O₃/BAC 공정에서 Peroxone 공정 적용에 따른 잔류 과산화수소 제거 특성

염훈식(Hoon Sik Yeom),손희종(Hee Jong Son),서창동(Chang Dong Seo),김상구(Sang Goo Kim),류동춘(Dong Choon Ryu) 大韓環境工學會 2013 대한환경공학회지 Vol.35 No.12

수중의 미량 유해물질 제거를 위해 AOP 공정에 대한 관심이 증대되고 있다. 낙동강 하류에 위치한 정수장들은 대부분 O₃/BAC 공정을 채택하여 운전 중에 있으며, AOP 공정의 일종인 peroxone 공정의 적용에 많은 관심을 가지고 있다. 본 연구 에서는 O₃/BAC 공정을 운전 중인 정수장에서 과산화수소를 투입할 경우에 후단의 BAC 공정에서의 잔류 과산화수소의 제거 특성을 biofiltration 공정과 함께 평가하였다. 유입수의 수온 및 과산화수소 농도변화 실험에서 biofilteration 공정은 낮은 수온 에서 유입수 중의 과산화수소 농도가 증가하면 급격히 생물분해능이 저하된 반면, BAC 공정에서는 비교적 안정적인 효율을 유지하였다. 유입수의 수온을 20℃, 과산화수소 투입농도를 300 mg/L로 고정하여 78시간 동안 연속으로 투입한 실험에서 biofilteration 공정은 EBCT 5~15분의 경우 운전 24~71시간 후에는 유입된 과산화수소가 거의 제거되지 않았으나, BAC 공정 에서는 78시간 후의 과산화수소 제거율이 EBCT 5~15분일 때 38%~91%로 나타났다. 또한, 78시간 동안 연속 투입실험 후의 biofilter와 BAC 부착 박테리아들의 생체량과 활성도는 각각 6.0 × 104 CFU/g과 0.54 mg?C/m3?hr 및 0.4 × 108 CFU/g과 1.42 mg?C/m3?hr로 나타나 운전초기에 비해 biofilter에서는 생체량과 활성도가 각각 99%와 72% 감소하였으며, BAC의 경우는 각 각 68%와 53%의 감소율을 나타내었다. BAC 공정에서 생물분해 속도상수(kbio)와 반감기(t1/2)를 조사한 결과, 수온 5℃에서 과산화수소 농도가 10 mg/L에서 300 mg/L로 증가할수록 kbio는 1.173 min-1에서 0.183 min-1으로 감소하였고, t1/2은 0.591 min 에서 3.787 min으로 증가하였다. 수온 25℃의 경우 kbio와 t1/2은 1.510 min-1에서 0.498 min-1 및 0.459 min에서 1.392 min으로 나타나 수온 5℃에 비해 수온이 15℃와 25℃로 상승할 경우 kbio는 각각 1.1배~2.1배 및 1,3배~4.4배 정도 증가하였다. O₃/BAC 공정을 운전 중인 정수장에서 peroxone 공정의 적용을 위해 과산화수소 투입을 고려할 경우, 후단의 BAC 공정에서 잔류 과 산화수소를 효과적으로 제거 가능하였고, 고농도의 과산화수소 유출사고시에는 BAC 공정의 EBCT를 최대한 증가시켜 운전 할 경우 수중의 과산화수소 농도를 최대한 저감시킬 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) have been interested for removing micropollutants in water. Most of water treatment plants (WTPs) located along the lower part of Nakdong River have adopted the O₃/BAC process and have interesting in peroxone process a kind of AOP. This study evaluated the removal characteristics of residual hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) combining with the biofiltration process in the next BAC process when the hydrogen peroxide is applied for the WTP operating O₃/BAC process. In the experiment, changing the temperature and the concentration of H₂O₂ of influent, the biofiltration process showed rapidly dropped the biodegradability when the H₂O₂ concentration was increased and lowered water temperature while BAC process maintained relatively stable efficiency. The influent fixed at 20℃ and the concentration of H₂O₂ at 300 mg/L was continuously input for 78 hours. Most of the H₂O₂ in the influent did not remove at the biofiltration process controlled 5 to 15 minutes EBCT condition after 24~71 hours operating time while BAC process controlled 5 to 15 minutes EBCT showed 38~91% removal efficiency condition after 78 hours operating time. Besides, after 78 hours continuously input experiment, the biomass and activity of attached bacterial on the biofilter and BAC were 6.0 × 104 CFU/g, 0.54 mg·C/m3·hr and 0.4 × 108 CFU/g, 1.42 mg·C/m3·hr respectively. These biomass and activity values were decreased 99% and 72% in biofilter and 68% and 53% in BAC compared with initial condition. The biodegradation rate constant (kbio) and half-life (t1/2) in BAC were decreased from 1.173 min-1 to 0.183 min-1 and 0.591 min to 3.787 min respectively according to increasing the H₂O₂ concentration from 10 mg/L to 300 mg/L at 5℃ water temperature and the kbio and t1/2 were 1.510 min-1 to 0.498 min-1 and 0.459 min to 1.392 min at 25℃ water temperature. By increasing the water temperature from 5℃ to 15℃ or 25℃, the kbio were increased 1.1~2.1 times and 1.3~4.4 times. If a water treatment plant operating O₃/BAC process is considering the hydrogen peroxide for the peroxone process, post BAC could effectively decrease the residual H₂O₂, moreover, in case of spilling the H₂O₂ into the water process line, these spilled H₂O₂ concentration can be able to decrease by increasing the EBCT at the BAC process.

Tetracycline계 항생물질들의 활성탄 흡착 및 생물여과 공정에 의한 생분해 특성

손희종 ( Hee Jong Son ),염훈식 ( Hoon Sik Yeom ),류동춘 ( Dong Choon Ryu ),장성호 ( Seung Ho Jang ),손형식 ( Hyung Sik Son ) 한국환경과학회 2014 한국환경과학회지 Vol.23 No.3

Adsorption and biodegradation performance of tetracycline antibiotic compounds such as ttetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), minocycline (MNC), chlortetracycline (CTC), doxycycline (DXC), meclocycline (MCC), demeclocycline (DMC) on granular activated carbon (GAC) and anthracite-biofilter were evaluated in this study. Removal efficiency of seven tetracycline antibiotic compounds showed 54%∼97% by GAC adsorption process (EBCT: 5∼30 min). The orders of removal efficiency by GAC adsorption were tetracycline, demeclocycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, doxytetracycline, meclocycline and minocycline. Removal efficiencies of seven tetracycline antibiotic compounds showed 1%∼61% by anthracite biofiltration process (EBCT: 5∼30 min). The highest biodegradable tetracycline antibiotic compound was minocycline, and the worst biodegradable tetracycline antibiotic compounds were oxytetracycline and demeclocycline.

Caffeine과 Carbamazepine: 낙동강 수계에서의 검출 및 정수처리 공정에서의 거동

손희종 ( Hee Jong Son ),염훈식 ( Hoon Sik Yeom ),정종문 ( Jong Moon Jung ),장성호 ( Seong Ho Jang ),김한수 ( Han Soo Kim ) 한국환경과학회 2012 한국환경과학회지 Vol.21 No.7

The aims of this study were to investigated the occurrence of caffeine and carbamazepine in Nakdong river basin (8 mainstreams and 2 tributaries) and the behavior of caffeine and carbamazepine under drinking water treatment processes (conventional and advanced processes), The examination results showed that caffeine was detected at all sampling sites (5.4~558.5 ng/L), but carbamazepine was detected at five sampling sites (5.1∼79.4 ng/L). The highest concentration level of caffeine and carbamazepine in the mainstream and tributaries in Nakdong river were Goryeong and Jinchun-cheon, respectively. These pharmaceutical products were completely removed when they were subject to conventional plus advanced processes of drinking water treatment processes. Conventional processes of coagulation, sedimentation and sand-filtration were not effective for their removal, while advanced processes of ozonation and biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration were effective. Among these pharmaceuticals, carbamazeoine was more subject to ozonation than caffeine.

정수 및 하수처리 공정에서 오존 및 UV/H₂O₂ 시스템적용 시의 할로겐화 메틸파라벤류의 반응 동역학 및 제거효율 평가

이우림(Woorim Lee),이윤호(Yunho Lee),염훈식(Hoon-Sik Yeom),김희영(Hee-Young Kim),정태욱(Taeuk Jeong),김상구(Sang-Goo Kim),손희종(Heejong Son) 대한환경공학회 2021 대한환경공학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2021 No.11

LC/MS/MS를 이용한 유기인계 농약류의 최적 분석법 정립과 원,정수에서의 모니터링

김경아 ( Gyung A Kim ),송미정 ( Mi Jeong Song ),염훈식 ( Hoon Sik Yeom ),손희종 ( Hee Jong Son ),이상원 ( Sang Won Lee ),최진택 ( Jin Tack Choi ) 한국환경과학회 2015 한국환경과학회지 Vol.24 No.12

The analytical method for 16 organophosphorus pesticides was developed in this study. The 16 organophosphorus pesticides were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using on-line solid phase extraction (on-line SPE) with PLRP- S cartridge. Analysis of all analytes in the MS/MS was processed in the electrospray ioni-zation (ESI) positive mode. They are Azinphos ethyl, Chlorfenvinphos, Ethion, Famphur, Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Terbufos, Aspon, Chlorpyrifos-methyl, Crotoxyphos, Dichlofenthi-on, Dicrotophos, Fonofos, Thionazin, Dimethoate and Iprobenfos. Limits of detection (LODs) and Limits of quantification(LOQs) were obtained as 0.8~2.0 ng/L and 2.6~6.4 ng/L, respectively. All compounds were not detected at the 8 sampling points of the raw water and clean water.

입상활성탄 재질별 방사성 핵종(1-131) 흡착 특성 평가

박홍기 ( Hong Ki Park ),손희종 ( Hee Jong Son ),염훈식 ( Hoon Sik Yeom ),김영진 ( Young Jin Kim ),최진택 ( Jin Taek Choi ),류동춘 ( Dong Choon Ryu ) 한국환경과학회 2015 한국환경과학회지 Vol.24 No.9

This research was performed by means of several different virgin granular activated carbons (GAC) made of each coal, coconut and wood, and the GACs were investigated for an adsorption performance of iodine-131 in a continuous adsorption column. Breakthrough behavior was investigated that the breakthrough points of the virgin two coals-, coconut- and wood-based GACs were observed as bed volume (BV) 7080, BV 5640, BV 5064 and BV 3192, respectively. The experimental results of adsorption capacity (X/M) for iodine-127 showed that two coal- based GACs were highest (208.6 and 139.1 μg/g), the coconut-based GAC was intermediate (86.5 μg/g) and the wood-based GAC was lowest (54.5 μg/g). The X/M of the coal-based GACs was 2∼4 times higher than the X/M of the coconut-based and wood-based GACs.

남조류의 염소처리에 따른 미량의 염소 소독부산물 생성에 관한 연구

손희종 ( Hee Jong Son ),정종문 ( Jong Moon Jung ),염훈식 ( Hoon Sik Yeom ),최진택 ( Jin Taek Choi ),장성호 ( Seong Ho Jang ) 한국환경과학회 2012 한국환경과학회지 Vol.21 No.8

Formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) including trihalomethans (THMs), haloacetic acid (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs) and others from chlorination of algogenic organic matter (AOM) of Microcystis sp., a blue-green algae. AOM of Microcystis sp. exhibited a high potential for DBPs formation. HAAs formation potential was higher than THMs and HANs formation potential. The percentages of dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) formation potential were 43.4% and 51.4% in the total HAAs formation potential. In the case of HANs formation potential, percentage of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) formation potential was 97.7%. Other DBPs were aldehydes and nitriles such as acetaldehyde, methylene chloride, isobutyronitrile, cyclobutanecarbonitrile, pentanenitrile, benzaldehyde, propanal, 2-methyl, benzyl chloride, (2-chloroethyl)-benzene, benzyl nitrile, 2-probenenitrile and hexanal.

낙동강 수계에서의 고지혈증 치료제 검출 특성

손희종 ( Hee Jong Son ),서창동 ( Chang Dong Seo ),염훈식 ( Hoon Sik Yeom ),송미정 ( Mi Jung Song ),김경아 ( Kyung A Kim ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.12

The aims of this study were to investigate and confirm the occurrence and distribution patterns of blood lipid lower agents (BLLAs) in Nakdong river basin (mainstream and its tributaries). 4 (atorvastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin and simvastatin) out of 5 statins and 2 (clofibric acid and zemfibrozil) out of 3 fibrates were detected in 29 sampling sites and simvastatin (>50%) was predominant compound followed by atorvastatin, lovastatin and clofibric acid. The total concentration levels of BLLAs on April, August and November 2009 in surface water samples ranged from ND∼25.7 ng/L, ND∼18.8 and ND to 38.8 ng/L, respectively. The highest concentration level of BLLAs in the mainstream and tributaries in Nakdong river were Goryeong and Jincheon-cheon, respectively. The sewage treatment plants (STPs) along the river affect the BLLAs levels in river and the BLLAs levels decreased with downstream because of dilution effects.

낙동강 하류 원수의 응집제 주입 자동화를 위한 Streaming Current Detector (SCD)와 Charge Analyzing System (CAS)의 평가

김상구(Sang-Goo Kim),손희종(Hee-Jong Son),이정규(Jeong-Kyu Lee),염훈식(Hoon-Sik Yeom),유평종(Pyung-Jong Yoo) 大韓環境工學會 2017 대한환경공학회지 Vol.39 No.4

본 연구에서는 낙동강 하류원수에 대한 응집제 주입율 자동화를 위해 stream current detector (SCD)와 charge analyzing system (CAS)의 적용성 비교·평가하였다. SCD 시스템을 이용한 경우, 원수 pH가 9.3에서 5.7로 낮아지면 pH 9.3에서 설정된 유동 전하값을 응집제 주입율로 사용할 수 없었고, pH 5.7에 맞는 유동 전하값의 재설정이 필요하였다. 원수의 pH 변화에 따른 SCD의 유동 전하값의 재설정을 하지 않을 경우, 후단의 모래여과 처리수 탁도가 증가하는 현상을 보였다. CAS 시스템의 경우는 원수 pH의 범위가 6.0~9.3의 범위일 때 polydadmac을 전하 중화제로 사용하는 것이 가능하였고, 고탁도 원수에도 poly-dadmac이 양호한 전하중화제로 평가되었다. 그러나 pH 5~11의 범위에서 polydadmac의 전하량은 거의 변화하지 않은 반면, 응집제로 사용되는 alum의 전하량은 6배 정도 차이가 발생하고, pH에 적합한 응집제 요구량을 보였다. 따라서 원수의 pH가 높은 경우는 전하 적정제로 정수장에서 사용하는 응집제를 직접 이용하는 것이 효율적이었다. This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of the stream current detector (SCD) and charge analyzing system (CAS), which are well known as the automatic coagulant dosage determination instruments. When the SCD system was used, the current charge value set at pH 9.3 could not be used as the coagulant dosage when the pH of the raw water decreased to 5.7, and the current charge value corresponding to pH 5.7 was required to be reset. In case of CAS system, polydadmac is stable as a cationic titrant when the pH of the raw water ranged 9.3 to 6.0. And it was effective to use polydadmac as a cationic titrant for high turbidity water. The current charge of polydadmac was almost constant between pH 5 and 11, however, the difference in charge of alum is six times in this pH range. Therefore, when the pH of the raw water was changed, it seems that the coagulant used in the actual water treatment plant was as a good cationic titrant.

정수처리에서 미량유해물질 제거를 위한 Peroxone 공정의 적용성 및 경제성 평가

손희종 ( Hee Jong Son ),김상구 ( Sang Goo Kim ),염훈식 ( Hoon Sik Yeom ),최진택 ( Jun Taek Choi ) 한국환경과학회 2013 한국환경과학회지 Vol.22 No.7

We compared the applicability and economical efficiency of peroxone process with those of ozone process in the existing water treatment plant on downstream of Nakdong River. After comparing the peroxone process for removing geosmin with the ozone process in lab scale test, peroxone process showed much higher removal efficiency than the ozone process at the same ozone dosage. Proper range of H2O2/O3 ratio were 0.5~1.0 and the half-life of geosmin was about 5.5~6.8 min when the H2O2/O3 ratio was set to 0.5 during 1~2 mg/L of ozone dosage. Peroxone process could reduce the ozone dosage about 50 to maximum 30% for the same geosmin removal efficiency compared to the ozone process in the pilot scale test. In case of 1,4-dioxane treatment, peroxone process could have 3~4 times higher efficiency than ozone process at the same ozone dosage. The results of estimating the economical efficiency of ozone and peroxone process for treating geosmin and 1,4-dioxane by using pilot scale test, in case of the removal target was set to 85% for these two materials, the cost of peroxane process could be reduced about 1.5 times compared to ozone process, and in the same production cost peroxone process could have 2~3 times higher removal efficiency than ozone process. The removal efficiency by peroxone process showed a large difference depending on the physicochemical characteristics of target materials and raw water, therefore detailed examination should be carried out before appling peroxone process.