실어증 환자의 단기기억 및 작업기억용량과 실어증 중증도 및 문장처리와의 상관

성지은(Jee Eun Sung) 한국언어청각임상학회 2010 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.15 No.3

배경 및 목적: 실어증 환자들의 단기기억(short-term memory) 및 작업기억용량(working memory capacity)의 개인차에 따른 실어증 중증도 및 문장처리능력 차이에 관한 연구가 주목을 받고 있다. 하지만, 정상인을 대상으로 개발된 산출을 기반으로 하는 기억기제 평가방법을 실어증 환자들에게 직접적으로 적용하는 데는 다양한 문제가 제기될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존에 사용되던 단기 및 작업기억과제(Martin, Kohen & Kalinyak-Fliszar, 2008)를 지시하기폭과제(pointing span task)로 변형한 후, 숫자 및 단어로 자극 양상을 조절하여 과제별 수행력 차이를 살펴보았으며, 기억과제들과 실어증 중증도 및 문장처리 능력에 관한 상관관계를 분석하였다. 방법: 대상자는 영어를 모국어로 사용하는 실어증 환자 20명과 정상 노인 30명이다. 단기기억과제로는 숫자 및 단어 바로 따라지시하기 과제가 사용되었으며, 작업기억과제로는 숫자 및 단어 거꾸로 따라지시하기 과제를 사용하였다. 실어증 중증도는 Porch Index of Communicative Ability(PICA)를 통해 평가되었으며, 문장처리능력은 Computerized Revised Token Test(CRTT)를 사용하여 살펴보았다. 결과: 두 집단 모두 단기기억과제에 비해 작업기억과제에서 더 낮은 수행력을 보였으며, 숫자에 비해 단어에서 더 어려움을 보였다. 두 집단 간의 차이가 가장 크게 나타나는 과제는 숫자 거꾸로 따라지시하기 과제였다. 주성분 분석 결과에 따르면, 네 가지 기억과제는 하나의 공통적인 성분으로 추출될 수 있으며, 총분산의 80% 가량을 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 논의 및 결론: 네 가지 기억과제의 공통적인 기제를 개념화하자면, 짧은 시간동안 정보를 저장하거나 조작하는 데 기여하는 인지적 기제라고 할 수 있다. 네 가지 기억과제 중, 실어증 중증도와 실어증 환자의 문장처리 수행력을 유의하게 예측한 변수는 숫자 바로 따라지시하기 과제였다. 작업기억용량이론에 바탕을 둔 결과 해석이 논의되었으며 한국어를 사용하는 실어증 환자를 위한 작업기억과제 개발에 대한 필요성도 제기되었다. Background & Objectives: Short-term memory and working memory capacities have gained considerable attention as underlying cognitive mechanisms, which may account for language processing difficulties in people with aphasia. However, there are limitations to the employment of short-term and working memory tasks for assessing normal cognitive processing in order to evaluate language-impaired clinical populations. The current study investigated 1) the performance differences between people with aphasia and normal elderly adults in short-term memory and working memory tasks when the stimuli modality was manipulated using digits and words and 2) how their performances on the memory tasks were related to aphasia severity and sentence processing. Methods: Twenty people with aphasia and 30 normal elderly adults participated in the present study. Digit forward and word forward span tasks served as short-term memory tasks, and digit backward and word backward span tasks served as working memory tasks. Porch Index of Communicative Ability (PICA) was used as a measure of language impairment severity, and the Computerized Revised Token Test (CRTT) was a measure of sentence processing. Results: Both groups showed greater difficulties in working memory tasks than short-term memory tasks and those involving words compared to those involving digits. The greatest group differences were found in the digit backward span task. Principal component analysis of four span tasks revealed that a one-factor solution accounted for approximately 80% of the total variance in both groups, indicating that the four span measures served as a unified index of the underlying memory-related cognitive mechanism that is responsible for maintaining and manipulating information. Among the four span measures, the digit forward task significantly predicted aphasia severity and sentence-processing abilities in people with aphasia. Discussion & Conclusion: Results were partially consistent with the working memory capacity theory. Korean versions of short-term and/or working memory span tasks need to be developed in order to investigate the underlying cognitive mechanisms responsible for language impairments in aphasia. (Korean Journal of Communication Disorders 2010;15;285-297)

The Effects of Task Complexity and Working Memory on Korean Adult Learners’ English Speaking Performance

현주은,이진화 한국영어교육학회 2018 ENGLISH TEACHING(영어교육) Vol.73 No.1

This study investigated whether task complexity may affect L2 speaking performance as predicted by the Cognition Hypothesis (Robinson, 2011), and whether the effect of task complexity may interact with individual differences in working memory capacity. A total of twenty Korean advanced-level EFL learners performed two separate picture description tasks, which were different in task complexity along [+/- here and now] dimension. Their working memory was measured by an L1 version of a reading span task. The results showed that there was no significant difference between Here-and-Now task (i.e., a simple task) and There-and-Then task (i.e., a complex task) in terms of complexity, accuracy, and fluency of English speaking performance, rejecting the prediction of the Cognition Hypothesis. Yet, it found that working memory correlated with accuracy in L2 performance on the complex task, but not on the simple task. This indicates that the effect of individual learners’ working memory capacity is observable only when a task demands a high control of attentional resources. Conversely, when a task is simple, individual differences in working memory capacity do not result in significant differences in L2 speaking performance.

인지활동이 정상여성노인의 뇌파에 미치는 영향 분석

한동욱,유환진,박지훈 한국자료분석학회 2009 Journal of the Korean Data Analysis Society Vol.11 No.4

The purpose of this study was to find out that working cognition task can be make alternation on normal EEG power and coherence in normal elderly women. 20 normal elderly women were participated in this study. All subjects performed working cognition task with Raven's CPM while electroencephalograph(EEG) signal was recorded. EEGs were measured continuously at rest and during working cognition task. EEG power and coherence was computed over 21 channels; righe and left frontal, central, parietal, temporal and occipital region. A kind of electroencephalogram was θ1(4~5㎐), θ2(6~7㎐), α1(8~9.9㎐), α2(10~11.9㎐), α3(12~13㎐), β1(14~25.9㎐), and β2(26~40㎐). θ1 wave was increased significantly at Fz, F3, F7, F8, Cz, C3, C4, T3, T4, T6, Pz, O1 and O2. and θ2 wave was increased significantly at Fz, F3, F7, F8, T3, O1 and O2 during cognitive working task. α1 wave was decreased significantly at Fz, F4, Cz, C3, C4, T3, T4, T5, T6, Pz, P3, P4 and O1, and α2 wave was decreased significantly at Fz, F4, Cz, C3, C4, T4, T5, T6, Pz, P3, P4, O1 and O2 during cognitive working task. α3 wave was increased significantly at F3, F4, F7 and F8, but decreased significantly at Cz, C4, Pz, P3 and P4 during cognitive working task. β1 wave was increased significantly at F3, F4, F7, F8 and T4, but decreased significantly at Cz, Pz, P3 and P4 during cognitive working task. β2 wave was increased significantly at F3, F4, F7, F8, T4, O1, O2 during cognitive working task. In conclusion, These results suggest that θ1, θ2 and β2 waves were increased, but α1 and α2 waves were decreased during cognitive working task. 이 연구의 목적은 인지활동이 정상여성노인의 뇌파에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것으로 20명의 정상여성노인을 대상으로 하였다. 뇌파측정은 21개 전극을 사용해 전두엽, 중심엽, 두정엽, 측두엽과 후두엽에서 측정하였다, 분석에 사용한 뇌파는 θ1(4~5㎐), θ2(6~7㎐), α1(8~9.9㎐), α2(10~11.9㎐), α3(12~13㎐), β1(14~25.9㎐)과 β2(26~40㎐) 파이었다. 연구 결과 θ1 파는 인지활동을 하는 동안 Fz, F3, F7, F8, Cz, C3, C4, T3, T4, T6, Pz, O1, O2 영역에서, θ2 파는 Fz, F3, F7, F8, T3, O1, O2 영역에서 유의한 증가가 있었다. α1 파는 Fz, F4, Cz, C3, C4, T3, T4, T5, T6, Pz, P3, P4, O1 영역에서, α2 파는 Fz, F4, Cz, C3, C4, T4, T5, T6, Pz, P3, P4, O1, O2 영역에서 유의한 감소가 있었다. 반면 β2 파는 F3, F4, F7, F8, T4, O1, O2 영역에서 유의한 증가가 있었다. 결과적으로 θ1 파와 θ2 파는 인지활동 중에 증가하고, α1 파와 α2 파는 감소하며, β2 파는 증가하여 일반 정상인에게서 볼 수 있는 뇌파의 변화 양상과 일치하였다.

작업기억과 제 2언어 문장처리 간의 관계에 있어서 문장처리 과제 유형과 작업기억 측정 방식이 미치는 영향

이진화 서울대학교 언어교육원 2014 語學硏究 Vol.50 No.3

This study explored the influence of processing task type and working memory measures on the relation between working memory and L2 sentence processing. A total of 48 Korean college EFL learners performed two English wh-question processing tasks (i.e., a grammaticality judgment task and a listening comprehension task) and two working memory tasks (i.e., a conceptual span task and a reading span task). A significant correlation was observed only between a processing component of a reading span task and a listening comprehension task, indicating that the influence of working memory is task-specific and measure-dependent. These results suggest that working memory affects L2 sentence processing only when it matches the cognitive demands of a task.

평균 작억기억을 대체할 수 있는 단일 작업기억에 관한 연구

김민경(Min Kyoung Kim),임경열(Kyoung Yuel Lim) 한국언어치료학회 2016 한국언어치료학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2016 No.12

Purpose: The utilization of Working memory has been increased for the last two decays in various academic areas. Most studies using working memory for their research suggested that to avoid the bias of task modality, at least 3 WM tasks should be used to get the valid and stable WM span of participants. In order to find out the most powerful single WM task, this study explored the relationship aming single WM tasks, means of two WM tasks, means of three WM tasks Methods: This study recruited 20 young normal adults without any disorders affecting to perform WM tasks. They completed running span, operation span, symmetry span, rotation span, backward digit span in which working memory span were measured. They also completed picture-word interference task, short-term memory, and other tasks. The collected data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation. Results: First, running and operation span as single WM tasks had significant correlation with means of three working memories. Second, operation span had significant correlation with response time of picture-word interference tasks. Third, operation span also had significant correlation with shert-term memory. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that running and operation span as single WM tasks may be used to measure people’s WM capacity, if researchers can’t not use at least 3 WM tasks due to time and other limitation of the research. And operation span could be consider as the most powerful single WM task compared to others.

The Relationship between Firefighters' Work Demand and Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Moderating Role of Task Characteristics

Kodom-Wiredu, Justice K. Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute 2019 Safety and health at work Vol.10 No.1

Background: Emergency workers such as firefighters are cataloged within the most demanding and injurious professions globally. Considering the health and safety implications in firefighting, a lot of research needs to be conducted to examine how firefighters' task characteristics and their work demand influence the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). This study therefore examines how the task characteristics of firefighters moderates the relationship between their work demand and the development of WMSDs. Methods: Convenient sampling was employed to select 320 firefighters in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression. Results: The findings revealed that work demand and task characteristics have significant positive effects on WMSDs. Again, the task characteristics of firefighters moderates the relationship between their work demand and WMSDs. Conclusion: Since the study shows that task characteristics influences the relationship between work demand and WMSDs, it is vital for managers to constantly modify the nature of tasks performed by and work demand of emergency workers to minimize the development of WMSDs and other industrial health complications.

The Relationship between Firefighters' Work Demand and Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders: The Moderating Role of Task Characteristics

Justice K. Kodom-Wiredu 한국산업안전보건공단 산업안전보건연구원 2019 Safety and health at work Vol.10 No.1

Background: Emergency workers such as firefighters are cataloged within the most demanding and injurious professions globally. Considering the health and safety implications in firefighting, a lot of research needs to be conducted to examine how firefighters’ task characteristics and their work demand influence the development of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). This study therefore examines how the task characteristics of firefighters moderates the relationship between their work demand and the development of WMSDs. Methods: Convenient sampling was employed to select 320 firefighters in the Greater Accra region of Ghana. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression. Results: The findings revealed that work demand and task characteristics have significant positive effects on WMSDs. Again, the task characteristics of firefighters moderates the relationship between their work demand and WMSDs. Conclusion: Since the study shows that task characteristics influences the relationship between work demand and WMSDs, it is vital for managers to constantly modify the nature of tasks performed by and work demand of emergency workers to minimize the development of WMSDs and other industrial health complications.

판매원의 서비스 지향성이 직무열의, 창의성, 판매방식에 미치는 영향:과업 및 관계갈등의 조절 효과

원종민,유재원 한국유통학회 2023 流通硏究 Vol.28 No.2

Purpose: In addition to the individual competencies of employees, organizational support of companies is an important factor directly related to performance in terms of resource standards. In particular, unlike ordinary employees, salespeople play a role in determining a company's competitive advantage at the point of contact with customers and determine the success or failure of a company, so their capabilities and actions are more important. Therefore, this study attempts to empirically verify the relationship between the competencies and behavioral variables of salespeople and the moderating effect of internal conflicts within the organization. Research design, data, and methodology: To verify the hypothesis, a survey was conducted on 404 salespeople at 200 stores in five department stores in Seoul. For statistics, smart-PLS 4.0 and spss 22 were used to verify the reliability, validity, and hypothesis. Rerults: As a result, it was found that the relationship between service orientation, work engagement, creativity, and sales method (adaptation and cross-selling) had a positive effect. And in the relationship between service orientation and work engagement, task conflict was found to weaken the relationship between the two variables, but relationship conflict was found to strengthen the relationship between the two variables. The results related to this relationship conflict are different from most previous studies, and it can be interpreted that the relationship conflict between salespeople leads to a competitive situation and is more engagement about the work. The results of this study suggest the following parts. First, in order for an organization to generate results, it is necessary to develop policies and procedures to ensure that customer-centered thinking continues for salespeople at service points, and employees will be able to promote service-oriented behavior toward customers through learning and voluntary development. Second, it was confirmed that when salespeople have a strong service orientation, they tend to immerse themselves and devote themselves to their work with considerable enthusiasm, and that this trend can express creative thoughts and actions related to work. In the end, at the service interface, voluntary efforts by salespeople to change their sales behavior or sell additional products to suit the customer's needs and circumstances should be based on creativity. As many previous studies show, these adaptive and cross-selling behaviors affect corporate performance, so it is necessary to systematically support education programs and self-development systems to promote employee creativity, which is the basis for taking this sales behavior. Third, conflict always exists within the organization, and in previous studies, task conflict generally has a negative effect on organizational outcome variables. In particular, it was said that task conflict can lead to negative results in an environment where daily tasks are performed. As can be seen from the results of this study, task conflict among salespeople performing daily tasks such as department stores reduces work engagement expressed in service-oriented employees. Therefore, the manager of the organization should grasp the work environment and find ways to lower the task stress on employees accordingly. Fourth, in addition to task conflict, this study verified the effect of controlling relationship conflict. As a result, unlike the negative effect on the organizational outcome variable according to previous studies, it was found to increase the work engagement expressed in service-oriented employees. This can be seen as the result of a competitive situation in which employees with high service orientation are more immersed in their duties when friction and conflict between each other exist, and using this situation to encourage or promote conflict among employees can have another negative result. Therefore, managers should judge comprehensively ...

단일 작업기억 용량과 작업기억의 평균 용량에 대한 상관연구

임경열(Kyoung Yuel Lim),김민경(Min Kyoung Kim),백순지(Soon Ji Baek) 한국언어치료학회 2017 言語治療硏究 Vol.26 No.2

Purpose: The utilization of working memory (WM) has been increased for the last two decades in various academic areas. Many studies using working memory have suggested that to avoid the bias of task modalities (i.e., linguistic or visuospatial), at least three WM tasks should be used to get valid WM spans. In order to examine the bias of WM capacities between single and multiple WMs, this study explored the capacities of five single WM tasks and the average capacities of three WM tasks. Methods: This study recruited 20 young normal adults without any disorder affecting WM tasks. They completed running span, operation span, backward digit span, symmetry span, and rotation span. They also completed a picture-word interference task with two options of incongruent proportion as the executive attention. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and t-tests. Results: First, operation span and backward digit span as single WM tasks had significant correlation with the average capacities of three working memory tasks. Second, operation span had significant correlation with the response time of the 25% incongruent condition in the picture-word interference tasks. Third, the operation span task had a significant relationship with all four combinations of the three working memory tasks. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that the operation span task among single WM tasks may be used to measure a valid WM capacity, if researchers could not use at least three WM tasks due to time or other limitations. Further research needs to be conducted to determine whether the operation span task could be considered as the most powerful single WM task compared to other WMs.

병원 간호업무의 유형별 근골격계 위험수준

이종은,김순례 한국직업건강간호학회 2003 한국직업건강간호학회지 Vol.12 No.1

This study is an attempt to analyze the physical load by the type of the nursing tasks at the neurosurgical ICU nurses through the quantitative analysis of the working postures by the type of the nursing tasks with the OWAS(Ovako Working Postures Analysis System). Data collection was conducted through the video recording of the 13 nurses working at the neurosurgical ICU. For the analysis of the work postures by the type of the nursing tasks, and were interviewed regarding the subjective degree of the difficulties with the work postures related to the tasks. Collected data was analyzed through the WinOWAS program. The results were as follows : AC3 or AC4 tasks among the 18 nursing tasks types are occupied bed 「making and change of the patient gown」, 「back massage」, 「suction」, 「elimination management」, 「change of position」, 「adjustment of bed」, 「helping the patient to move」,「measurement of CVP」and 「measurement of urine volume」. It appears that these tasks are harmful to the musculoskeletal system and the improvement or change of the work is required. The results stated above indicate that improper working postures during the nursing tasks influence the musculoskeletal system. Therefore, making use of assistant devices for the improvement of the working environment at the nursing tasks, based on human technological diagnoses, is required regarding the duty types with massive work pressure known to be harmful to the musculoskeletal system among those performed by the nurses. And there is a need of the education about the employment and maintenance of the vocational back pain prevention.