present architecture was showed up in roughly two parts: ${\bullet}$ the traditional form directly depicted wholly / partially ${\bullet}$ the abstract traditional form wholly / partially Moreover the results on the research traditional architecture have been collected, the principles have been drawn out. Especially the first beauty is not on form or figure of a building but on the composition of architectures and the harmony of the natural circumstances and architectures. So many contemporary architects make efforts to apply the principles to the composition and formation of current architecture.

한국 개신교 교회건축의 평면형태 변천 연구 - '남녀유별' 관념과 회중석의 남녀 위치를 중심으로 -

이희준,윤인석,Lee, Hee-Jun,Yoon, In-Suk 한국건축역사학회 2005 건축역사연구 Vol.14 No.3

The plan type of Korean protestant church architecture underwent changes as following five stages according to the changes of the distinction between the sexes. First stage - At the beginning of missionary work in Korea, Koreans generally worshiped in missionary houses which were traditional Korean styles. The plan type of these houses was a simple '-' figure. At that time, men and women worshiped separately because of the idea of the distinction between the sexes. They either worshiped in different places at the same time or in the same place at the different time. Second stage - At this stage, men and women started to worship together in the same place. At the beginning of this stage, men sat in the front of the chapel on a rostrum, and women sat behind the men. The plan type of the chapel was a simple '-' or a rectangular figure. Later, they sat separately on the right and left side. There are the visual interceptions which were set up between them. As the number of church members increased rapidly, a new type of church architecture appeared. It was a 'ㄱ' figure. At that time the entrances were separated by the sexes. Third stage - At this stage, the visual interceptions disappeared as the idea of the distinction between the sexes became weak. As new churches had been constructed by the plan type of rectangular figure, the visual interceptions weren't set up anymore. Fourth stage - At this stage, the separated entrances were unified as one. But the arrangement of their seats didn't change because of the old idea of the distinction between the sexes. Fifth stage - In the final stage, the plan type of the church architecture was not determined by the idea of the distinction between the sexes but social, economical, technological facts and the influence of the foreign architecture. At this stage, new and various kinds of the plan type appeared such as the fan, round, squared, or oval figure as well as the rectangular figure. Men and women were not classified anymore. They started to sit and worship together in the same place. Also, when men and women sat separately from side to side because of the Idea of the distinction between the sexes, men sat on the right and women sat on the left side of rostrum. It didn't applied Confucian ideas but the idea of protestant church; protestant churches have the idea that the right side is more important but it does not in Confucianism.

한국 개신교 교회건축 예배공간의 평면유형 분류 및 변천 특성 연구

이희준(Lee Hee-Jun),김정일(Kim Jeong-Il),윤인석(Yoon In-Suk) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.25 No.5

This study classified the plan type of Korean Protestant churches by analyzing church architectures which have been reported in Architectural magazines since 1960. Also, the study analyzed relationship of 'the year of construction -denominationarrangements of pews. From this study, we reached into conclusions as follow: First of all, plan types can be divided into classes: a quadrangle, a fan shape, a circle, an octagon, a symbol type, and an irregular type. Also, each class can be divided into a various of shapes according to its type. Second, a plan type of a quadrangle type showed the highest distribution rate, but as times went by, the rate has been decreasing gradually. The distribution rate of a horizontal rectangle, a irregular quadrangle, a acute fan shape, a circle, an octagon, a oval type has been increasing. Third, a plan type of a rectangle type in most denominations was most preferable one. Also, the distribution rate of preference was the highest in the Holiness Church, and the rate tends to decrease from the Baptist Church to the Methodist Church, Full Gospel Church, Presbyterian Church, and independent churches. Finally, specific seat arrangements of church attendants vary according to each plan type. However, seat arrangements making the central axis worship were shown in a rectangle type, such as types of church procession ceremony.

창덕궁 침전일곽의 건축 형식 변천에 관한 연구

김지현(Kim, Ji-Hyun),이상해(Lee, Sang-Hae),윤인석(Yoon, In-Suk) 대한건축학회 2014 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.30 No.12

The Royal Bedchamber of Changdeokgung Palace in the late Joseon period looked different compared to the present. It is because the Royal Bedchamber of Changdeokgung Palace had been rebuilt after Changdeokgung Palace burned during Imjinwaeran. The Royal Bedchamber of Changdeokgung Palace in the late Joseon was repaired from using demolished parts of the Royal Palace at Ingyeonggung Palace, and its shape was maintained until the end of Joseon. Changeokgung Palace is the place where the king lived the longest throughout the Joseon Dynasty, and especially, the Royal Bedchamber place is a space that shows the day-to-day life and utopia of the king at the time. In this paper, I wish to examine how the Royal Bedchamber at Changdeokgung Palace changed over the times of significant impact made to the country. This thesis contemplates on the Royal Bedchamber at Changdeokgung before it was lost during the Japanese Colonialism. Furthermore, this thesis intends to discuss spatial composition.

한국 근대건축의 보존과 활용 : 명동지역의 장소성을 중심으로

이현정,윤인석 서울시립대학교 서울학연구소 2007 서울학연구 Vol.- No.28

In case of modern building, compare with the cultural properties building which its principles is preservation of original form, which has not designated but has historical value may rise up preservation and practical use. At this time the building's preservation limit are considered. This is determined through practical program, production motive of repair and enlargement of a building, the circumference context and analyze of value which endowed with building. Architecture is a culture of the time. If there have something needed as like equipment according to the function which needs to be added, it must be made as form which can express culture. Harmony of old equipment with new equipment is essential at this time. In addition, utilization based on historical and cultural education has to have program which can gives pleasure. First of all, it needs to reduce risk of extinction according to problem of preservation and practical use of historical building. Then it is considered that how it can be utilized of the preservation building. According to the relationship between preservation and practical use, a question how inhabitant participates will be important problems preservation of cultural heritage. Towards the end of the Joseun Dynasty, Seoul had extended itself outside the In the design of old city center, it is important to develop new functions and facilities based on the detailed investigation of the historical background. Therefore, it is necessary to take historical approach to reflect on studies of the past in the revitalization of Myeong Dong, Seoul, Korea. Myeong Dong has long been developed as the center of Seoul that possess many functions and landmarks. Myeong Dong has the following characteristics and uniqueness. Myeong Dong Catholic Cathedral and Chinese Embassy preserve the 'Uniqueness' and 'Placeness' of Myeong Dong. This can play a basic role to characterize Myeong Dongin the design process of specific units. The buildings and the streets which have experienced the history since the formation of Modern Myeong Dong are the physical characteristics of Myeong Dong. Myeong Dong has many art works and buildings that are created by Korean modern artists and architects. It is urgent to maintain those art works and buildings at the verge of extinction of those historical landmarks. It is necessary to design a revitalization plan to reflect on those physical characteristics and uniqueness of Myeong Dong. Although occupants and usages of buildings have changed, the 'Placeness' of a specific region can remain intact as long as the uniqueness of the place is preserved and people have memories to it.